Module Layout Research Articles

Thermal performance of lithium-ion batteries applying forced air cooling with an improved aluminium foam heat sink design

A lithium-ion battery thermal management system using forced air cooling with open-cell aluminium foam was proposed in this paper. The battery module consists of eight pieces of pouch cell and nine pieces of aluminium foam heat sink. The battery module thermal model was developed to analysis its thermal characteristics. Thermal interaction between battery cells in this model was explored. The effects of porosity and pore density of aluminium foam on the heat dissipation performance at different mass flow rates were investigated. The results show that the thermal interaction between battery cells becomes more obvious after using aluminium foam. Metal foam can significantly reduce battery temperature rise compared with the pure air-cooled system, but it will cause huge flow resistance and pressure loss, which will easily lead to uneven temperature distribution on the battery surface. Additionally, decreasing the porosity of aluminium foam decreases the average surface temperature of batteries, but increases temperature difference. To improve temperature uniformity, the cooling air flow direction, the layout of battery module and the shape of aluminium foam were also studied. Our results showed that the case with quarter inlet width and "T" shape aluminium foam exhibited the most excellent performance among all cases. Despite the mentioned defects, applying aluminium foam is still a promising method in battery thermal management system. And this paper provided a theoretical reference for designing aluminium foam thermal management system in batteries.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ СБОРКИ БАЗОВЫХ МОДУЛЕЙ ТФЭ НА ОСНОВЕ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ АДДИТИВНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ

The main task in the development of concentrating systems is in reducing the inhomogeneous distribution of illumination over the focal spot, which determines the distribution of concentrated radiation on the receiver, which affects the efficiency of heat and photo converters. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in modeling for calculation, construction manufacturing and research of characteristics of a thermal photovoltaic module with specified energy parameters. (Materials and methods) The article considers new thermal photovoltaic modules that include photodetectors and concentrators that provide efficient conversion of solar energy into heat. The research is based on mathematical modeling techniques using the laws of photoelectricity, geometric optics, and heat and mass transfer. The computer-aided design system COMPASS-3D was used to create a prototype model of the solar module, and the FDM 3D printing technology was used to produce the resulting CAD models. Authors conducted bench and field tests of components and complexes of solar power systems in order to clarify the design parameters. (Results and discussion) During the study of a developed solar module with parabolic concentrators and a discrete photodetector with asymmetric profile, with a system of the coolant flow, physical and mathematical models on the basis of which was calculated: the structural parameters; the distribution of concentration of solar radiation across the width of the photodetector; dependences of the distribution of the heating temperature of the coolant over the profile of the photodetector. Authors designed a layout of the basic thermal photovoltaic module, in which the rounded lower part of the rotary rack fixed on the axis allows to create a rotation in the axial direction of the photodetector holders within ±20 degrees with a mechanism for fixing the adjusted position. (Conclusions) Based on the alignment carried out on the stand, the identical location of the receivers of concentrated solar radiation relative to the concentrators in the installation is preserved.

Learning to transfer focus of graph neural network for scene graph parsing

Scene graph parsing has become a new challenge in the field of image understanding and pattern recognition in recent years. It captures objects and their relationships, and provides a structured representation of the visual scene. Among the three types of high-level relationships of scene graphs, semantic relationships, which contain the global understanding of the scene, are the core and the most valuable, while geometric and possessive relationships contain local and limited information. However, semantic relationships have the characteristics of multiple types and fewer instances, leading to a low recognition rate of most semantic relationships by existing detectors. To address this issue, this paper proposes a new architecture, the graphical focal network, which uses a decision-level global detector to capture the dependencies between object and relationship local detectors. We construct a graphical focal loss, which overcomes the lack of semantic relationship instances by adjusting the proportion of relationship loss based on the degree of relationship rarity and learning difficulty, and improves the stability of key object recognition by adjusting the proportion of object loss based on the degree of node connectivity and the value of neighborhood relationships. The proposed relative depth encoding module and regional layout encoding module, respectively, introduce relative depth information and more effective geometric layout information between objects, thereby further improving the performance. Experiments using the Visual Genome benchmark show that our method outperforms the most advanced competitors in two types of performance metrics. For semantic types, the recognition rate of our method is 2.0 times that of the baseline.

