Model Of Critical Discourse Analysis Research Articles

IDEOLOGICAL REPRESENTATIONS IN SELECTED DISCOURSES OF COLLEGES OF EDUCATION ACADEMIC STAFF UNION AND THE NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT

Labour discourse, especially in education sector, is a discursive brand whose contents have continued to engage scholars’ attention both within and outside Nigeria. Existing researches have focused significantly on contents within the university space, particularly ASUU/FGN with little attention on other tertiary subsectors, including Colleges of Education. This study therefore examined ideological representations in the discourse of Colleges of Education Academic Staff Union (COEASU) in a bid to examine discursive strategies deployed to articulate discourse issues and linguistic elements used in projecting certain ideological postures. This study adopted van Dijk’s Ideological Square Model of Critical Discourse Analysis. The data were sourced from ten (10) purposively selected communiqués and decision extracts from 2018 to 2022 through the National Secretariat of COEASU. The study revealed that leadership of COEASU use discursive strategies such as apparent empathy (01 or 4.5%), example (04 or 18.1%), implicature/presupposition (03 or 13.6%), lexicalisation (04 or 18.1%), number game (04 or 18.1%), positive self-presentation/negative other-presentation (04 or 18.1%) and vagueness (03 or 13.6%). This study concluded that certain ideologies, including passing a vote of confidence, expressing doubt or belief, were foregrounded in the Union’s choice of language. This study further revealed that lexical choices are deliberately made to project certain meanings, positions, as well as to substantiate and exemplify claims, engage in blame game, while also being diplomatic and tactical.

A Multimodal Analysis of Graffiti: A Case Study of Government Schools in Punjab, Pakistan

There have always been various modes of communication, and humans not only communicate verbally but non-verbally as well. Graffiti has been one of the effective means of communication. Different visual and verbal practices are employed in this type of communication. The present study decodes critically visual and verbal modes of communication used in graffiti. The data for the study in hand has been collected from government boys and girls schools in southern Punjab. The time span for data collection ranges from January to June 2023. The data has been analyzed by applying Fairclough’s (2003) model of Critical Discourse Analysis and Barthes's (1974) model of Semiological Discourse Analysis. The analysis of the data reveals that graffiti is one of the persuasive means of communication. Desired ideological messages could easily be conveyed to the target audience by employing this mode of communication. The percentage of graffiti discourses related to the promotion of female education in the collected data is higher (80%) as compared to data related to the promotion of education for male students (75%). This study contends that the element of change has been observed as far as the promotion of female education is concerned through graffiti of urban and rural schools for boys and girls.

Interplay of Linguistic and Semiotic Choices in Shaping Meaning: A Critical Analysis of Political Cartoon in Pakistani English Newspaper

In today's world, where nations are interconnected through media, the analysis of media discourse from different perspectives on societal issues has gained much currency. The present study analyzes the satirical representation of a newspaper cartoon to find out how these media persons utilize cartoons and the accompanying linguistic choices to affect readers' opinions and understandings. Guided by qualitative research methodology, the data for this study is collected in the form of one cartoon selected through purposive sampling from a Pakistani English newspaper i.e., Dawn. Taking insights from Barthes's (1957) theory of semiotics and Fairclough’s (1995) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model, the study utilizes an integrated framework for a fine-grain analysis of cartoon discourse. The intermingling of these two models of analysis has helped the researchers to highlight how newspaper cartoon discourse can be utilized to construct and highlight certain ideologies. The selected cartoon under the caption "OIC seeks global intervention to halt Gaza genocide," highlights the themes of victimization and powerlessness. By utilizing the signs of a man and a wooden log for the OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation) and Gaza, respectively, the cartoonist has evoked feelings of sympathy for the innocent killing of Palestinians. Hence, the study has found a logical connection between linguistic and semiotic systems to highlight the OIC's inefficacy and the world's indifference and hypocritical response towards the humanitarian crisis in Gaza.

