Moisture Content Ratio Research Articles

Long short term memory networks for predicting resilient Modulus of stabilized base material subject to wet-dry cycles.

The resilient modulus (MR) of different pavement materials is one of the most important input parameters for the mechanistic-empirical pavement design approach. The dynamic triaxial test is the most often used method for evaluating the MR, although it is expensive, time-consuming, and requires specialized lab facilities. The purpose of this study is to establish a new model based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for predicting the MR of stabilized base materials with various additives during wet-dry cycles (WDC). A laboratory dataset of 704 records has been used using input parameters, including WDC, ratio of calcium oxide to silica, alumina, and ferric oxide compound, Maximum dry density to the optimal moisture content ratio (DMR), deviator stress (σd), and confining stress (σ3). The results demonstrate that the LSTM technique is very accurate, with coefficients of determination of 0.995 and 0.980 for the training and testing datasets, respectively. The LSTM model outperforms other developed models, such as support vector regression and least squares approaches, in the literature. A sensitivity analysis study has determined that the DMR parameter is the most significant factor, while the σd parameter is the least significant factor in predicting the MR of the stabilized base material under WDC. Furthermore, the SHapley Additive exPlanations approach is employed to elucidate the optimal model and examine the impact of its features on the final result.

Prediction of moisture content ratio of emulsified asphalt chip seal based on machine learning and electrical parameters

The moisture content ratio (MCR) of the emulsified asphalt chip seal can determine its curing degree. However, the MCR of emulsified asphalt chip seal is difficult to measure on actual projects, and there is a lack of a method to assess its MCR. The objective of this study is to establish a prediction methodology for the MCR of emulsified asphalt chip seal based on machine learning and electrical parameters. Features such as electrical parameters and MCR of emulsified asphalt chip seal at different times were measured experimentally. The importance of the features was evaluated using a Random Forest (RF) model. A Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) prediction model was established using the important features. The weights and biases of the BPNN were optimized and initialized using the Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IMPSO) algorithm. As a result, the RF-IMPSO-BPNN emulsified asphalt chip seal MCR prediction model was developed. This model was compared with five other models. The results show that compared to the RF-PSO-BPNN model, the improved RF-IMPSO-BPNN model can improve the ability of the neural network to find the global optimal solution. Compared to the other four machine learning models, the RF-IMPSO-BPNN model can achieve higher prediction accuracy while reducing the human and material resources of the various devices to collect part of the data. In addition, the emulsified asphalt chip seal cures at low MCR. The model predictions are more accurate at low MCR. Therefore, this study developed the RF-IMPSO-BPNN emulsified asphalt chip seal MCR prediction model, which can use fewer features to achieve higher accuracy and provide a rapid and non-destructive idea for judging its curing.

Banana slice drying using waste heat from an air conditioner for enhancing performance and sustainability

AbstractAs waste heat dryers (WHD) exhibit conservation of energy with environmental and economic benefits, the direct use of waste hot air rejected from the outdoor unit of a window air conditioning (AC) unit for drying banana slices is demonstrated experimentally in the present research work. For this purpose, a drying chamber was directly coupled to an AC unit (AC‐WHD) and analyzed its performance during banana slice drying by revisiting the concepts of generalized drying curve and drying performance index (DPI). The experimental data set of moisture content ratio obtained with AC‐WHD matched well with the generalized drying curve and the DPI value was found to be 0.999. It was found that the waste air supplied by the AC unit to the drying chamber was hot (≈ 50°C) and 28% dry, which aided the drying process. The thermodynamic performance of AC‐WHD was also evaluated using warm and wet exergy to provide insight into the mechanism of AC‐WHD drying. The exergy based sustainability index was higher while the exergetic destruction coefficient and environmental impact factor were lower for AC‐WHD when compared to literature values of the solar drying method. The findings of this research work indicate the practicality of coupling AC units with dryer units to address sustainable development goals (SDG).

