Milk Marketing Research Articles

Should the Government Sell You Goods? Evidence from the Milk Market in Mexico

Should the Government Sell You Goods? Evidence from the Milk Market in Mexico

Meta Analysis the Effects of Maternal Education, Residence, and Birth Delivery Place, on Exclusive Breastfeeding

Background: Health and intelligence are the main foundation for creating quality Human Resources (HR). Exclusive breastfeeding is one of the best steps to improve the quality of human resources from an early age, in the first six months of a baby's life. The success of exclusive breastfeeding is due to several factors including age, relatively low level of education, lack of utilization of health facility services, and increased marketing of formula milk in urban areas. This study aims to analyze the effect of mother's education, geographic location of mother's residence, and place of delivery on exclusive breastfeeding. Subjects and Method: The researcher uses a systematic review and meta-analysis research, by formulating the researcher's assessment in the PICO as follows. Population: Breastfeeding mothers. Intervention: basic education, rural areas, health facility services. Comparison: Higher education, urban, without health facility services. Outcome: Exclusive breastfeeding. The articles were obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, MDPI, and Scopus databases. The search keywords for the article are “maternal education” AND “residence” AND “delivery place” AND “exclusive breastfeeding” AND cross-sectional. The inclusion criterias were full-text, cross-sectional study, and reported adjusted odds ratio (aOR). Data were analyzed by Review Manager application (RevMan 5.3). Results: 20 cross-sectional studies involving 107,952 lactating mothers from Asia, Europe, and Africa were selected for systematic review and meta-analysis. This meta-analysis showed that mothers with high education were 1.27 times more likely to exclusively breastfeed than mothers with low education (aOR= 1.27; 95% CI=1.01 to 1.59; p= 0.040). Mothers who live in rural areas are 2.16 times more likely to give exclusive breastfeeding than mothers who live in urban areas (aOR= 2.16; 95% CI= 1.17 to 4.01; p=0.010). Mothers who give birth in health care facilities are 1.79 times more likely to give exclusive breastfeeding compared to mothers who give birth at home (aOR= 1.79; 95% CI= 1.54 to 2.07; p=0.005) Conclusion: Maternal education, geographic location, and place of delivery increase the likelihood of exclusive breastfeeding. Keywords: maternal education, residence, delivery place, exclusive breastfeeding Correspondence: Ade Amallia. Master’s Program in Public Healthd, Universitas Sebelas Maret . Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Email: amalliaadelia@gmail.com. Hp: 081228466836.

Thailand's Position on the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes: An Overview

AbstractThe International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes aims to regulate marketing practices of breast milk substitutes to protect breastfeeding. The Code was introduced due to the negative impact of aggressive marketing and promotion of breast milk substitutes on breastfeeding rates, which provide essential nutrients and health benefits for both infants and mothers. Key provisions of the Code, such as banning advertising and promotion to the general public and ensuring accurate information from manufacturers, help reduce the influence of marketing on infant feeding choices. Many countries have adopted and implemented the Code's guidelines, resulting in increased awareness and reduced promotion of breast milk substitutes. However, challenges remain in effective implementation and enforcement, and breastfeeding rates still vary globally. Thailand supports the Code and has implemented its guidelines into national legislation. The country has established laws to restrict promotion and advertising of breast milk substitutes and initiatives to promote and support breastfeeding, such as the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. However, challenges in enforcing the guidelines and varying breastfeeding rates remain. Thailand is working towards improving implementation and enforcement of the guidelines and promoting breastfeeding practices in the country.

A survey of male and female dairy calf care practices and opportunities for change.

