Milk Marketing Research Articles

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MAIN ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS OF THE OCCURRENCE OF MASTITIS IN COWS IN THE CONDITIONS OF "POLTAVAZERNOPRODUKT"

The article presents the results on the study of the main etiological factors for the occurrence of mastitis in the conditions of farms of the agricultural enterprise "Poltavazernoprodukt". Various pathologies of the mammary gland do not lose their relevance. They are among the leading causes leading to economic losses in farms due to lack of milk, reduction of its grade and culling of cows in the first lactation, or even after the first calving. The work was carried out throughout 2021 in the conditions of farms with intensive technologies for the production of marketable milk. The frequency of occurrence of mastitis was studied in the course of the research, the main etiological factors that influenced the frequency of their occurrence were determined. As a result of a complex of studies of cows at different stages of lactation, it was found that a combination of factors influenced the manifestation of mastitis. The problems were similar and the dynamics of detection of mastitis in cows also did not differ in both farms.
 The main cause that provoked the occurrence of mastitis was found to be the influence of the association of microorganisms on the mammary gland. After carrying out a complex of bacteriological studies of milk samples obtained from cows in experimental farms, we found that cultures of microorganisms were identified in milk: S. aureus, S. agalactiae, E. сoli, S. lactis, S. epidermidis. The species spectrum of microorganisms identified from milk depended on the form of mastitis. In clinical forms of mastitis, cultures of S. aureus (58.4%), S. agalactiae (28.3%) and E. сoli (13.2%) were more often identified. In subclinical forms of mastitis, the spectrum of isolated microflora was somewhat different, in particular, cultures of S. aureus were isolated in 40.2%, S. agalactiae - 24.5 %, S. lactis - 19.3 %, S. epidermidis - 10.2 %, E. сoli - 5.8%. A predisposing factor to the occurrence of mastitis in cows was the use of straw as bedding, which is a very good organic substrate for the development of microorganisms. Since we found the remains of damp bedding in the stalls on both farms, an additional factor of influence through bedding is also relevant. Factors of non-infectious origin that provoke the occurrence of mastitis, including various types of trauma, also occur, however, in the general structure of registered cases of mastitis, they did not exceed 3-5 %.

Hygienic Milk Production, Milk Marketing And Milk Quality Evaluation in Urban and Peri-Urban of Sululta District, Ethiopia.

The study was conducted in Sululta district, Oromia special Zone Surrounding Finfinnee, with the objective of assessing hygienic milk production, marketing system and milk quality evaluation. Raw milk marketing channels producers to Collectors (80%), producers to processors (19%) and producers to consumers (1%), with  the average milk price (25) Ethiopia Birr/L during the study was conducted. The overall mean of fat 2.968±0.27%, protein 2.71±0.149%, specific gravity 1.0161±0.0007, Sold-non-fat 5.91±.396, temperature 23.8±.97℃, added water 23.11± 5.049%, freezing points -0.4027±0.0364℃, titratable acidity 0.151±0.009 and pH 6.293±0.077 and there was significant (P≤0.05) difference while milk temperature was not significant (P≤0.05) difference between the two study areas. The overall mean of total bacterial count 7.80±0.25log10cfu/ml, Coliforms 5.71±0.24 log10cfu/ml, Somatic cell 1.10±0.414 log10cfu/ml and yeast and mold 4.13±0.168 log10cfu/ml, there was significant (P≤0.05) difference milk microbial quality between the two study areas. High bacterial load of milk due to contamination from fecal or other contaminating agents from poor pre-harvesting and post harvesting of milk handling, insufficient udder preparation, use of poor quality and un-boiled water for cleaning utensil. The chemical composition and microbial quality of milk not fulfilling milk quality standards, except titratable acidity and somatic cell count, might be due to milk adulteration, cream separation and neglected hygienic milk production practices etc. Appropriate intervention of concerned technical supportive stakeholders would be essential to overcome prevailing poor hygienic milk production, milk marketing and milk quality problem in general.