Islamic Communication: One Persuasive Step to Spread Da’wah Among Korean Lovers (Critical Discourse Analysis of Fuadh Naim's Youtube)

Making people closer to Islam is one of da'wah's primary goals. So, it takes creativity to package da'wah messages so that they can be accepted by the object of da'wah, which is increasingly diverse today. One of the interesting da'wah objects studied is Korean Lovers, a community of Korean culture lovers. A negative stigma has been pinned on Korean Lovers, that they are a community far from Islam and live with hedonistic nuances. Meanwhile, with the right da'wah approach, Korean Lovers can be touched and become part of Islamic da'wah. This study aims to analyze how da'wah content includes or removes actors from a central discourse. Furthermore, the analysis results are linked to the concept of Islamic communication. This is where the novelty lies. This research makes the Never Drowned video on Fuadh Naim's YouTube channel the main discourse (object of research). Fuadh Naim's YouTube channel discusses Korean culture and gets positive appreciation. The PernahTenggelam video can reference the style of delivering da'wah messages among Korean Lovers. To elaborate on the #PernahTenggelam video, the most appropriate method used is qualitative analysis with Theo van Leuween's critical discourse analysis model. The results showed that 18 data were analyzed. Of the 18 data, 3 showed an exclusion strategy, and 15 showed an inclusion strategy. After being analyzed, the results show that content creators do not intend to discredit Korean Lovers. Instead, the exclusion and inclusion made the delivery more elegant and persuasive. The strategy is connected with Islamic communication, including qaulan sadida, qaulan ma'rufa, qaulan baligha, qaulan maysura, and qaulan layyina.

CONSTRUINDO O ‘MITO’ E DEMONIZANDO A ESQUERDA: UMA ANÁLISE DE DISCURSO CRÍTICA DAS DEZ FAKE NEWS MAIS COMPARTILHADAS VIA FACEBOOK E WHATSAPP DURANTE A ELEIÇÃO PRESIDENCIAL NO BRASIL EM 2018

The dissemination of fake news, by means of texts which were massively shared on social media and spread disinformation among the population was a phenomenon that marked the 2018 Brazilian presidential elections. In October 2018, Revista Exame published a report containing a ranking with the ten most shared fake news throughout the first round of the presidential elections. Using the three-dimensional model of critical discourse analysis proposed by Norman Fairclough (2003), I analyzed the ten texts of the ranking, identifying their structure, and how the processes of lexicalization, intertextuality and interdiscursivity appear within the corpus; based on Wardle (2017), I investigated what kind of information disorder was used; finally, according to Thompson (2011), I examined how ideology operates in these texts. Throughout the analysis I have noticed a superlexicalization of a nationalist ideal linked to the then-presidential candidate Jair Bolsonaro. Two semantic-discursive fields stood out: the representation of Jair Bolsonaro and that of politicians associated with the left-wing spectrum. Bolsonaro is represented throughout the texts as the candidate who has validation from the public. Left-wing politicians are represented as enemies who need to be fought and who exhibit morally questionable behavior. It was possible to conclude that the texts presented here corroborate a movement of the middle-class in support of the candidate Jair Bolsonaro (Cavalcante, 2020), being complacent with his neo-fascist discourse in favor of a neoliberal/meritocratic ideology, depicting left-wing politicians as executioners of nationalist progress.

Penggambaran Laki-Laki Sebagai Korban Kekerasan Seksual dalam Pemberitaan di Media Online

This research aims to see how men as victims of sexual violence are portrayed in the news. The depiction of men as victims of sexual violence is seen using the Theo Van Leeuwen model of critical discourse analysis and a gender perspective. This research uses a descriptive type qualitative approach with documentation data collection methods. The results of the research show that in the reporting carried out by the five online media with the highest percentage level of public trust, there were only 22 stories that discussed men as victims of sexual violence during the period January – December 2023. The process of depicting men as victims of sexual violence was also not found exclusion. In this research, discourse was found based on cases of sexual violence, which were categorized based on strategies in the inclusion process that depicted men as victims of sexual violence. The depiction of men as victims of sexual violence is based on the strategies found, there is an imbalance between the position of the perpetrator and men as victims of sexual violence in the reporting carried out by the five media. The media depicts revictimization or victimization over and over again.