Organic photovoltaic modules with new world record efficiencies

AbstractDuring the last years, the development of new active materials has led to constant improvement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solution‐processed organic photovoltaics (OPV) to nowadays record values above 17% on small lab cells. In this work, we show the developments and results of a successful upscaling of such highly efficient OPV systems to the module level on large areas, which yielded two new certified world record efficiencies, namely, 12.6% on a module area of 26 cm2 and 11.7% on a module area of 204 cm2. The decisive developments leading to this achievement include the optimization of the module layout as well as the high‐resolution short‐pulse (nanosecond) laser structuring processes involved in the manufacturing of such modules. By minimizing the inactive areas within the total module area that are used for interconnecting the individual solar cells of the module in series, geometric fill factors of over 95% have been achieved. A production yield of 100% working modules during the manufacturing of these modules and an extremely narrow distribution of the final PCE values underline the excellent process control and reproducibility of the results. The new developments and their implementation into the production process of the record OPV modules are described in detail, along with the challenges that arose during this development. Finally, dark lock‐in thermography (DLIT), electroluminescence (EL), and photoluminescence (PL) measurements of the record module are presented.

Review of power module automatic layout optimization methods in electric vehicle applications

The layout of power modules is a crucial design consideration, especially for silicon carbide devices. For electrical layout, optimizing the parasitic parameters can improving switching loss and dynamic behavior. For thermal layout, reducing the thermal resistance and controlling thermal capacitance can reduce the local hot point. Conventional layout design iterations are based on human knowledge and experience. But the major drawback of manual design methods is a limited choice of candidates, large time consumption and also the lack of consistency. With the introduce of automatic layout design, these challenges can be overcome which in the meanwhile alleviates current and temperature imbalance. By reviewing element representation, placement, routing, fitness evaluation, and the optimization algorithm approaches, a state-of-the-art power module layout design method for electric vehicle applications is introduced.

The ABC130 barrel module prototyping programme for the ATLAS strip tracker

For the Phase-II Upgrade of the ATLAS Detector [1], its Inner Detector, consisting of silicon pixel, silicon strip and transition radiation sub-detectors, will be replaced with an all new 100% silicon tracker, composed of a pixel tracker at inner radii and a strip tracker at outer radii. The future ATLAS strip tracker will include 11,000 silicon sensor modules in the central region (barrel) and 7,000 modules in the forward region (end-caps), which are foreseen to be constructed over a period of 3.5 years. The construction of each module consists of a series of assembly and quality control steps, which were engineered to be identical for all production sites. In order to develop the tooling and procedures for assembly and testing of these modules, two series of major prototyping programs were conducted: an early program using readout chips designed using a 250 nm fabrication process (ABCN-250) [2,2] and a subsequent program using a follow-up chip set made using 130 nm processing (ABC130 and HCC130 chips). This second generation of readout chips was used for an extensive prototyping program that produced around 100 barrel-type modules and contributed significantly to the development of the final module layout. This paper gives an overview of the components used in ABC130 barrel modules, their assembly procedure and findings resulting from their tests.

Efficient layout design automation for multi‐chip SiC modules targeting small footprint and low parasitic

It is important to reduce both the size and parasitic of power modules when designing a layout. However, the layout design often relies on experience and was time-consuming. The problem is particularly prominent in silicon carbide (SiC) modules, which requires more parallel dye compared with silicon counterparts. In this study, an algorithm for multi-chip SiC module layout design automation is proposed, which combines genetic algorithm, candidate searching idea, parallel operation and simplified evaluation models for enhancing computational efficiency with reasonable accuracy. A 12-chip half bridge SiC module is studied to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. The results indicate the method is robust and efficient, and can generate optimal layouts with low parasitic inductance and resistance as well as small footprint. It is believed that the method is feasible to guide the automatic optimal layout design for multi-chip SiC modules, targeting small footprint and low parasitic.

