Milk Marketing Research Articles

THE USE OF RABBIT MEAT AND MILK THISTLE MEAL IN A LOW-CALORIE MEAT PRODUCT

In the modern world, the culture of a healthy lifestyleacquiresspecial relevance. An integral part of this process is specialized nutrition, therapeutic and prophylactic or dietary consumption of meat products for different categories of people. According to the research of modern scientists, in the next 15-20 years, the consumption of therapeutic and prophylactic, dietary, low-calorie meat products, as well as a decrease in the energy value of food products, will occupy 30% of the food market.The research results were processed by mathematical analysis and compiled taking into account the nutritional value and organoleptic properties of the finished product, which includes rabbit and veal meat, rabbit liver, egg mellange, skimmed milk, milk thistle powder. The combination of animal products in various proportions makes it possible to bring the composition of the product closer to the composition recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO).This article provides an overview of the main components of the composition for obtaining a low-calorie meat product that meets current and future market demand, rabbit meat and milk thistle powder, known for their hepatoprotective properties, analyzes the usefulness of their composition for human health and suggests the possibility of inclusion in the daily diet. In addition, a laboratory study of the nutritional and energy value of the finished product was conducted, as a result of which a decrease in the caloric content of the new product to 138 kcal was observed.Keywords: rabbit meat, dietary nutrition, low-calorie meat product, alatykene powder, amino acids, energy value.

QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF RAW MILK SAMPLES PURCHASED FROM AUTOMATIC MİLK VENDING MACHINES IN NİĞDE PROVINCE

In the regulation published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Turkey, it is stated that only automatic milk machines can be used to put raw milk on sale. This study aims to examine some physical, chemical and microbiological properties of a total of 40 raw milk samples sold in automatic vending machines and unpackaged, by egulations in Niğde province, and to compare the milk samples according to the retailer from which they were purchased. The study also aimed to quantitatively determine carbonate and hydrogen peroxide residues in milk samples and the presence of beta-lactam and tetracycline group antibiotics with a commercial kit. At the end of the study, the average value of lactic acid (%) density, fat, protein, non-fat dry matter, lactose, freezing point and pH values of the samples were determined as 0.153% ± (0.022); 1.028± (0.03) g/ml; 3.525%± (0.656); 3.5%± (0.107); 9% 4± (0.277); 5.134± (0.152); -0.549°C ± (0.018) and 6.55 ± (0.102) respectively. As a result of microbiological analysis of milk, the average number of total aerobic mesophilic organisms, coliforms, fecal coliforms, yeast-molds and micrococci-staphylococci was determined as 5.38 ± (0.47); 3.73 ± (1.11); 2.76 ± (1.66); 2.33 ± (1.86) and 4.29± (1.20) log cfu/ml respectively. Carbonate, hydrogen peroxide, beta-lactam and tetracycline antibiotic residues could not be detected in the milk samples. The fact that some of the results obtained in the study were outside the limits specified in the codexes and different from the study average reveals that the milk sold in businesses selling street milk should be analyzed regularly.

Quality, safety, and microbiological assessment of loose market milk and antibiotic resistance analysis of Escherichia coli isolates in different areas of Faisalabad, Pakistan

Unpacked milk consumption is common in developing countries like Pakistan, raising concerns regarding adulteration and pathogen contamination. This study analyzed market-sold unpacked milk samples (n = 40) from Faisalabad for qualitative, adulteration, and microbiological parameters and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli. The mean ± standard deviation for each component was determined: Fat% (4.22 ± 0.78), Solid-Not-Fat (SNF)% (7.98 ± 1.19), Protein% (2.96 ± 0.50), Lactose% (4.49 ± 0.70), Density (25.59 ± 3.81 g mL−1), Salts% (0.66 ± 0.08), Added water% (8.56 ± 9.72), Temperature (28.00 ± 1.67), and Freezing point (−0.52 ± 0.72). Adulterants such as sodium chloride, detergent, formalin, urea, carbonate, and hydro-peroxide, along with high heterotrophic bacterial load, were detected. Antibiotic resistance profiling of E. coli strains exhibited resistance, including Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) strains. These findings highlight compromised microbiological and hygiene standards in locally sold unpacked milk in Faisalabad, necessitating urgent attention to ensure public health safety.

Consumption and Informal Trade of Milk in the North of Antioquia (Colombia).