Analisis Wacana Kritis Industri Media Netflix pada Film Dokumenter Ice Cold

This research is motivated by the number of people who immediately accept the information conveyed in the movie Ice Cold, forgetting that Netflix is a media industry that regulates profit. The purpose of this research is to analyze a discourse by measuring the levels of subjectivity and objectivity. Qualitative research method with the theory used van Dijk�s critical discourse analysis model. The results found that Netflix as a media owner can set movie scenarios to meet the needs of capitalists who regulate political economic interests by creating a construction of reality in this film. The implication of this research is expected to make people care about the construction of media discourse and be smart in considering various empirical facts

The Investigation of Ideological Representations in Subtitling: A Critical Discourse Analysis Approach

The present study investigates how ideologically-laden words and expressions are subtitled from English into Arabic by taking into account various translation strategies and lexical choices. It also sheds light on the role of the subtitler in this ideologically-constructed transfer. For this purpose, a mixed methods approach is followed to analyze and calculate the occurrence of the selected words and expressions from English movies and their Arabic subtitles by adopting the eclectic model of Farahzad’s critical discourse analysis model (2011), and Baker’s (2011) and Pedersen’s (2011) translation strategies. The results of the study show that the subtitlers try to convey different ideologies from the ones presented in the original dialogues by depicting Muslim characters as negative individuals and American characters as positive individuals who are saviors and defenders. This is revealed through omission, translation by more expressive words, addition, and generalization. The findings further highlight that the subtitlers attempted to match the subtitles to the religious beliefs of the target viewers through cultural substitution. Regarding shifts of agency or participants, the subtitlers employed addition by adding action verbs in the subtitles to change the meaning of the sequence or to alter the focus toward specific agents by using different pronouns. The study thereof shows the role of the subtitler as an unfaithful transmitter of reality in the subtitles.

DISCURSIVE DYNAMICS OF ETHNOSENTENTIAL STRATEGIES IN SELECTED AFROCENTRIC HYMNODY

The distinctive nature of hymnody in Christian religious worship has made it a rich and limitless subject for scholarly examination, offering a unique form of communication that continues to fascinate and inspire academic inquiry in Africa, especially in Nigeria. Existing studies in Christian hymns have examined the contents of hymns as music forms with little or no scholarly considerations on the ethnosentential strategies employed by the hymnists. This study, therefore, intends to fill this gap with the view to identifying and discussing discursive dynamics of ethnosentential strategies in Afrocentric hymnody. This study utilizes relevant insights from Teun van Dijk’s socio-cognition model of Critical Discourse Analysis to explore the strategies in the selected hymns. The data were purposively derived from the two hymnists: Bola Ilori and Esther Laosebikan, one hymn each titled “Lord, let your blessings attend us” and The Lord is King arrayed in majesty”, was purposively selected with the discuss issues of supplication and praise/worship respectively. The analysis revealed that ethno-sentential strategies such as Africanized imagery, collectivization, language indigenization, culturocentrism, hybridization among others characterized African hymns. The findings further revealed that both hymnists use almost similar structural elements such as imperative sentences and comparative phrases, but different in tone, emphasis and imagery. This study concluded that there is an intersection of linguistic features, ethnosentential strategies and discursive dynamics in religious discourse, with focus on hymnody to uncover the complex ways in which language shapes and reflects cultural, social and theological identities.

Discursive Strategies for Discourse Representations of ASUU-FGN Impasse in Nigerian Newspapers