Resilient roads in challenging terrain: a case study of Siddhartha highway in Nepal

Nepal is a country known for its diverse and challenging topography, and it relies heavily on a robust road infrastructure network to connect its remote regions and urban centers. This study addresses the critical need for enhanced road safety and infrastructure resilience on the Siddhababa road section of the Siddhartha Highway, Nepal, notorious for its high accident rates and susceptibility to landslides. Given the road's strategic importance in connecting remote regions and its challenging topographical conditions, our research aimed to identify the most suitable pavement type to mitigate these issues. Through a detailed examination incorporating eight different soil tests, alongside evaluations of traffic loads, weather conditions, and existing pavement performance, we adopted a comparative analysis methodology to assess the viability of flexible versus rigid pavements within this unique context. Results revealed that the soil composition and environmental conditions of the Siddhababa section significantly influence pavement performance, with specific gravity, moisture content, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests indicating a nuanced suitability for both pavement types under varying circumstances. Our analysis concluded that, despite the economic and staged reinforcement benefits of flexible pavements, the durability, safety, and maintenance considerations favor the adoption of rigid pavement for the Siddhababa road section. However, acknowledging the economic constraints, a hybrid approach is recommended, emphasizing rigid pavements for the most vulnerable sections and flexible pavements elsewhere. This study contributes to the pavement engineering field by providing a model for pavement type selection in mountainous regions, aiming to enhance road safety and durability amidst challenging environmental conditions.

Phyto-ecological studies and distribution patterns of subfamily Polygonoideae in relation to edaphic factors across diverse ecological zones

The species of the subfamily Polygonoideae is an essential component of temperate forests as well as the flora of the western Himalayan region. The aim of this research was to explore the taxonomic diversity, distribution patterns, and associated flora of Polygonoideae in relation to edaphic factors in various ecological zones in the Muzaffarabad division of the Kashmir Western Himalayan Region. We applied a random sampling approach for data collection from 10 different sites with a cumulative 780 quadrats to record the diversity of wild Polygonoideae species across the Muzaffarabad division between 2021 and 2022. This study revealed 279 plant species from 192 genera and 75 families associated with Polygonoideae, with the dominant families being Asteraceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, and Rosaceae. Herbs were predominant in the investigated area, with a proportion of 72.40 %, followed by shrubs (9.68 %) and pteridophytes (8.24 %). The flora was dominated by therophytes (37.35 %), whereas nanophylls (37.28 %) were the most dominant leaf form. Persicaria, Rumex, and Polygonum genera were observed and collected from various ecological zones, while Bistorta, Fagopyrum, Oxyria, and Rheum were only collected from a single zone, representing a restricted niche. A total of 28 taxa from 8 genera were studied in the investigative subfamily Polygonoideae, with the majority being therophytes (57.14 %), followed by hemicryptophytes (28.57 %), and leaf form dominated by microphylls (50 %) and nanophylls (17.85 %). The average values for Shannon and Simpson's diversity for the reported plant communities were 0.96 and 3.53, respectively, whereas species richness averaged 2.43 and species evenness 0.92. The vegetation exhibited a relatively lower (<50) maturity, averaging 32.08. Deforestation, overexploitation for medicinal purposes, soil erosion, overgrazing, forest fires, and the expansion of agricultural fields were identified as major threats to floral diversity. A significant correlation was observed between elevation and soil nutrient parameters, where moisture content, SOC, SOM, TK, and TN ratios showed a positive correlation, while pH and TP showed a negative correlation. Polygonum paronychioides and Rumex alpinus were the least observed of Polygonoideae taxa, whereas 39 species were found to be threatened, having low (<0.2) IVI values and seeking immediate conservation efforts. Climate change and anthropogenic pressure may lead to a change in the composition patterns and threaten the Polygonoidae species. We suggest community-based initiatives and sustainable conservation measures to safeguard the floral wealth of the Western Himalaya.

Experimental investigation on a solar dryer assisted with minimum phase change material (PCM) placed on the inner walls of drying chamber

Solar dryers assisted with phase change material (PCM) speed up the drying process by compensating the negating effect of reduced or absence of solar energy under cloudy or non-sunshine hours respectively. The study of the relevant and recent literature indicated that the minimum quantity and proper placement of this PCM have not been explored to take full advantage of using them in solar dryers. Hence in this research work, experimental investigations on banana slice drying were carried out with 4 and 10 numbers of copper tubes filled with 176 and 494 kg of commercial paraffin wax respectively (correspondingly designated as SD-PCM1 and SD-PCM2). The copper tubes were placed in vertical and horizontal orientations on the inner wall of the drying chamber so that the upward movement of air would not disturbed. A comparison of the drying performance of a PCM-based unit with a natural convective solar dryer without PCM (SD) was also presented. As no appreciable differences between the mass loss during drying under SD and SD-PCM1 modes were observed, it was concluded that a mass of PCM greater than 176 g would enhance drying rates. Thus for the same final mass of dried banana slices, the drying time was about 15 and 9 h with SD and SD-PCM2 respectively. As the operating conditions of SD and SD-PCM vary considerably in terms of the thermal energy supplied during the drying process, the concept of a generalized drying curve with dimensionless time was used to study the drying kinetics. A close alignment of experimental data of moisture content ratio with the generalized drying curve under SD and SD-PCM modes indicates similar dryer performance irrespective of the differences in thermal energy supplied. The average exergetic efficiency of SD, SD-PCM1 and SD-PCM2 was 21, 26 and 28 % respectively. The sustainability index and environmental impact factor for SD-PCM2 were 1.41 and 2.5 respectively which was better compared to the respective values of 1.27 and 3.77 in SD mode favoring the use of PCM in solar dryers.