The primary objective of this study was to compare male and female dairy calf management practices and evaluate risk factors associated with differences in care. Secondary objectives were to understand surplus calf transportation and marketing practices and investigate incentives to motivate calf care improvements. An online survey was distributed to all dairy producers in Ontario (n = 3,367) from November 2020 to March 2021 and Atlantic Canada (n = 557) from April to June 2021. Dairy producers were identified through provincial dairy associations and contacted via e-mail and social media. Descriptive statistics were computed, and a logistic regression model was created to evaluate factors associated with using discrepant feeding practices (i.e., fed less colostrum, fed colostrum later, or fed raw, unsalable milk) for male calves compared with females. The survey had a 7.4% response rate (n = 289/3,924) and was primarily filled out by farm owners (76%). Although colostrum and milk feeding practices were similar between male and female calves, male calves received less milk while still on the dairy farm of origin compared with females. Male calves were also more likely to be fed a higher proportion of raw, unsalable milk. Female producers and those that kept their male calves beyond 10 d of age had lower odds of using poorer feeding practices for male calves. Male calves were mostly sold between 1 and 10 d (64%), primarily through direct sales to a calf-rearing facility (45%), with auctions being the next most common method (35%). A small but notable proportion of producers (18%) agreed that euthanizing male calves is a reasonable alternative when their sale price is very low; however, few producers (13%) reported that financial costs limited their male calf care. The largest proportion (43%) of producers reported that a price premium for more vigorous calves would motivate them to take better care of their male calves. Conversely, only 28% of producers reported that a price discount for calves in poor condition would be motivating. Producers placed importance on the opinion of their calf buyer, their herd veterinarian, and the Canadian Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Dairy Cattle when considering their calf care practices, and they highly valued practices that promote calf health. Respondents to this survey reported a lower proportion of tiestall barn use and higher milk productivity compared with typical dairy herds in the region, suggesting selection bias for more progressive dairy producers. Nevertheless, our results suggest that dairy producers provide similar care between male and female calves, but some male calves experience challenges due to milk feeding and marketing practices. Feedback from calf buyers along with continued support and guidance from herd veterinarians and the Code of Practice may motivate dairy producers to improve male calf care.

Погодные условия и продовольственные цены в 3-ем квартале 2022 года

The influence of drought on the grain harvest in the Russian Federation is analyzed. The quarterly statistics of the excess of domestic producer prices over world prices on the milk and sugar market are given. Producer prices for grain, milk, meat and sugar in Russia, the EU, and the USA in the 3rd quarter of 2022 are compared. There was a slowdown in food and general inflation in Russia in the 3rd quarter compared to the 2nd quarter.

Violations in the marketing of milks and complementary foods that compete with breastfeeding in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil.

ABSTRACTObjective:To analyze if milk and complementary foods are being sold under the Brazilian Code of Marketing of Infant and Toddler's Food, Teats, Pacifiers and Baby Bottles (NBCAL), Law 11265/2006 of breastfeeding protection.Methods:Epidemiological survey that analyzed the marketing practices of pharmacies, supermarkets, and department stores in the Southern region of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by direct observation.Results:Among the 349 stores in Rio de Janeiro's South Region, 339 traded milk and complementary foods and, among them, 60.8% were not complying with NBCAL. Infractions to NBCAL were more common for the selling of milk (58.6%) than complementary foods (22.8%). The most recurrent promotion strategy infringing NBCAL was discount pricing without the Ministry of Health disclaimer.Conclusions:Most retail stores infringe NBCAL in the commercialization of milk and complementary foods in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a violation of the right to information that may impact mothers’ choice regarding their child's feeding.

Study on consumer awareness of dairy analogues in Gujarat State

Milk is considered almost a complete food that provides macro and micronutrients in balanced proportions. To capture the market of milk and milk products, their imitation product manufacturers use the word ‘milk’. A detailed survey on the consumer awareness of dairy analogues of 852 respondents from8 districts of Gujarat was done. This study analyzed the consumer awareness towards dairy analogues, to determine whether price, taste, texture and push selling have a direct effect on marketdemand of dairy products and whether consumers pay attentionto the labels of the products. It was concluded that the consumers are less aware of the dairy analogues (milk, ice cream, butter and cheese). They pay attention to the price primarily followed by taste, appearance and brand. The consumers do not pay much attention to the parameters such as nutritional benefits, labels, ingredients, and best before or use by date.

Determination of Farmer Satisfaction Levels in Terms of Sustainability in Dairy Cattle Farming: A Case Study From Turkey