The excessive and irrational use of antibiotics to control bovine mastitis and the informal trade in milk with antibiotic residues are objects of great interest for public health, due to the problems associated with the consumption of milk with antibiotic residues on human, animal, and environmental health, and antibiotic resistance. The objective of this study was to understand the attitudes of dairy farmers towards the self-consumption of milk on the farm, the use of milk with antibiotic residues, and the formal and informal milk trade that generates risks for public health. Mixed methods: cross-sectional and grounded theory. Convergent triangulation design. The study was carried out in 9 dairy municipalities in the North of Antioquia, where 216 dairy farmers participated in the quantitative component; and 17 milk producers and 9 veterinarians took part in the qualitative component. A dairy farmer characterization survey was conducted, as well as a survey on the use and marketing of milk from cows with udder health problems and/or under antibiotic treatment. Semistructured interviews were conducted on the same subject. The variable "Intention to sell milk in the village when the dairy industry does not buy it due to high BTSCC" is associated with the BTSCC variable. The variable "Type of marketing reported" is associated with the CFU variable. 5 categories: self-consumption of milk, use of milk with antibiotics, informal milk trade, control of the dairy industry, and beliefs about the elimination of antibiotics in milk, were constructed to theorize about udder health and public health. Sociocultural, political, and economic factors affect decision making in dairy farmers regarding the use and marketing of milk from cows with mastitis and antibiotic residues. These attitudes and behaviors have public health implications.

Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Economics of Milk Production in Kerala

Demand and supply chain interruptions during the COVID-19 lockdown affected the dairy sector in multiple ways. The present study analysed the effect of the pandemic on the economics of milk production in the Malabar region of Kerala. The pre-tested structured schedule was used to collect primary data from 200 farmers, which was analysed using budgetary techniques. The cost of milk production during the lockdown increased mainly due to the shortage of feed and fodder. Reduction in net returns was highest (- `9 per litre) for the large herd-size category, whereas an increase in the cost of milk production (`3.7 per litre) was higher in the medium herd-size category. Among the milk marketing channels, farmers selling milk to consumer households experienced the highest increase in the cost of milk production (`5 per litre) as well as the highest decrease in net returns (`13 per litre) during the lockdown.

Formulation of Culture Medium for the Enumeration of Lactic Streptococci and Lactobacilli from Fermented Milk Products

Aims: The present study is focused to formulate a single selective differential medium for the enumeration of mixed lactic flora such as lactic streptococci and lactobacilli in domestic and market fermented milk products.
 Study Design: In order to enumerate lactic streptococci and lactobacilli in a mixed flora of fermented milk, formulation of single selective medium was optimized using inhibitors and indicator instead of separate selective medium for lactic streptococci and lactobacilli.
 Place and Duration of Study: The present study was conducted in the Department of dairy Microbiology, Dairy Science College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Hebbal, Bengaluru-24, Karnataka from February 2020 to February 2021.
 Methodology: Fermented milk samples like curd, yoghurt were collected, serially diluted and pour plated using Readymade M17 and MRS agar media and formulated selective yeast glucose agar medium. Lactic colonies obtained were enumerated, expressed as log10cfu/g and critical difference was calculated to declare significance and non-significance among the microbial parameters.
 Results: Readymade M17 and MRS agar media gave better recovery of viable cells of lactic streptococci and lactobacilli from market samples of curd, yoghurt and domestic curd samples. The study helped to convert a general purpose medium yeast glucose agar as selective differential medium with addition of calcium propionate of 0.8 per cent to avoid Bacillus spore formers and sodium benzoate of 1.2 per cent to inhibit yeast, the common contaminants in fermented milk with 0.05 per cent BCP that led to formation of purple colonies of lactic streptococci and yellow colonies of lactobacilli.
 Conclusion: The selective yeast glucose agar with 0.8 per cent and sodium benzoate of 1.2 per cent with 0.05 per cent BCP with purple colonies of lactic streptococci and yellow colonies of lactobacilli can be successfully used. This study verified the enumeration of mixed lactic flora in fermented milk products instead of M17 medium for lactic streptococci and MRS for lactobacilli, separately.