Parasitic Effects Analysis of Bonding Wires Bonding Parameter of Intelligent Power Modules for Three-Phase Motor Control Applications

Parasitic parameter analysis is the focus of intelligent power module switch performance research. This paper will utilize the model of 600V/30A intelligent power module and extract the part of circuit layout bonding wires parasitic parameter by Ansys Q3D Extractor, expedition the relationship between physical bonding parameter and parasitic parameter in the intelligent power module circuit. An exact three-phase circuit module of high voltage intelligent power module and bonding wires package module is established. Through Ansys Q3D Extractor, test a series of bonding parameters from the three-phase circuit layout module and extract the parasitic parameters of the bonding wires. The experimental results of the parasitic parameters are analysed and compared, and the influence degree of the bonding parameters on the parasitic parameters is discussed. An improved solution is proposed for the bonding wires of the intelligent power module to reduce the voltage spike that the MOSFET chip during the turn-off process.

Design of diesel exhaust waste heat power generation device

Based on the study of the basic knowledge of thermoelectric effect, the selection of thermoelectric materials, the layout of thermoelectric sheets and thermoelectric modules, this paper uses thermoelectric technology to select thermoelectric sheets suitable for the corresponding conditions, selects high, medium and low temperature sheets for different temperature environments, studies the corresponding pipe sizes, and designs diesel engine thermoelectric devices.

Self-Adaptive Neural Module Transformer for Visual Question Answering

Vision and language understanding is one of the most fundamental and difficult tasks in Multimedia Intelligence. Simultaneously Visual Question Answering (VQA) is even more challenging since it requires complex reasoning steps to the correct answer. To achieve this, Neural Module Network (NMN) and its variants rely on parsing the natural language question into a module layout (i.e., a problem-solving program). In particular, this process follows a feedforward encoder-decoder pipeline: the encoder embeds the question into a static vector and the decoder generates the layout. However, we argue that such conventional encoder-decoder neglects the dynamic nature of question comprehension (i.e., we should attend to different words from step to step) and per-module intermediate results (i.e., we should discard module performing badly) in the reasoning steps. In this paper, we present a novel NMN, called Self-Adaptive Neural Module Transformer (SANMT), which adaptively adjusts both of the question feature encoding and the layout decoding by considering intermediate Q&A results. Specifically, we encode the intermediate results with the given question features by a novel transformer module to generate dynamic question feature embedding which evolves over reasoning steps. Besides, the transformer utilizes the intermediate results from each reasoning step to guide subsequent layout arrangement. Extensive experimental evaluations demonstrate the superiority of the proposed SANMT over NMN and its variants on four challenging benchmarks, including CLEVR, CLEVR-CoGenT, VQAv1.0, and VQAv2.0 (on average the relative improvement over NMN are 1.5, 2.3, 0.7 and 0.5 points with respect to accuracy).

Seismic behavior of high-rise modular steel constructions with various module layouts

Owing to their superiority in construction speed and quality, modular steel constructions (MSCs) are extensively used in low-rise buildings in non-seismic regions. Even in areas where the lateral load resistance is not demanding, fully modular steel constructions are not applicable unless additional lateral resistant members are introduced, such as cast-in-situ concrete cores or prefabricated steel frames. The primary focus of this research is to study the seismic behavior of high-rise MSCs with various module layouts, thereby enhancing the flexibility and feasibility of high-rise MSCs in regions of high seismicity. Five three-dimensional (3D) high-rise MSCs with various module layouts, i.e., parallel stacked (Configuration 1), one end staggered (Configuration 2), both ends staggered (Configuration 3), intermediately staggered (Configuration 4), and vertically staggered (Configuration 5), were designed. Seismic analyses were carried out in terms of these five models through response spectrum and elastic-plastic time-history analyses. The natural vibration characteristics of various module layouts show that vibration periods of the first three vibration modes are essentially the same (except Configuration 3), which meets the limit requirement. The first two vibration modes are translational deformation along the X and Z directions, and the third mode is torsional, indicating that MSCs can present excellent integrity with Configurations 1, 2, 4, and 5. Structural deformations show that staggered layouts (Configurations 2–5) can solve the problem of inconsistent bidirectional stiffness in Configuration 1. Through discussing the advantages and disadvantages of different module layouts, this paper provides a preliminary knowledge basis for applications of fully high-rise MSCs in seismic regions.