The main purpose of this research is to determine the benefits and satisfaction levels enabled by the agricultural aids for dairy cattle farms that are members of S.S. Çavuşlu Village Agricultural Development Cooperative in the Derince district of Kocaeli province and to provide policy proposals for ensuring the sustainability of farms. For this purpose, the data collected from 61 dairy farmers, who are members of the S.S. Çavuşlu Village Agricultural Development Cooperative, through the face-to-face questionnaire method were analyzed. The dairy farms\' activities in 2020 were analyzed under three groups based on the number of dairy cows. Farms with 5 or fewer dairy cows were designated as Group I (19 farms), farms with 6-10 dairy cows as Group II (21 farms), and farms with 11 and more dairy animals as Group III (21 farms). While evaluating the data, simple average and percentage calculations were performed. The Five-Point Likert Scale was used to evaluate the farmers’ opinions, expectations, and satisfaction levels regarding livestock support programs in the farms examined. The research employed the fuzzy pairwise comparison method to determine the support preferences of farmers in dairy cattle breeding. According to the results of the research, the average farm age was determined as 52.41 years, the average education level was 6.60 years, and the agricultural experience was 38.46 years. The average farmland size was 151.41 decares. The average number of dairy cows on the farms was 8.64. The average daily milk yield per animal was 12.68 kg. The average milk selling price was 0.37 USD/kg. According to the Fuzzy Pairwise Comparison, six different support tools were provided to farmers, and they chose milk and forage crop aids as priority support tools. High production costs, especially high feed prices, the inability to sell milk at an affordable price, and lack of support were the most significant problems identified in the farms. As a result, support policies for dairy cattle should be reviewed, payments should be made earlier, the amount of support provided should be increased, and farmers should be made aware of the organization.

The Role of Women Dairy Cooperative Society in the Socio- Economic Empowerment of Women Members: A Study of Nadia District of West Bengal in India.

The purpose of India’s diary development projects is to empower rural women. Rural women in West Bengal are empowered by cooperatives that produce women’s milk at the village level. A case study of particular women’s milk producers’ society was done in the West Bengal district of Nadia by the Modhumoti women milk producers’ co-operative society, which is a member of the West Bengal Milk Union (WBMUL). The socioeconomic standing of the women members greatly improved when they joined the women milk producers’ cooperative association. A three-tier structure of dairy cooperative groups, including producers’ societies at the village level, unions at the district level, and federations at the state level, was discovered by the study in West Bengal. The study discovered that there are two sectors in the milk marketing system: organized and unorganized. The authors conclude by identifying the employment at one’s own home, an increase in family income, a rise in social status, and economic independence as the three most significant drivers of these women’s decision to join cooperative societies as seen in the study area.

МАРКЕТИНГОВЕ ЦІНОУТВОРЕННЯ НА РИНКУ МОЛОЧНОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The article studies the theoretical and methodological aspects of the formation of marketing pricing in the conditions of war; the dynamics of the development of the milk market of Ukraine were analyzed, and the level of influence of exogenous factors on the milk products market of Ukraine was determined. The most important pricing factors are highlighted, which include: demand, costs of production and sale of products, competition, influence of trade intermediaries and government regulation. Today, the part of Ukraine is under active hostilities, causing significant destruction of infrastructure, slowing down of business activity and migration of labor to the western regions and neighboring friendly states. These negative phenomena affect price fluctuations, increasing their seasonal variability. There is a trend of loss of raw milk due to the decrease in the number of cattle, the deterioration of feeding conditions during the war period; violation of logistics; low volumes of production in occupied and destroyed regions. The demand for milk has decreased significantly, which is associated with demographic changes and the occupation of Ukrainian territories, a general decrease in the purchasing power of the population, and high inflation. Manufacturers, processors and retail chains anticipate all possible risks associated with military conflict and include them in the price of products. One factor analysis of variance of pricing on the milk market of Ukraine was conducted. It was established that the average price of milk is affected by such factors as: milk producers, milk processors and trade networks. To study the regularities of the dynamics of the average milk price, it is proposed to use a system of indicators that characterize the direction and intensity of change over time of the studied characteristic, namely: average absolute growth, average growth rate and average rate of increase. Pricing, as an important element of the marketing complex, plays a key role in providing profit and is one of the most flexible components of this complex. Taking into consideration the rapidly changing environment, the constant price analysis is a critical aspect of a successful strategy.

Formula milk brands marketing on Chinese social media Weibo - a content analysis.