Studying the Impact of Heat Treatments and Distance from Pith on the Sorption Behavior of Tree of Heaven Wood (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle)

The application of tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) is constrained by its poor durability and dimensional stability. Despite exhibiting promising physical and mechanical properties comparable to ash wood (Fraxinus excelsior L.), it is regarded as an invasive species and receives limited attention in wood property enhancement research. This study subjected tree of heaven to heat treatment at 180 °C and 200 °C to investigate its sorption characteristics using dynamic vapor sorption tests. The results revealed a 13% reduction in equilibrium moisture content at 95% relative humidity and 25 °C after thermal modification at 180 °C and a 25% reduction after thermal modification at 200 °C. Increasing the treatment temperature lowered the moisture content ratio to 0.76 and shortened the conditioning time by up to 10%. The highest hysteresis, ranging from 3.39% to 3.88%, was observed at 70% relative humidity.

Improvement of mechanical, barrier properties, and water resistance of konjac glucomannan/curdlan film by zein addition and the coating for cherry tomato preservation

The mechanical, barrier properties, and water resistance of packaging materials are crucial for the preservation of fruits and vegetables. In this study, zein was incorporated as a hydrophobic substance into the konjac glucomannan (KGM)/curdlan (KC) system. The KC/zein (KCZ) showed good compatibility with the zein aggregates uniformly distributed in the network formed by an entanglement of KGM and curdlan micelles based on hydrogen bonds. The presence of zein inhibited the extension of the KC entangled structure and enhanced the solid-like behavior. The high content of zein (>6 %) increased zein aggregation and negatively affected the structure and properties of KCZ. The zein addition significantly improved the water vapor permeability, tensile strength, and elongation at break. The hydrophobicity of the KCZ films was significantly enhanced, accompanied by the water contact angle increasing from 81° to 112°, and the moisture content, swelling, and soluble solid loss ratio decreasing apparently. The K56C40Z4 coating exhibited an excellent preservation effect to inhibit the respiration of cherry tomatoes, significantly reducing the water loss and firmness decline and maintaining the appearance, total solid, total acid, and ascorbic acid content. This work provided a strategy to fabricate hydrophobic packaging for the preservation of fruits and vegetables.

Experimental Study on Cyclic Simple Shear Test of Coastal Tidal Soft Soil

Based on undrained cyclic simple shear tests conducted on coastal tidal soft soil under various conditions of cyclic stress ratios and moisture contents, this study investigated the influence of these factors on the dynamic properties of the soil. The findings indicated that with increasing moisture content and stress cycle ratio, the stress–strain hysteresis loop gradually expanded, resulting in a higher strain difference and a transition from a dense to a sparse curve pattern. Moreover, the symmetry of the hysteresis loop was lost in the later stages of shearing. With an increase in the number of cycles, the cumulative shear strain gradually increased, and the increase in the cyclic ratio of water content to stress reduced the number of cyclic shear cycles required to achieve failure, thereby accelerating the soil’s failure rate. A predictive formula was developed based on the experimental results to estimate the failure cycles as a function of the cyclic stress ratio and moisture content. Furthermore, the softening index decreased gradually with an increasing number of cycles, and a higher moisture content and cyclic stress ratio accelerated the soil’s softening process. It was observed that under the conditions of optimal moisture content, the soil exhibited a slower softening rate during the initial stage of shearing.