A Qualitative Account of the Perceptions and Market Determinants of Indigenous Cow Milk Sector in India

The conventional milk market in India has evolved in India over the last five decades post the ‘Operations Flood Milk Revolution’. During the 1950s and 60s indigenous cows were cross-pollinated with foreign breeds to fulfil the shortfall in the local demand for milk. The cross-pollination of exotic with Indian breeds contaminated the purity of the lineage of Indian cow breeds which had a rich nutritive pedigree. Over the last six years, there has been a fresh stream of indigenous milk market that is slowly emerging alongside the conventional market (cross-breed milk) under the name of ‘Desi Cow Milk’. This milk is marketed as an extract of pure Indian indigenous cows like Gir, Sahiwal, Tharparker, Khilar etc. The market is niche; but is available at varying price points from 90 I. a litre to 240 I. a litre. Consumers have mixed opinions about this market while others know little of this market. Ayurvedic doctors are prescribing this desi milk as a cure for several chronic diseases like diabetes, cancer, skin allergies, autism etc. Word-of-mouth publicity is a strong promotion channel and business is governed more by trust. This paper is an attempt to demystify the perceptions about the Desi cow milk market and identifies the determinants that govern its growth if it were to become a full-fledged market in future. The paper is qualitative and explores a sample size of 30 using an open-ended questionnaire.

The serine protease 2 gene regulates lipid metabolism through the LEP/ampkα1/SREBP1 pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Molecular breeding has brought about significant transformations in the milk market and production system during the twenty-first century. The primary economic characteristic of dairy production pertains to milk fat content. Our previous transcriptome analyses revealed that serine protease 2 (PRSS2) is a candidate gene that could impact milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) of Chinese Holstein dairy cows. To elucidate the function of the PRSS2 gene in milk fat synthesis, we constructed vectors for PRSS2 overexpression and interference and assessed intracellular triglycerides (TGs), cholesterol (CHOL), and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) contents in BMECs. Fatty acid varieties and components were also quantified using gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS) technology. The regulatory pathway mediated by PRSS2 was validated through qPCR, ELISA, and WB techniques. Based on our research findings, PRSS2 emerges as a pivotal gene that regulates the expression of associated genes, thereby making a substantial contribution to lipid metabolism via the leptin (LEP)/Adenylate-activated protein kinase, alpha 1 catalytic subunit (AMPKα1)/sterol regulatory element binding protein 1(SREBP1) pathway by inhibiting TGs and CHOL accumulation while potentially promoting NEFA synthesis in BMECs. Furthermore, the PRSS2 gene enhances intracellular medium- and long-chain fatty acid metabolism by modulating genes related to the LEP/AMPKα1/SREBP1 pathway, leading to increased contents of unsaturated fatty acids C17:1N7 and C22:4N6. This study provides a robust theoretical framework for further investigation into the underlying molecular mechanisms through which PRSS2 influences lipid metabolism in dairy cows.

Organochlorine Pesticides in Dairy Cows’ Diet and the Carryover into Milk in NW Romania

Since modern agriculture relies on high volumes of chemical pesticides, monitoring the exposure to these dangerous substances in feed and the food chain is crucial. This study investigates the transfer of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) from water, soil, and feed to milk in free-range dairy cows using the carryover rates (CORs) and biotransfer factors (BTFs) from feed to milk as tools that can be used for human and animal risk assessments. BTFs can predict the transfer of OCPs into milk due to cows’ ingestion of contaminated feed. Samples were collected from ten small-scale dairy cow farms located near Baia Mare city, NW Romania, identified for distributing fresh milk in the local market. After the appropriate extraction was performed, the OCP concentrations were measured by gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector and randomly confirmed using mass spectrometry. The most prominent compounds in the soil, feed, and milk samples were hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites. The concentrations of OCPs were lower than the maximum admissible values in feed, water, soil, and milk. The CORs of OCPs varied over four orders of magnitudes, from 0.10% (2,4′–dichlorodiphenylchloroethylene, 2,4′–DDE) to 250% (4,4′–dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, 4,4′–DDT). Similar to CORs, the values of BTFs varied largely, from 0.0001 to 1.408. Additionally, the values higher than the unit for some BTFs could be due to the accumulation and biomagnification of these organochlorine compounds in the animal body. The cows’ dietary exposure was evaluated by the estimated daily intake (EDI), considering the three components of ingestion (feed, water, and soil), and varied in the range of 0.0008–0.3509 µg/day/body weight (bw).