This study provided discursive strategies which Nigerian newspapers employed to convey information about ASUU-FGN impasse to the news consumers. The discursive strategies succeeded in allotting discourse representations to ASUU and FGN in both positive and negative representations. The data for the study were collected from five Nigerian newspapers: Leadership, Punch, The Guardian, The Nation and Vanguard. The researcher selected one hundred published articles about ASUU-FGN impasse in the month of June, 2024 when the industrial disharmony between the two parties was hot. The researcher purposively sampled one hundred and thirteen data from ten randomly selected articles out of the one hundred published articles for the analysis. The researcher used Van Dijk's (2006) Socio-Cognitive Model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data. The study revealed that ASUU and FGN were represented with discursive strategies with their percentage: victimisation (23%), abuse (16%), populism (13%), euphemism (12%), counterfeit (10%), consensus (9%), dramatisation (7%), metaphor (6%), disclaimer (3%), and comparison (1%). ASUU was represented as threatener (The Nation, Punch, Vanguard). sufferer (The Nation, Punch) advocate (Leadership, Punch), slammer (Vanguard), troublesome (The Nation), striker (Punch), observer (Leadership, Punch), teacher of unemployable graduates (Punch), greed (The Nation), warner (Leadership), peacemaker (The Guardian), informer (The Guardian), protester (Vanguard), the oppressed (Punch), slacker (Punch), liar (Punch). FGN was represented as renegade (Punch, The Nation), filibuster (The Guardian), oppressor (The Guardian), abandoner (Leadership), breacher (Leadership), proliferator (Vanguard), and dictator (Punch). The study concluded that naming calling arises where conflicts exists. The study therefore recommended that the two parties should imbibe ideas of honouring agreement to allow name calling cease and peace reign.

Framing the shooting of Al Jazeera journalist Shireen Abu Akleh in English and Arabic news headlines: a critical discourse study

The study aims to investigate the ideological manipulation of language within news media headlines regarding the killing of Palestinian journalist Shireen Abu Akleh. This study employs Van Dijk’s socio-cognitive model of Critical Discourse Analysis to conduct a comparative qualitative analysis of 100 Arabic and 100 English news headlines, exploring linguistic features at both microstructure and macrostructure levels. The analysis delves into identity construction for the victim and perpetrator, revealing the discursive linguistic manifestations of underlying ideologies in two distinct linguistic and cultural contexts. The microstructure analysis reveals the preference of Arabic headlines for active voice structure, rhetorical devices of numeration, emphatic language, and metaphors. On the other hand, English headlines preferred the passive voice structure and the rhetorical device of litotes. The macrostructure analysis unravels the cognitive interplay between news media outlets and their target audience, demonstrating how selective headlines significantly impact public opinion. It shapes their comprehension and interpretation, particularly within the broader context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Ultimately, this research highlights the dynamic interplay between language, ideology, and power in news media, offering key recommendations for understanding their comparative impacts.

Prejudice in selected American and Iranian newspaper articles on Gaza crisis: A critical discourse study

Prejudice discourse is considered as one of the most important language uses usually invested in different social situations, particularly by in-group speech communities. This highlights the need to investigate this language phenomenon according to some interdisciplinary perspectives. So, this paper compares and contrasts from critical discourse perspective the prejudiced content used in the news coverage of American and Iranian newspapers' discourse as part of the discursive portrayal of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict during the 7th Oct. 2023 attack. Two articles were gathered from two opposing international newspapers, one is American (New York Post) and another is Iranian (Tehran Times). This paper aims at discovering prejudice's components and function, identifying the discursive strategies to determine the ideologies that allow a journalist to write a prejudice content. So, this helps the researcher to expos the differences and similarities in the selected data. To get a thorough critical comprehend of the nature of prejudice in the selected data, the researcher adopted a model for critical discourse analysis and applies qualitative and quantitative data analysis. The researcher finds that the cognitive, affected and behavioral components which are a reflection of an attitude in the function of publishing prejudiced content in the selected articles include semantic-strategies of lexicalization and aggregation and rhetorical-strategies of topo and contrast. The polarization of positive in-group self-representation and negative out-group representation in a racist and discriminatory way are the most prevalent ideologies that drive the creation of prejudiced content in the selected data. The articles differ in the sense that while the news coverage in Iranian was prejudiced "pro-Palestinians," American newspapers published prejudiced "pro-Israeli" articles. Although these two newspapers have adopted similar linguistic methods, they convey the news coverage of that event in some prejudiced way based on the newspaper's ideological perspective.