Mathematical Models of Natural Rubber Sheets Drying: Difference Acid Coagulation Cases

The mathematical model for drying process is a useful tool in process optimization and drying chamber design. The research purposes of this study were to investigate the influence of drying temperature on drying time and the modelling the drying kinetics of the natural rubber (NR) sheets. The NR sheets which produce from commercial formic acid, commercial acetic acids, and ammonia plus commercial formic acid were studied at drying temperature of 40, 50, and 60oC and air speed of 0.5 m/s. The results indicated that the drying time was substantially reduced with an increase in temperature. The moisture content ratio of rubber sheets produce from commercial formic acid coagulation was similar to the sheets produce from commercial acetic acids coagulation. However, the drying time of them were longer than the drying time of the sheets produce from ammonia plus commercial formic acid coagulation. Finally, the logarithmic model was the best model which suitable to predict the moisture content ratio of the sheets drying with all experimental condition.

Experiment and analysis on dynamic characteristics of marine soft clay

A series of cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on marine soft clay deposits to establish and validate a predictive model for cumulative plastic strain. Additionally, a numerical model of particle flow code in cyclic triaxial tests was developed. The effects of confining pressure, moisture content, and dynamic stress ratio on the dynamic properties of marine soft clay were examined, considering factors such as volume deformation and microscopic failure patterns. The results indicated that both the predictive model and numerical model showed strong consistency with the experimental data. The plastic strain of marine soft clay was influenced by moisture content, stress ratio, and confining pressure in a consistent manner, with moisture content being the primary factor. A predictive model for the cumulative plastic strain of marine soft clay was successfully established, allowing for the evaluation of dynamic properties from the perspective of cumulative plastic strain. During the loading process in the numerical model, microcracks within the soil structure gradually compacted, and the main displacement of the specimen extended from the vertical center axis to the sides, ultimately resulting in shear damage.

Study on the Influence of Moisture Content and Void Ratio on the Disintegration of Red Clay

Guilin is a famous karst area, and currently the view that the disintegration of red clay will cause soil cave collapse is increasingly recognized. In order to study the influence of the coupling effect of moisture content and void ratio on the disintegration of red clay, different moisture contents and void ratios of Guilin red clay were placed on a self-made disintegration apparatus to record the real-time disintegration amount and observe the disintegration phenomenon. Images of the structural characteristics of soil were obtained by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Additionally, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was applied to analyze the distribution of water in both natural and saturated states. The results show that the disintegration rate of red clay decreases as the initial moisture content increases, but increases with the increase of void ratio. Both moisture content and void ratio affect the structural characteristics of red clay. When the moisture content remains constant, the soil changes from a three-peak to a two-peak structure as the void ratio increases. The total area and secondary peak area of the T2 spectrum increase, while the starting T2 value of the main peak shifts to the right and the area decreases. Meanwhile, the starting T2 value of the secondary peak shifts to the right and the area increases. When the void ratio remains constant, the starting T2 value of the main peak gradually shifts to the left and the area decreases as the moisture content increases. However, the starting T2 value of the secondary peak shifts to the right and the area decreases or first decreases and then increases. The disintegration rate does not exhibit a significant relationship with either pore volume or macropore volume. The combined water saturation shows a bilinear relationship with both the moisture content and void ratio, where it increases as the initial moisture content increases, but decreases as the void ratio increases, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9929. The disintegration rate has an exponential relationship with the combined water saturation, and it decreases as the combined water saturation increases, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9934.

Influence of the wide range cement content on the properties of cement–treated marine soft soil and bound method of semi–solidified soil

In order to identify the upper and lower boundary cement content for modified marine soft soil (i.e., semi–solidified soils), physical, compaction, and unconfined compressive strength tests of cement–treated soils with a wide range of cement content were carried out to study their variation law of physical–compaction–mechanical properties. The test results show that cement–treated soil can be divided into uselessly treated soil, semi–solidified soil, and solidified soil with the increase of cement content. For uselessly treated soil, the treated soil cannot be compacted even after compaction delay. Cement hydration in semi–solidified soil significantly improved its physical and compaction properties. However, compaction destroyed the skeleton structure of solidified soil, resulting in lower strength than compacted semi–solidified soil. Based on the cement–soil particles–water relationship, soil particles–water transfer mechanism, cement hydration mechanism and the state of soil particles–water before and after treated, the bound method of semi–solidified soils based on cement content and moisture content ratio of untreated soil was established. The test parameters of bound method are simple, easily obtained and have small dispersion, which provides design basis and theoretical support for resource utilization of marine soft soil.

Composite Coatings Applied to Fresh and Blanched Chayote (Sechium edule) and Modeling of the Drying Kinetics and Sorption Isotherms.