Analyzing Factors Influencing Milk Marketing Channel Strategies in Punjab

Raising livestock has long been regarded as an important activity in the nation’s rural areas. The Indian dairy industry has undergone noteworthy changes with the tremendous increase in the production of milk. The provision of assured marketing channels is crucial for dairy farmers to reap the economic benefits of milk production. The present study aims to examine the drivers behind the dairy farmers’ decisions about milk marketing channels in Punjab. The primary data used in this study has been collected from 21 villages and 420 dairy farmers using a multistage sampling technique in 2019, belonging to three different zones of the state. Henry Garrett’s Ranking Technique was used to determine the significant factors influencing their choice of milk marketing channels. Higher milk price, with a mean value of 71.64, is found to be the main driver for choosing the milk marketing channel, followed by doorstep collection with a mean value of 56.70, and provision of advances with a mean value of 54.55. There is a need to strengthen the dairy cooperatives to reduce the involvement of the unorganized sector in the marketing of milk in the state of Punjab.

Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambella, Ethiopia

Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.

РЫНОК МОЛОКА КАК ФАКТОР УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ

The agri-food market sector of the country’s socio-economic system is represented by different markets, among which the milk market occupies an important place, providing the country’s population with the most important product that determines the country’s food security, balanced development of the economy of agriculture and related industries, increasing the efficiency of labor use in the agricultural sector, smoothing out seasonality in the use of labor. The relevance of the topic of scientific research is determined by the fact that the state and vector of development of the milk market is in close interaction with the sustainable development of rural areas, since its functioning is manifested through the use of resources, as part of rural areas, to create a dairy product in response to meet constant demand, both at the moment and in the future. Taking into account the multidirectional nature of the category of sustainable development of rural areas and the multifunctionality of the milk market, it is advisable to monitor its state in a dynamic market environment and manage the elements of the market mechanism at all levels of the economy.

ОЦІНКА СТАНУ РОЗВИТКУ МОЛОКОПРОДУКТОВОГО ПІДКОМПЛЕКСУ ЛЬВІВСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

The article defines the essence and structure of the dairy subcomplex as an important component of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, focusing on changes in its localization with the outbreak of full-scale military operations. The results of the functioning of its main sectors: cattle breeding and production of dairy raw materials, milk processing, export-import commodity operations with dairy products and the sphere of consumption are investigated. It is found that Lviv region, with its considerable potential, does not show good results in the domestic market of raw milk, but due to its territorial remoteness from the area of direct hostilities, it has to some extent strengthened its competitive position in this market. There are significant differences in the structure of raw milk production in the region compared to the national figures, and the same disproportions are typical for foreign trade operations with dairy products. At the same time, there are a significant number of milk processing enterprises operating in the region, both local, interregional and national. The analysis of the situation showed that over the past five years, there have been steady deterioration trends in almost all sectors of the dairy subcomplex in Lviv region. These include high costs of keeping livestock, reduced livestock numbers (especially in households), lower milk yields, difficulty ensuring high quality raw milk and sufficient quantities in private households, unfavourable pricing policy on the foreign dairy market, low solvency of the population, negative demographic changes, and a difficult security situation due to the ongoing military operations in the country, a serious shortage of energy resources, which makes it difficult or even impossible to ensure the proper quality of dairy products in the supply chain. To support domestic dairy producers in the region, programs are being implemented to support farming and small manufacturing businesses, numerous grants are being provided, and production cooperation is taking place with the involvement of foreign private and public investment, which is yielding positive results. Also, the dairy industry in Lviv region actively promotes its products in the retail market, which ensures high ratings throughout the country, and is engaged in both meeting the needs of defenders and their social support.

Nutritional profile of plant-based dairy alternatives in the Swedish market

The market for plant-based dairy alternatives is growing; therefore, focusing on the nutritional quality of these products is important. This study evaluates the nutritional profile of plant-based alternatives to milk, yoghurt, cheese, cream, ice cream and fat spread in the Swedish market and compares them to corresponding dairy products. The nutritional quality of organic vs non-organic and plain vs flavoured plant-based milk and yoghurt alternatives was also assessed. Nutritional data for 222 plant-based dairy alternatives were collected from the manufacturers’ websites, and data for corresponding dairy products were obtained from the Swedish Food Composition Database. Plant-based dairy alternatives had higher fibre content than dairy products, while their protein content was lower, except for soy-based products. The saturated fat content of plant-based dairy alternatives was similar to or lower than dairy products, except for coconut-based yoghurt and plant-fat-based cheese. Their energy content was also similar to or lower than dairy products, except for coconut-based yoghurt, plant-based fat spread and plant-based ice cream, which contained higher energy than yoghurt, blended margarine, and ice cream, respectively. The micronutrient fortification was mainly in plant-based milk, yoghurt, and cheese alternatives; thus, compared to dairy, they had similar or higher vitamins D, B2, and B12 (except in plant-based milk alternatives), calcium and iodine content. Furthermore, organic plant-based milk and yoghurt alternatives had a lower micronutrient content (e.g., vitamins B2 and B12, iodine and calcium) except for vitamin D than non-organic varieties. Flavoured plant-based milk and yoghurt alternatives were higher in energy and total sugar than plain varieties. In summary, plant-based dairy alternatives have nutritional strengths and weaknesses compared to dairy products that should be considered when replacing dairy.