Determination of antibiotic residues in raw cow’s milk sold in two dairies in the Koulikoro Region using the HPLC technique

Veterinary treatments, mainly antibiotics, used for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes in dairy farming can be the cause of the presence of antibiotic residues in milk. However, these residues constitute a major health concern for consumers. For the dairy industry, whose objective is to have a raw material suitable for processing, it is necessary to screen for antibiotic residues in milk at each collection. This study is based on two parts, a survey of seventy people (10 practicing veterinarians and 60 milk producers) to describe the main molecules of antibiotics used in dairy cattle farming in the two basins of Tienfala and Kasséla in the Koulikoro region, and a search for residues by Delvotest SP with confirmation of positive samples by liquid chromatography (HPLC). To this end, sixty (60) samples of raw milk were collected in two sampling campaigns per site carried out 15 days apart. All samples were analyzed using the Delvotest SP rapid detection of antibiotic residues in milk kit first before being analyzed by liquid chromatography (HPLC) for positive samples. The results of the surveys revealed the predominance of three pathologies within dairy herds: diarrhoea, mastitis and pulmonary infections with a combination of several antibiotics belonging to five (5) different families of antibiotics. Of the 60 samples submitted for analysis, 38 were found to be positive with Delvotest SP, i.e. a contamination rate of around 63.33%. Of the 38 samples positive to the rapid test, 26 responded positively to confirmation by liquid chromatography, i.e. a rate of 68.42% with mainly four antibiotics belonging to the families of β-lactams and tetracyclines. The results of the study effectively prove the effective presence of antibiotic residues in raw cow's milk from the mini-dairies of Kassela and Tienfala. They thus characterize current practices in the treatment of dairy cattle with antibiotics in the farming areas studied. Compliance with withdrawal periods with the elimination of milk from treated cows must be obtained by raising the awareness of producers by animal health professionals.

Assessment of Oxytetracycline and Penicillin G Residues Levels in Raw and Fermented Milk in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria

This study was conducted to evaluate the presence and concentration of Oxytetracycline and Penicillin G residues in raw cow and Fermented milk consumed in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria. A total of 172 (86 raw and 86 fermented) milk samples were randomly collected from different milk selling points in Maiduguri. A Spectrophotometer ultraviolet visible spectrum machine was used to detect and quantify the oxytetracycline and penicillin G residues in the milk samples. All samples (raw and fermented milk) tested positive for oxytetracycline and penicillin G residues with a mean residual concentration of 36 µg/L and 20 µg/L in raw and fermented milk respectively for oxytetracycline while the mean residue concentration of penicillin G is 649 µg/L and 397 µg/L in raw and fermented milk respectively. However, the oxytetracycline residues detected were all below the Maximum Residue Level (MRL) standards of 100 µg/L, while the penicillin G residue detected were all above the maximum residue standard of 5 µg/L. The maximum and minimum residue for oxytetracycline detected in raw milk was 79 and 10 (µg/L) respectively while the maximum and minimum residue detected in fermented milk was 42 and 9 (µg/L) respectively. The maximum and minimum residue detected for penicillin G residue in raw milk was 1993 and 767 (µg/L) respectively while the maximum and minimum residue detected in fermented milk was 288 and 164 (µg/L). This study revealed the presence of both oxytetracycline and penicillin G residues in raw and fermented milk consumed in Maiduguri. However, oxytetracycline residues detected in this study were found to be within the acceptable limits, while the penicillin G residues were highly above the MRL standard set by CODEX.