Parametric modeling and surface-specific sensitivity analysis of PV module layout on building skin using BIM

Photovoltaic (PV) energy is a promising source of clean energy that can contribute to the development of sustainable cities and the mitigation of global warming. Conventionally, PV modules were only considered for installation on the rooftop of buildings. However, nowadays there are various types of PV modules that can be installed on different surfaces of buildings, such as curtain walls, windows, and balconies. Given that the productivity of the PV system depends heavily on the layout design (i.e., the size, type, location, and orientation of the modules), it is imperative to perform detailed simulation of radiation potential on different surfaces of the buildings to find the most efficient PV layout. Existing simulation methods, which mostly use only the geometric model of buildings, cannot discriminate between different types of building surfaces. As a result, these methods cannot be used to design PV layouts where different types of surface-restricted PV modules (e.g., PV modules that can be installed on windows) are incorporated. Therefore, this research builds on the advent of Building Information Modeling (BIM) to develop a parametric modeling platform for the design of surface-specific PV module layout on the entire skin of buildings using the surface properties of the BIM model. Using this platform, designers will be able to (1) perform radiation simulation on a combination of desired surfaces of buildings, (2) study the impact of various design characteristics (e.g., size and orientation), (3) develop complex scenarios for the layout of PV modules on the buildings, and (4) perform detailed cost-benefit analysis of each scenario. A prototype is developed using Dynamo visual programming platform to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. A case study is presented for a tall building in Montreal, Canada. Various scenarios are developed and systematically compared from energy and cost perspectives. The case study demonstrated the potentials of the developed platform for the development and in-depth analysis of complex scenarios for the layout of PV modules on building skin. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by demonstrating how BIM can be leveraged towards a more sustainable design of buildings through facilitating the design of complex PV layouts on building skin.

Principles of structural construction of spatially adaptive electromechanical systems with variable structure and geometry of the active surface

The salient trends of the development of modern technology, which is associated with the creation of complex spatial systems with the ability to adapt the spatial geometry of the working unit in accordance with changes in external factors are analyzed. The principles of genetic structure formation of spatially distributed modular electromechanical systems with adaptive active surface geometry are determined. The macrogenetic programs of genetically permissible basic Species of electromechanical structures with variable geometry and orientation of the active surface are determined. The dominant role of replication, mutation, and structural isomerism operators in the synthesis of spatially adaptive systems of a modular type are shown. The mechanisms of intergeneric mutations were first investigated, which determine the principles of structure formation of the objects of "elastic electromechanics", the functioning of which is accompanied by a change of the geometry of the active surface. The presence of a stable deterministic relationship between the electromagnetic chromosomes of the genetic program and isomeric chromosome compositions, with the layout of the active inductor modules and the type of spatial movement of the technological product were identified. The reliability of genetic programs and synthesis results is confirmed by the example of project synthesis of a competitive modular electromechanical system with an adaptive spatial structure, consisting of a robotic technological complex designed to operate steel pipes and sheet metal. The research results provide a systematic basis for the formulation of problems of innovative synthesis of new structural varieties of electromechanical systems with spatially adaptive modular structure of the active surface.