Parents' feeding practices in the first 2 years of life have profound effects on children's survival, health and development throughout their lives. Decisions on how to feed infants and young children should be based on the best information and evidence, not influenced by commercial interests. China is the largest and fastest-growing market for formula milk products. Social media has emerged as a distinctive marketing avenue that can reach consumers directly. Weibo is one of the most popular Chinese social media platforms. This study examined four of the most popular milk formula brands' official Weibo accounts: Biotime, Mead Johnson, YiLi-Prokido, and Friso. What messages posted and what marketing practices and tactics are used by formula milk brands on Weibo. We manually downloaded all posts in the four accounts between 1 January and 31 December 2018. Based on previous studies, we developed a marketing practices coding framework and selected ten mutually exclusive categories for coding and analysing the posts. Among 2667 original posts analysed, 65% were from three dominant categories: user engagement (939/2667, 35.2%), parenting advice (516/2667, 19.3%), and celebrity endorsement (327/2667, 12.3%). Other categories included making pseudo-health or nutrition claims and portraying breastfeeding as a painful or problematic experience. Widespread marketing practices and tactics were found in the four examined Weibo accounts of formula milk brands. Monitoring and regulation of formula milk marketing on social media are urgently needed. Social media platforms should also be held accountable for protecting a supportive breastfeeding environment.

The plant-based milk market in the context of CAPM and three-factor model – the case of Oatly

The article examines the performance of Oatly, a plant-based food company, and the factors that influence its re-turns. Considering the CAPM and Fama-French three-factor models, tracking market volatility is a key factor for investors. The findings reveal that market risk significantly affects Oatly's performance, as shown by the positive relationship between the intercept and Mkt-RF. Investors must monitor market trends closely to make informed investment decisions. The analysis of Oatly's beta value indicates that it is a low-risk investment option, making it an attractive option for investors seeking stable returns. The study highlights the importance of investing in low-risk options, especially in the plant-based food industry. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the determinants of Oatly's returns and offers a comprehensive understanding for investors seeking low-risk investments. Monitoring market trends and risks is essential for investors in the plant-based food sector, and this study serves as a useful guide for making informed investment decisions. Oatly's low-risk profile makes it an at-tractive investment option, and investors must stay vigilant and keep track of market changes to make the most of this opportunity. This study offers important insights that can help investors navigate the complex and dy-namic world of plant-based food investments.

Organizational and economic principles of the formation of an offer for the milk market in Ukraine

Introduction. Despite the important role of the livestock industry in ensuring the food security of the country, it is currently in a critical state. During the period of reforming the agrarian sector of Ukraine, a significant structural restructuring took place in public production, intra-industry and inter-industry relations changed, and new market economic approaches to the development of agricultural industries were formed. The most devastating blow and rapid destruction was experienced by dairy cattle breeding - one of the strategic branches of animal husbandry, which, in addition to providing the population with products of animal origin, creates conditions for the year-round functioning of production and maintenance of social stability in rural areas at the expense of population employment. Goal. Based on the generalization of research by scientists and the practical experience of business entities in the field of agrarian business, develop proposals for increasing the volume of milk production in Ukraine, in particular, by farms in the corporate sector of the agrarian economy. Method (methodology). The following methods of scientific knowledge were used in the research process: logical-analytical methods, in particular methods of analogy and comparison, induction and deduction, scientific abstraction - for theoretical generalization, clarification of the conceptual apparatus of the problem, formulation of conclusions; monographic - for a detailed study of individual elements of the studied phenomenon using the example of specific objects. The results. An analysis of milk production in farms of all forms of management was carried out, in particular in agricultural enterprises - the main supplier of milk for processing. The main factors that influenced the activities of the main milk producers in Ukraine in the conditions of martial law were established. Proposed recommendations for stimulating milk production and regulating relations between economic entities - participants in the chain of goods movement from the producer to the consumer.

A study on the effectiveness of HRD process and climate in milk processing industries with special reference to Coimbatore district

Milk processing allows the preservation of milk for days, weeks or months and helps to reduce food-borne illness. The usable life of milk can be extended for several days through procedures like fermentation or refrigeration, which is the factor most likely to affect the quality of raw milk. The following procedures are carried out at a typical milk plant: receiving the raw milk and filtering/clarifying it. the complete or partial separation of the milk fat (for standardisation of market milk, production of cream and butter and other fat-based products, and production of milk powders). HR processes refer to the fundamental strategies necessary to support the employee lifecycle and a positive employee experience. Each HR process follows an intricate pathway that demands strategic planning according to specific parameters and objectives. While every process involves its own procedures, all processes are interdependent. HRD climate is the perception that the employees have about the policies, procedures, practices, and conditions which exist in the working environment. The study reveals the HR Process and Climate in the Milk Processing Industry, where all the segment of workers are involved in production, processing, marketing and sales.