Sustainable methods such as convective drying have regained interest in reducing the loss and waste of food produce. Combined with techniques like blanching and edible coatings, they could serve as useful tools in food processing development. Composite coatings comprising pectin, soy protein isolate, and xanthan gum were optimized using response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken design. This optimization aimed to investigate their effects on the moisture content, water activity, total color, and rehydration ratio of fresh and blanched chayote slices. Additionally, the study explored the modeling of the drying kinetics and sorption isotherms of chayote (Sechium edule) slices. Soy protein and xanthan gum were found to primarily influence the moisture content (ranging from 5.44% to 9.93%), and pectin influenced water activity (033 to 0.53) of the fresh-coated chayote, while pectin affected the aw (2.13-8.28) and rehydration of the blanch-coated chayote. The optimized formulations for both fresh and blanched chayote were utilized to assess the drying kinetics behavior and sorption isotherms. The best fit (R2: 0.996 to 0.999) was achieved with the parabolic model for thin-layer materials. Furthermore, the sorption isotherms of chayote displayed a Type IV behavior, with the BET model being the most suitable for describing the sorption behavior of materials with low water activity. The predicted values offer valuable data for optimizing processing conditions to enhance the quality and stability of dried chayote.

Ignition of Forest Fires by Cigarette Butts: Using Pinus massoniana Needles as an Example

As a cigarette butt falls onto the forest surface fuel, it first smolders the fuel, then ignites into flames, and spreads as forest fire under certain conditions. In this study, the needles under a typical stand of P. massoniana were used as the research object. Needle beds with different moisture content and packing ratios were constructed indoors. Cigarette butt-ignition experiments were conducted under different wind velocities, and 30 experiment cycles were conducted under different conditions. There was a total of 5 (packing ratio) × 4 (moisture content) × 6 (wind velocity) = 120 sets of conditions, and a total of 3600 ignition experiments were conducted. The results showed that (1) the total ignition probability of the cigarette butts was 2.36%, which only occurred when the fuelbed moisture content was &lt;10% and the wind velocity was &gt;1 m/s. The ignition time of cigarette butts ranged from 2.73 to 7.25 min. (2) The fuelbed moisture content and wind velocity significantly influenced the ignition probability and time. With an increase in moisture content, the ignition probability of cigarette butts decreased, while the time required for ignition showed an increasing trend. Wind velocity had a dual effect on ignition. The ignition effect was optimal at a wind velocity of 4 m/s. With an increase in wind velocity, the ignition probability first increased and then decreased, and the ignition time first decreased and then increased. (3) The packing ratio had no significant effect on the ignition probability; however, the ignition time significantly decreased as the packing ratio increased. (4) The logistic regression method (LRM), general linear method (GLM), and nonlinear regression method (NLM) were used to establish a prediction model of ignition probability. The prediction effect of GLM was the worst, followed by LRM, and the NLM had the best prediction effect. The GLM was selected to establish the ignition time model, and the error was also within the allowance range. This study elucidated the underlying mechanism of factors affecting cigarette butt-based fuel ignition. In addition, the established prediction model provides a reference for human-caused forest fires and is highly significant for forest fire prevention.

A Study for Estimating the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient in a Pilot-Scale Indirect Rotary Dryer

An experimental study and dimensional analysis of the effective heat transfer coefficient in a continuous-indirect rotatube dryer using forest biomass as the granular material isare developed in the present work. The study employed a factorial design 33 to investigate the effects of feed flow frequency (20–35–50 (Hz)), drum rotational velocity (6–8–10 (rpm)), and saturated vapor pressure (4–5–6 (bar)) on the heat transfer coefficient. During steady state conditions, the moisture content profiles and inlet and outlet temperatures were measured within the experimental region, and parameters, such as the effective heat transfer coefficient, solid retention change, and moisture content ratio were studied. The results showed that heat transfer was optimized with high solid feeding rates, low pressure, and low rotation, with solid feeding being the predominant factor. The moisture content profiles revealed a change in the hydrodynamic behavior, with the center point of the experimental region being the least optimal. The dimensional analysis yielded a Nu number as a function of Pe, Fr, and the feeding dimensionless number. A new dimensionless energy efficiency number improved the coefficient correlation from 85.88 (%) to 94.46 (%), indicating the developed model potential to predict dimensionless variables and scale continuous-indirect rotatube dryers.