Матричная система удержания садкового модуля для промышленного выращивания рыбы

In the paper, the technical aspects of modeling the retention system of matrixtype cages for industrial fish farming in a pond is considered. To date, there is no developed calculation methodology that takes into account the layout features of each cage module. The layout of the modules can vary significantly: from 1 to 36 cages of various designs. The aim of the work is to substantiate the parameters of the holding ropes, the length of the pull chains and the required mass of anchors by calculating the tensile forces in the ropes and the reaction of the anchor supports when solving the dynamic task in an unsteady setting. To solve this problem, a dynamic system was developed considering wind, wave, and inertial loads acting on all elements of the system: cage, holding ropes, chains, anchors. The force acting on the surface of the cage from the wind is received. The values of tensile forces in the ropes, the reaction of the supports of the anchors in three planes are obtained. The lengths of the chains are identified, ensuring the absence of tearing forces acting on the anchors. The masses of anchors are calculated taking into account the Archimedean force, depending on the density of the anchors’ material. The simulation lasted for 60 s. At 37 seconds of calculation, a resonant phenomenon was revealed: a significant increase in the breaking strength in the rope.

Optimal Layout Design of a Liquefied Natural Gas FPSO: A Case Study

Abstract An liquefied natural gas (LNG) FPSO is a floating, production, storage, and offloading facility with a LNG plant, including all ancillary facilities. In contrast to commercial vessels, the various parts of the process are located topside and are distributed as modules that are installed on the deck. The design of an LNG FPSO requires many considerations such as international codes and standards, the owner's requirements, and the operation and maintenance philosophy. To resolve the many considerations in FPSO design, we proposed an optimization method for the topside arrangement in the previous study. Based on the previous study, an integrated optimization technique for an LNG FPSO is proposed to obtain the optimal principle dimensions, the arrangement of the hull tanks, and the layout of the topside modules and equipment that satisfies many requirements for not only the topside but also the hull. As a case study, the topside and hull layout of an LNG FPSO is optimized in terms of safety, economics, and stability. The case study shows that the proposed method can develop the optimal layout design of an LNG FPSO.

High‐frequency resonant operation of an integrated medium‐voltage SiC MOSFET power module

Industrial processes which use induction and dielectric heating are still relying on resonant converters based on vacuum tubes. New emerging medium-voltage silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductor power devices have a potential to replace vacuum tubes and allow for more efficient and compact converters in the high-frequency range. High-voltage packages have been proposed in the literature that are suitable for the 10 kV SiC metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), and its fast voltage switching capabilities in hard-switched applications have been demonstrated. However, no packaging is presented which allows the high-frequency operation of a 10 kV SiC MOSFET die. This study proposes the design of a power module for MHz resonant operation of a 10 kV SiC MOSFET. At high switching frequencies, the gate losses become substantial, thus the gate driver is included inside the power module package to ensure a low inductive and high thermally conductive design as seen from the gate driver. The inductance of the proposed power module layout structure is evaluated using ANSYS Q3D Extractor. The thermal performance of the integrated gate-driver circuitry is experimentally verified. Finally, the resonant operation of a medium-voltage SiC MOSFET power module is demonstrated experimentally at 1 MHz.

Data Analysis and Data Sensing Modules for WSN using Verilog

Wireless Sensing Networks (WSNs) are allocated choosing up ecological communities prepared with computational intelligence in addition to radio discussion competencies. The 'nerve cells' of a ordinary WSN as layout module could provide nodes expected for every and each sensing unit which can be miniature, lesser price, effective modeling for different assets with presenting extraordinarily extremely-speedy deployment, versatility and strength-efficient in current style techniques. Wireless Sensing Networks for business objectives or I-WSNs have sure requirements to achieve load for every and every sensors so one can be placed around the plant to test the design managing elements, for troubleshoot and also upgrade the called for test logs. In current layout, we gift a complete custom format of a sensor node for Industries providing Wireless Sensing Networks with the number one emphasis at the constructing elements of the utility. Our style passes at the additives of facts driven changes on components as 6-channel 12-bit Delta-Sigma ADC, a FSM-modular controller thinking about interfaced serial and same M-S (grasp and servant) operated interfaces where trans-receiver is layout with OFDM RF Tx. Present designed estimates an unique modular shape and also improvisator to utilize OFDM based totally upon the RF signaling for OFDM subsystem attending to tracking for a ways better reliability in Wireless Sensing Networks. This made tool has actually long past via Xilinx FPGA Airtex-6 with Front-case RTL layout in addition to modeling to simulate in addition to synthesize using a selection of EDA equipment and the following outcomes have been severely checked in this paper.