Energy saving through partial homogenization of milk over conventional milk homogenization

The present study was conducted to check the feasibility of partial homogenization of market milk used for the preparation of tea (commonly known as ‘chai’ in India) and thereby estimate the energy-saving potential of the process. In the case of partial homogenization of milk, cream with different fat content (15%, 20%, and 25%) was homogenized at three first-stage pressures viz., 1000 psi, 1200 psi, and 1500 psi while keeping the second-stage pressure constant at 500 psi. The homogenization of milk was conducted at 65°C and 70°Ctemperatures. The homogenized cream was used to preparestandardized milk having 4.5% fat and 8.5% solids-not-fat. The temperature and pressure for homogenization were optimizedbased on the desirable least creaming index of samples of standardized milk at 48 h of refrigerated storage (4±2°C). In the case of conventional homogenization of milk, milk was first standardized to 4.5% fat and 8.5% solids-not-fat and then homogenized at 2000 psi and 500 psi for the first and second stages respectively. Tea was prepared from milk obtained from both the homogenization processes and they were subjected to sensory evaluation. The energy consumption in both cases was measured from the energy meter installed at the homogenizer motor. The study revealed that, without affecting the quality of homogenized milk, about 68% of energy could be saved in partial homogenization of milk as compared to conventional homogenization of milk

Financial Profitability of Production and Marketing of Buffalo Milk in Lalitpur District, Nepal

Dairying is considered as a prestigious occupation among the agricultural sub-sectors in Lalitpur. The production of milk is concentrated in the peri urban and rural areas with the increase in demand for fresh milk in the urban areas. This study was conducted to analyse the economics of the production and marketing of buffalo milk in Lalitpur district, Nepal. This research was conducted from July 2021 to July 2022 collecting data from 123 respondents including farmers, collectors, key informants, and cooperatives working for milk related functions in Lalitpur district. The cost of rearing a milking buffalo was estimated NPR 5,762 per month, with the highest share of feed cost (47.8%) followed by labor cost (21.5%) and animal cost (13.1%). Results of Cobb-Douglas production function showed an increasing return to scale for milk production. Gross income, net income (per buffalo per month), and BCR were NPR 13,828, NPR 8,066, and 1.4, respectively. The cost of producing milk at the farmer’s level was far low than the National Dairy Development Board reported cost of production. The estimated mean technical efficiency was 92.41% for buffalo grower in a range of 88- 98%. Average monthly marketed surplus which was 92.7% of total production was around 3.05% less than the marketable surplus. Among the four milk marketing channels for buffalo milk supply, the longest channel i.e. Farmer-Collector-Large milk processors-Consumer has the highest price spread of 50.59% and producers’ share of 49.4%. The shortest channel i.e. Farmer – Collector –Consumer has the estimated price spread of 9.89% and producers’ share of 91.03%. Improving production and productivity is important in order to improve profit. The extension workers are suggested to make efforts and motivate farmers to acquire technical and management knowledge to increase dairy producers’ profits. Infrastructure development was below the standard for milking buffalo keeping and selling. Improving these weaknesses, study further suggest turning peri-urban regions of Lalitpur district as the primary milk production location within Kathmandu valley.

A Bibliometric Mapping of Plant-Based Milk

Non-dairy or plant-based milk is one of the new food products derived from plants. It is essential to explore the plant milk market from the different raw materials that can be used, understand the different products we can obtain from plant milk, as well as improve the characteristics of the plant milk. To do the exploratory, bibliographic research can be performed. Therefore, we applied bibliographic analysis to identify and explore the most advanced technology in plant milk research. Data was collected by using Harzing's Publish or Perish (PoP), saved as CSV and RIS, filtered and refined, and then analyzed using descriptive statistics and VOSviewer. We screened 485 papers (2012-2022) related to plant-based milk from 998 publications since 1981. Related keywords or terms of screened papers were then visualized by VOSviewer into network, overlay, and density visualization map. Based on the visualization map, there were 7 clusters of plant-based milk research field. The novelty of the research covered the importance and development of plant-based milk derivate, correlation to life cycle assessment, and occurrence of milk allergy. The term “diet” became the highest density term in publication between 2012 to 2022. On the other hand, the terms “sensory attribute”, “traditional plant”, and “health benefit” became the lowest density term.