Performance of Milk Co-Operatives and its Impact on Milk Production, Marketing, Income and Employment in Vellore District - An Analytical Study

Milk co-specialists are an essential piece of the milk exhibiting and dairy improvement program in India. prominently known as the “Activity Flood,” which was initiated in July 1970 by the Indian government in collaboration with the United Nations Food Program. The activity flood is one of the largest ever implemented rural development programs and focuses on the establishment of a cutting-edge dairy industry to meet India’s rapidly expanding demand for milk and its products and prepare it for sustainable growth. Action flood helped dairy farmers to facilitate their own new development, putting control of the resources they make in their own hands. A public milk network joins milk creators generally through India with clients in more than 700 towns and metropolitan networks, diminishing periodic and common expense assortments while ensuring that the producer gets fair market costs in a clear manner reliably. The town milk producers, which obtain milk and provide sources of information and services while evaluating the accessibility of current administration and technology, have served as the foundation of the activity flood. Movement flood targets integrate (a) Addition milk creation (“A Food of Milk”) (b) Extend common jobs (c) Reasonable expenses for customers. Movement flood has made a public milk structure associating milk creators generally through India with customers in excess of 700 towns and metropolitan networks, diminishing periodic and regional expense assortments while ensuring that the producer gets a critical part of the expense purchasers pay, by eliminating merchants. It has assisted dairy ranchers in coordinating their own events and taking control of the assets they produce by reducing misbehavior.

РОЛЬ КООПЕРАТИВНЫХ ОБЪЕДИНЕНИЙ КАК МЕХАНИЗМА ВКЛЮЧЕНИЯ ЛИЧНЫХ ПОДСОБНЫХ ХОЗЯЙСТВ ГРАЖДАН В ЦЕПОЧКИ ПОСТАВОК ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВИЯ

Personal subsidiary farms in the modern agro-industrial complex of Russia are not considered as a promising format of agricultural production. But at the same time, their share of individual products and parts of the subjects of the Russian Federation remains significant. Starting in 2022, state support for private households has reappeared in the federal budget, for the first time since 2016. One of the reasons is the jump in prices for a borscht set in the fall of 2021 – the products that have historically been produced in the LPH segment. The price fluctuations of 2023 in the raw milk market in the segment of farms and farms indicate the vulnerability of disparate farms engaged in dairy farming. The article examines the role of cooperative associations as a mechanism for the inclusion of personal subsidiary farms of citizens in the food supply chain.

Анализ конкуренции и уровня доминирования на рынке растительного молока в Российской Федерации

On the shelves of grocery stores, customers may increasingly notice the appearance of various brands of animal milk substitutes. This is due to the fact that society is becoming more aware of the contraindications to the use of milk of animal origin, which are expressed in some cases in intolerance to lactose and/or milk casein by the human body. Currently, the Russian alternative milk market lags behind the global one, and the active development of domestic production of these products is just beginning. This article presents the results of the analysis of the Russian alternative milk market based on data collected by the Nielsen analytical company from the largest retail chains, including X5 Group, Magnit, Lenta, Red and White and others. The SV (strength/variety) matrix was used as the main tool to assess the level of dominance in the industry. Concentration indices, Lind indices and the modified Hall-Tideman coefficient were calculated and used to construct the matrix. The analysis of individual quadrants of the SV matrix showed that the Russian alternative milk market from 2019 to 2022 in each of the studied years was located in the G quadrant, which indicated a high concentration of the market, where four super-alpha companies stand out: “Sady Pridonya”, “Danone”, “Thai Agri Food Public Company”, “Soyuzpishchprom”.