Transformation of systems under influence of loads on the basis of static-geometric method

The possibility of approximation of shells by folded transformed systems of granular modular elements is investigated. The options of parqueting the template with facets are given and the models of approximate approximation of surfaces by a modular element are presented. The paper deals with the folding surfaces in the formation of architectural shells and other types of structures that are often used. In some cases, it is caused by the architectonics of structures, which often have repetitive parts (folding in this case). In other cases, this is due to the need to approximate the folded surface, which consists of compartments of simpler surfaces, which make it easier to solve geometric problems in the design and construction. The comparison line is purposefully considered as an element of the set, which makes it possible to study the properties of such sets and methods of separating among them many kinds of folded surfaces (faces in this case). This gives reason to consider the technique of constructing comparable surfaces as the only scheme for constructing linear and non-linear surfaces. A generalized polygon is called a comparative line, which generally has curvilinear links that intersect or collide with each other at vertices, with a prominent joining order. A folding structure is a structure made up of folded elements, flat or spatial, by means of a method of module layout, transformation or profile sectioning of a surface. Generalized polyline lines of general form having zero order of joining in the vertices are formed by the method of joining the links in the vertices without matching tangents to the links. Methods of geometric shaping of modern buildings and newest forms, types of structures are being intensively developed, and sometimes they are subject to structural improvement. Geometric design, based on the principles of the combination of standard elements, seriality, manufacturability, meets the requirements of industrial production and mass application.

A feasibility assessment of single to multi/hybrid evaporative coolers for building air-conditioning across diverse climates in India

This paper assesses the potential of direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), direct expansion system (DX) and their different combinations (IEC-DEC, DEC-DX, IEC-DX, IEC-DEC-DX) for building air-conditioning of a 8-story residential building containing 32 flats for 21 cities belonging from five climatic zones in India. The building layout and type of air-conditioning module are designed in DesignBuilder integrated with EnergyPlus, and assessed daily (May, 20th) and yearly (Jan, 01st - Dec, 31st) variation of building performance for several climatic conditions. Although the IEC-DEC attains a maximum coefficient of performance (COP) up to 7 for the cities like Amritsar and Nagpur, the IEC-DEC-DX is found ideal for all climatic zones due to higher average wet-bulb effectiveness and cooling capacity around 150% and 400 kW, respectively. Moreover, the energy saving potential of IEC-DEC-DX comparing to conventional DX system is observed up to 25%. Considering the pre-eminence of IEC-DEC-DX, a yearly assessment of cooling capacity, energy consumption, COP, life-cycle cost and CO2 production are conducted. A case study based on climatic conditions of Hyderabad by maintaining the predicted mean vote (PMV) within the range of ±2 is conducted to estimate the payback period of the proposed various cooling modules with respect to conventional DX system.

Development of EDA Techniques for Power Module EMI Modeling and Layout Optimization

Abstract The design of power electronics modules is undergoing renewed interest as new challenges and technologies emerge in the realm of wide bandgap (WBG) power device packaging. In order to meet the demands of these high-speed transistors, novel techniques are required to produce modules with reduced parasitics and noise generation without exceeding the operating temperature of the devices or their packaging materials. Traditionally, power module design has been a highly iterative process—repeatedly reworking and simulating designs using finite element analysis (FEA) tools that require considerable time in terms of both labor and computation. To overcome these issues, an electronic design automation tool (EDA) known as PowerSynth is ongoing in its development toward power module layout synthesis and optimization based on electrical and thermal criteria. In this paper, work to extend the capabilities of PowerSynth to optimize layouts with reduced electromagnetic interference (EMI) is presented. Optimization strategies based on the transfer functions of noise propagation paths are introduced and results showing layouts with reduced noise generation are compared with FEA simulations.