Us and them: colonialism and racism in remote Aboriginal healthcare discourse

ABSTRACT Background The origins of modern Australia are settler colonialist, the logic of which initiated theft of land and attempted erasure of First Nations peoples. This study explores the role of non-Aboriginal Health Care Workers (HCWs) in the ongoing settler colonial project and the formation of mental models that lead to dualistic discourse embodying structural and interpersonal racism. Methods Using van Dijk’s sociocognitive model of Critical Discourse Analysis, colonial ideology, HCW mental models and discourse about Aboriginal people were explored. Results The dualistic categorisation of Us and Them underlies racist discourse around responsibility, dependence, health, illness and the role of culture in health. HCWs had poorly conceived ideas about cultural safety and demonstrated hierarchical thinking, exclusion and collusion in racism. Conclusions Remote HCWs will continue to propagate the ideology of settler colonialism unless cultural safety, critical reflexivity and anti-racism training are prioritised in cultural training.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Joe Biden’s First Speech as President in 2020

This research article endeavors to apply the CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis) model by Norman Fairclough to reveal the political identities and distinct ideologies of the United States' political personalities. The U.S. has always been drowned in different leadership and especially race/color discrimination crises. This paper presents the CDA of the presidential-elect inaugural speech of Joe Biden after the historical U.S. election of 2020. This speech was delivered on 7th November 2020. Like all modified academic disciplines, CDA is developed as an advanced academic discipline. The present research article stands on the base of Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional analytical model. Applying Fairclough’s 3D framework helps examine the ground political ideology of the speech. Analysis of linguistic choices has been examined at the first level and discourse practice of the text at the second level. The third level examined sociocultural practices. The underlying aim of this research paper was to examine the linguistic resources the speaker used. It also aims to examine Joe Biden’s political ideology behind his speech. This study lays out an impetus for further research in this field by providing initial grounds for it.

Narratives of Resistance: Discursive Strategies in Nigeria’s 2020 #EndSARS Protest

The #EndSARS hashtag, which started in 2017, was one of the tools used to share, on Twitter, experiences and advocacy on police brutality in Nigeria. Extant works have explored the use of social media for civic engagement, consciousness re-awakening, counter-narratives and societal disruption, amongst other uses. The present study focuses on how discursive strategies of resistance were deployed to create and sustain agitations using Twitter as a mobilising force of mass movement to achieve political goals. van Dijk’s socio-cognitive model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) with insights from computer-assisted textual analysis was used to analyse a corpus of 1,000 tweets with the #EndSARS hashtag. Findings show that blame attribution, recontexualisation of events, categorisation, victim positioning, and cross-border appeal are discursive resistance strategies used to sustain solidarity, create bonds and negotiate power among the marginalised people. Through these, protesters were able to create defiance and directive acts in the people. These strategies not only create a contest for political power between the government and the masses but also help in the construction of a resistance ideology among the people. Hence, new perspectives on social media should consider the paradigm shift that has resulted in how narratives are sustained and negotiated during online social movements.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Mother-Child Relationships in Little Fires Everywhere: The Influence of Race and Social Class

Since the Great Migration in 1910, millions of African-Americans moved to Northern, Western, and Midwestern cities, prompting White flight to the suburbs in search of a racially homogeneous utopia. These suburban areas, rooted in discrimination, have a history of systemic racism. Little Fires Everywhere (2020), a Hulu mini-series based on Celeste Ng’s novel, explores these dynamics in a Midwestern suburb. Previous studies have linked race and class to motherhood in the series, revealing that racism often intertwines with structural disparities between ethnic groups. This paper examines the mother-daughter conflicts in Little Fires Everywhere, arguing that these conflicts arise not only from racial structures but also from the specific societal norms of suburban life. Using Fairclough’s (1989) three-dimensional Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model, this study uncovers the ideologies embedded in dialogue, the power relations produced through language, and how these elements shape relationships. The analysis reveals that racial identities and social class significantly impact mother-daughter dynamics. The Richardsons’ conservative, upper-class status fosters a superficial and strained relationship, while the Warrens’ financial struggles lead to dissatisfaction and dishonesty. The study highlights how language in the series reflects and reinforces power dynamics, influencing the characters’ relationships.