A field-portable electrochemical immunosensor based on a multifunctional Ag2O/g-C3N4@MA-DBB covalent organic framework receptor interface for single-step detection of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk samples.

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), contaminates milk and dairy products from livestock via ingestion of feed contaminated with a species of Aspergillus. As AFM1 is a Group-II B carcinogen, it is indispensable to develop novel, easy-to-handle, sensitive, portable and cost-effective strategies for its detection. Herein, a covalent organic framework (COF)-based electroactive nanocomposite, Ag2O/g-C3N4-COOH@MA-DBB-COF (silver oxide/carboxy-functionalized graphitic carbon nitride@melamine-dibromo butane COF), is designed to serve as a multifunctional receptor surface. The Ag2O/g-C3N4-COOH@MA-DBB-COF formation was characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy (RAMAN), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and each step of the sensor fabrication was monitored using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Under the optimal conditions, the designed immunosensor permitted the detection of AFM1 in the linear range of 0.03-1000 fg mL-1, with a 0.01 fg mL-1 limit of detection (LOD). The selectivity of the designed immunosensor was validated via an anti-interference study. The practical applicability of the immunosensor was demonstrated by the detection of AFM1 in real milk samples, and good recovery values (97.28-102.62%) were obtained. Furthermore, the developed immunosensor and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were employed in parallel to detect AFM1 in local market milk samples from twenty different sites to validate the performance of the newly designed immunosensor. Additionally, the designed immunosensor was stable over an extended period of time. This work reports a single-step field-portable multifunctional innovative electrochemical immunoreceptor design for on-site and label-free detection of AFM1 in milk samples. Hence, the present study is the first report on the fabrication of a multifunctional innovative electrochemical immunoreceptor based on PGE/Ag2O/g-C3N4-COOH@MA-DBB-COF for the detection of AFM1 in milk samples.

Dairy farming in Akmola region of the Republic of Kazakhstan: main directions of intensification

The goal is to analyze the current situation on market for milk and dairy products in the Akmola region, to determine trends in sustainable development of dairy cattle breeding in the conditions of innovative economy. Methods – analytical and statistical industry information is systematized and summarized on the basis of economic-statistical, balance sheet, abstractlogical methods from open access sources and scientific literature. Results – the state of the dairy sub-industry in the region is considered. The authors identified the reasons that make it difficult to expand the capabilities of dairy farms. It is shown that highly efficient, resource-saving technologies are of particular importance for the intensification of the production of milk and its processed products and the economic growth of this market segment. The main focus of state support for dairy farming is outlined. To increase its effectiveness, effective republican and regional programs will be implemented. Active work to create modern large dairy farms in the region and raise dairy cattle will become attractive for investment. At dairy food complexes, the productivity of cows significantly increases, gross milk production increases, and optimal conditions for its primary processing are provided, which, in turn, ensures the quality of raw materials. Conclusions - the article proves the relevance of the study, which lies in the proposed measures to further increase the role of dairy farming in achieving food security of the state, justifying the need for public investment, increasing the volume of subsidies (direct subsidies and compensation for interest rates on loans), as well as choosing priority areas (infrastructure, technology) and taking into account many indicators that affect the efficiency of reproduction.

Topology Study of Milking Machine Based Parametric Modeling

The large market for cow's milk makes the order capacity for cow's milk high and will increase the milking process. In the production process, especially the milking process, people still manually use their hands, so fatigue often occurs, especially in people with more than 2 livestock. This causes the production process to be ineffective and the production results are also limited. Creating an automatic milking machine equipped with a milk can, a vacuum tube and a hose. Besides, a topology study will also be carried out based on the model of the machine. The three-unit component will affect the performance of the Milking Machine, especially the milk collector and milk can. Their size needs to be analyzed to get the optimum one. Optimization results for the topology of the milk collector bore diameter showed that the milk flow rate in the milk collector at a bore diameter of 9mm was 6,154 ltr/min, at a bore diameter of 14 mm was 26,566 ltr/min and at a bore diameter of 19mm was 66,128 ltr/min (conditions without being connected to hose). The shape of a milk can with a reduction of 30% from the initial weight, which is 3,358 kg to 2,350 kg, is owned by a milk can with the most optimal cone-dome tube shape. The difference in weight with the tube is generally 1,008 kg. The quantity flow when installed with a 2m long hose is 6,729 ltr/min