Evaluation of selected drying models of white sapote (Casimiroa edulisL.) slices as affected by drying methods and pre-drying treatments

This investigation was performed on the drying modelling of white sapote slices that were influenced by drying methods and pre-drying treatments. The experimentation was performed by two factors: drying techniques and pre-drying treatments. The drying techniques included oven-, solar- and open sun-driers, whereas the pre-drying pretreatments were blanching, sodium metabisulfite, sodium-chloride and control. Behaviours of the drying were plotted with the moisture ratio vs time of drying, moisture content (% db) vs time of drying, and drying rate (g of water/100 g dm/hr) versus drying time (t). At the commencement of the drying progression, the drying rate was increased steadily and reduced through the advancement of drying model parameters a and n (empirical constants) and k (drying rate constant) were determined. Their combinations were optimised to suit the requirements of the minimal value of the sum of square deviation on the expected data values (model values). The models were evaluated with the regression coefficient (R2) and chi-square (χ2), resulting in values of 0.95–0.99 and 0.000132 to 0.00511, respectively. Henderson and Pabis's model demonstrated the highest coefficient R2 values (0.99) for oven-dried drying techniques. Also, the Page model gave the highest R2 value (0.99) for sodium metabisulphite pretreatments. It can be concluded that the Henderson and Pabis model is best suited for oven drying among the drying techniques. In contrast, the Page model best fits sodium metabisulphite among the pre-drying treatments. Hence, Henderson and Pabis, and Page models might describe the drying characteristics of the white sapote fruit slices based on respective drying methods and pre-drying treatments.

Effect of Different Pretreatments and Air Temperatures on Drying Characteristics of Kachri (Cucumis callosus) Dried in Heat Pump Dryer

Kachri (Cucumis callosus) is an underutilized fruit of India widely found in the western part of Rajasthan during the rainy season. In this study kachri fruit slices were pretreated with different pretreatments such as hot water blanching, 0.1% w/v potassium metabisulfite (KMS) and 0.1% w/v magnesium oxide (MgO) at 800C for 3 min. Pretreated samples were dried in a heat pump dryer at 40, 50 and 600C and their drying characteristics such as moisture content, drying rate, moisture diffusivity and rehydration ratio were studied. The initial moisture content of control kachri was 893.04% (db) and for the pretreated sample, it was 906.75% (db) and the final moisture content was found 4 to 6% (db) for all the treatments. The KMS treated sample took less drying time and a higher drying rate followed by MgO, hot water blanching and control. Moisture diffusivity ranged from 1.90 × 10-07 to 8.28 × 10-07 m2/s as the temperature increased from 40 to 600C. The value of the rehydration ratio ranged from 2.1 to 5.03. It was found that both rehydration ratio and moisture diffusivity values increased with an increase in drying air temperature.

Research on Soil Strength Determination Method Based on Moisture Content and Porosity Ratio

Research on Soil Strength Determination Method Based on Moisture Content and Porosity Ratio

Characterizing Forest Fuel Properties and Potential Wildfire Dynamics in Xiuwu, Henan, China

As global climate change and human activities increasingly influence our world, forest fires have become more frequent, inflicting significant damage to ecosystems. This study conducted measurements of combustible materials (moisture content ratio, ignition point, and calorific value) across 14 representative sites. We employed Pearson correlation analysis to ascertain the significant differences in combustible properties and utilized entropy methods to evaluate the fire resistance of materials at these sites. Cluster analysis led to the development of four combustible models. Using BehavePlus software, we simulated their fire behaviors and investigated the effects of wind speed and slope on these behaviors through sensitivity analysis. The results revealed notable differences in the moisture content ratios among different types of combustibles, especially in sites 2, 3, 8, 9, and 13, indicating higher fire risks. It was also found that while humus has a higher ignition point and lower calorific value, making it less prone to ignite, the resultant fires could be highly damaging. The Pearson analysis underscored significant variations in the moisture content ratios among different combustibles, while the differences in ignition points and calorific values were not significant. Sites 5 and 6 demonstrated stronger fire resistance. The simulations indicated that fire-spread speed, fireline intensity, and flame length correlate with, and increase with, wind speed and slope. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the significant influence of these two environmental factors on fire behavior. This study provides critical insights into forest fire behavior, enhancing the capability to predict and manage forest fires. Our findings offer theoretical support for forest fire prediction and a scientific basis for fire management decision-making.