Review on Traditional Cow Milk Preservation Method and Marketing Practice in Ethiopia

The purpose of this review was to evaluate different reviews in different regions on traditional Ethiopian milk storage methods and marketing practices. Ethiopian farmers have a traditional system of handling milk containers that vary from place to place. Milking jars are thoroughly washed before smoking treatment, to mention a few, but the cleanliness of the wash water has been questioned. Milk processing began with the goal of turning fresh milk into long-lived dairy products and reducing food poisoning. Processing alone cannot solve the milk quality problem. Therefore, it is important to use proper processing and storage materials and to take the necessary precautions when handling milk and dairy products. Milk processing is progressing in Ethiopia. In the country, the average milk producer produces small quantities. The market for supplying fresh milk to consumers is not always easy, and local processors can suffer from problems such as power outages and disruptions in transportation. In most parts of the country, existing production and local marketing systems cannot easily meet growing demand. The degree of vertical and horizontal integration in the milk marketing system can vary from country to country or between regional and domestic milkfish. Therefore, this review should evaluate traditional domestic milk storage methods and marketing practices.

Determination of Socio-Economic Characteristics, Farming Structures and Problems of Women Farmers Selling Milk and Dairy Products in Periodic Markets: A Case of Isparta Province

Çabuk bozulan niteliğe sahip bir ürün grubu olan süt ve süt ürünlerinde pazarlama oldukça önemlidir. Süt üretiminde küçük aile işletmeciliğinin yaygın olduğu ülkemizde kadın çiftçilerin gıda güvencesi ve güvenliğinin sağlanmasında önemli bir role sahip oldukları bilinmektedir. Semt pazarlarında süt ve işledikleri sütten elde ettikleri süt ürünleri pazarlamasında kadın çiftçiler önemli bir rol üstlenmekte ve aile ekonomisine önemli katkılar sağlamaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada, Isparta ilinde şehir merkezinde kurulan semt pazarlarında süt ve süt ürünleri pazarlayan kadın çiftçilerin sosyo-ekonomik özellikleri, yetiştiricilik yapıları ile yetiştiricilik ve pazarlama sorunlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla; Isparta şehir merkezinde kurulan semt pazarlarında açık süt ve süt ürünleri pazarlayan 74 kadın çiftçi ile yapılan anket çalışmasından elde edilen veriler analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre, ortalama büyükbaş hayvan sayısı 7.36 baş, ortalama sağılan inek sayısı 6.81 baş, süt ürünleri üretmek için çalışılan ortalama saat 2.59 saat/gün ve üretilen ortalama süt miktarı 56.42 kg/işletme olarak saptanmıştır. İşletmelerin %87.80’ninde makine ile sağım yapıldığı, %59.46’sının kapalı ahır tipine sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Üreticilerin %93.20’sinin pazarda çiğ süt sattığı belirlenmiştir. Üreticilerin %50’sinin kazandıkları parayı hayvan yemi alımında kullandıkları tespit edilmiştir. Üreticilerin pazarda karşılaştığı en önemli sorunun yer bulma sorunu olduğu (%18.90) saptanmıştır. Güvenli gıda üretimi sadece üretim aşamasında değil ürünün pazarlama sürecini de kapsamaktadır. Bu nedenle Isparta ilinde geleneksel olarak semt pazarlarında satışı yapılan süt ve süt ürünlerinin gıda güvenliği açısından yeniden gözden geçirilmesi ve kadın çiftçilerin pazarlama koşullarının iyileştirilmesi önemlidir.

An Economic Analysis of Milk Production in Rural-urban Interface of Bengaluru

Study was carried out in the rural-urban interface of Bengaluru to address the rapid urbanization of the rural areas surrounding Bengaluru urban. Data from 240 dairy sample respondents, 120 non-dairy sample respondents were also drawn from different layers of South and North transects. Thus, the total sample size was 360. The results revealed that per day net maintenance cost for indigenous and cross-bred cows was ` 58.34 and 104.34, respectively, with corresponding yields of 2.39 lt and 5.13 lt. The cost of production of milk and gross returns realized were comparatively higher among cross-bred cows (` 77.66 and ` 127.56) than local cows (` 58.34 and ` 124.08). Milk marketing practices, the highest proportion of respondents followed marketing channel-II (54 %) and marketing channel III (48 %) in the marketing of milk produced by local cows and cross-bred cows, respectively. The per liter total cost of milk marketing was more in channel-III (` 1.26 and 0.61) than the channel-II (` 0.62 and 0.37) and channel-I (` 0.37 and 0.38) in the case of milk produced by both local as well as cross-bred cows.