A Corpus-Based Comparative Study of Chinese and Western Media Image Construction of TCM-Related Personnel

This study aims to explore the differences in image of personnel related to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) between Chinese and Western mainstream media. Employing Fairclough’s three-dimensional critical discourse analysis (CDA) model and TCM Social Image Evaluation Index System, it analyzes the linguistic characteristics of high-frequency words and collocation with corpus methods. The findings reveal Chinese media’s emphasis on the management role and Western media’s focus on the alternative or marginalized status of TCM-related personnel. Chinese media portray TCM medical personnel as experienced and professionally excellent, while Western media tend to question their reliability, positioning them as supplementary to mainstream medicine. A certified, professional and reliable image of TCM health care personnel is painted by Chinese media, as opposed to the illegal practices among acupuncturists highlighted by Western media. Chinese media present TCM experts as integrated and top-notch professionals, whereas Western media may critique their viewpoints. TCM administrators are characterized by precision and authority in Chinese reports, contrasting with the negative depiction in Western media. Last but not least, Chinese patients are generally trustful to TCM more than their Western counterparts. The above differences are deeply rooted in the ideological stances of the media outlets.

Construction of TCM Institution Image: A Corpus-Based Comparative Critical Discourse Study of Chinese and Western Mainstream Media Reports

This study conducts a corpus-assisted comparative analysis of the media images of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) institutions in Chinese and Western media contexts. Applying Fairclough’s three-dimensional critical discourse analysis (CDA) model alongside the TCM Social Image Evaluation Index System, this study explores media image construction and ideological factors shaping the perception of TCM institutions globally through an analysis of linguistic features in keywords, evaluative collocates and modal verbs. It’s found that Chinese media present TCM institutions in a positive light, depicting them as multifaceted organizations with a rich cultural legacy and robust capabilities in medical and scientific research. They showcase TCM institutions as cooperative, promising in integration with modern healthcare, efficient, rapid, flexible, innovative, and imbued with humanitarian values especially during the COVID-19 epidemic. Western media, however, adopt a more cautious stance. They tend to frame TCM institutions as providers of alternative medicine and temporary solutions, with a focus on health preservation, leisure and overall well-being. Concerns have also been raised about the potential illicit activities associated with some massage schools. These disparities in presenting TCM institutions reflect cultural, political and audience demand differences between China and the West. The results of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the media portrayal of TCM institutions, provide insights into the challenges facing the global recognition and acceptance of TCM institutions, and suggest strategies for Chinese media, TCM practitioners, and policymakers to enhance their international image.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of American News Reports on the Opening Ceremony of Beijing Winter Olympics

The opening ceremony of Beijing Winter Olympic Games in 2022 has been extensively covered in international news reports. Although these news reports seem impartial and objective, they carry underlying ideologies that can influence public opinions and judgments. This paper examined the discursive representation of China in American news reports on the opening ceremony of the Beijing Winter Olympics using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis model as the theoretical basis. News stories from American media were collected and analysed in terms of headline, collocation, and quotation pattern. The research found that American news reports present mixed and multifaceted views toward the host country. They showed appreciation for the host country’s success in delivering a spectacular opening ceremony, but they tended to frame China negatively, portraying it as an intimidating power and a geopolitical threat. This study can improve our understanding of the discursive practice of news reports and enhance critical awareness in interpreting news texts.

Translating Iraq’s selected Covid-19 Cartoons into English

Cartoons, since they combine written text and visual content, has a major role in conveying different messages about Covid-19. This significance has typically come from the power of images and words that occurred in the cartoons and their impact on receivers’ response thereafter. In translation, cartoon creates difficulty because of the cultural aspects and ideas that are created for a specific audience and community. Hence, in this paper, the focus will be specifically on analysing the language of selected cartoons and the translation approaches of the cartoonists’ language in the Covid-19 era in Iraq, and this analysis is attained by adopting Norman Fairclough’s model of critical discourse analysis. The researcher has categorised cartoons as follows: rhetorical, idiomatic, narrative, and rhymed, so this paper will concentrate on the analysis of the message behind each category that is employed to influence the audience and how it can be translated, especially if it encompasses idioms related to the Iraqi culture, musical rhyme, rhetoric, and pun. Accordingly, analysis of the constituent aspects of the cartoons necessarily takes place on linguistic and cultural levels so as to distinguish how each cartoonist represents the denotative and connotative meanings of the lexical items that are associated with cartoons drawings.