High quality, high reliability: The dynamics of camel milk marketing in northern Kenya

In order to analyse the transformations faced by pastoralists in coping with the uncertainties of their livelihoods, this paper analyses the evolutions of the marketing of camel milk, which has turned from a local taboo into a critical asset for the pastoral communities of Isiolo, a county typically associated with the rearing of cattle. Camel milk marketing (CMM) challenges several assumptions about pastoral societies and their supposed embedding conservativeness, inefficiency and risk aversion.A high-reliability perspective has been instrumental in revealing the ongoing dynamics that are reconfiguring pastoral resource management and livelihood patterns in Isiolo. Through this approach, the management practices and contractual relationships that underpin CMM production and marketing have been explored, with a view to unveiling the rationale inspiring the networks through which camel milk is transacted, and the related socially-regulated arrangements and practices. The social and political embeddedness of CMM networks is central to their ability to adapt and function in constantly changing local conditions.The marketing of camel milk provides an intriguing insight into how pastoral systems are informed by a high-reliability approach to operating under conditions of volatility and uncertainty. Political economy matters will have a significant influence on the evolution of this important enterprise. Adequate investments in infrastructure and public facilities would be crucial to further develop CMM and to enable its operators to respond and adapt to local dynamics, with a view to fairly share the associated risks, costs and benefits.

English

Kuresoi North Sub-County has experienced a rapid expansion in milk production and there exist both formal and informal milk market outlets. With these abundant opportunities, much of the produced quantities of milk are expected to enter the market and farmers’ livelihoods be improved. However, it is not clear whether the smallholder milk producers are exploiting the existing and emerging market opportunities through the choice of market outlets. The objective of this study was to identify factors influencing choice of milk market outlets among small holder dairy farmers in Kuresoi North sub-county. A total of 196 respondents were selected using multistage sampling and a semi-structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data. SPSS and STATA were used to analyze the data. Results showed that occupation of the household, group marketing, access to credit, distance to market point, number of cows, milk volume, price of milk and type of breed significantly influenced the choice of milk marketing outlets. The study recommends that the county government in collaboration with other stakeholders in the milk sector should increase marketing information and capacity building by promoting expansion of dairy farming and linking the farmers to alternative markets thus improving their welfare. Key words: Smallholder milk producers, market outlet, choice of market outlet.

An analysis of governance factors influencing performance of selected smallholder dairy cooperatives in Zimbabwe.

Cooperatives are organisations owned and operated by individuals or groups that come together for mutual benefit including pooling of resources for the purchase of inputs and marketing of products. Marketing of milk is through dairy cooperatives where the milk collection centres are mandated to help integrating smallholder farmers into competitive markets. The study investigated governance structures of five smallholder dairy schemes purposively selected based on their agroecological regions in Zimbabwe. The aim of the study was to explore how the governing boards conduct their business, particularly marketing milk, and how this affects allocation of resources (milk production and deliveries to milk centres) by smallholder farmers. Qualitative data were collected using focus group discussions with 20 dairy cooperative members from each milk collection centre. Key informant interviews were conducted with chairpersons, management committee members, and dairy value chain stakeholders such as dairy associations and processors. The SWOT analysis technique was employed to identify governance structures highlighting major strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats as a gateway to isolating strategies for enhancing centre performance. An analysis of implications of the governance structures on resource allocation decision by farmers was also performed. So focus is on how boards are discharging mandate such as marketing on behalf of farmers, price setting and negotiations, trainings, and accountability to members. Such factors if executed well will see farmers increasing milk production and deliveries to MCC yielding positive results in income and profits. The study results show that poor governance mainly caused by incompetent boards and management committees was the major factor affecting performance. Other findings were that if good governance factors were in place, then cooperatives became proficient leading to their growth. Thus, cooperatives must adopt business models based on private sector partnerships to maximise on expertise and technical support. The schemes ought to take advantage of existing opportunities, especially policies that mitigate threats and improve product diversity, value addition, and effective pricing strategies. To achieve these milestones, capacity building roadmaps ought to identify competent and efficient boards.

Analysis of the milk market in Russia

The article is devoted to the issues of analysis, evaluation and modeling of factors influencing the formation and development of indicators characterizing the state of the milk market in Russia. The results of a study of the volumes of production and consumption of milk, both in the country as a whole and per capita, are presented. Proposed methodological approaches and models for assessing the impact of factors on the volume of production and consumption of milk per capita. The results obtained can be used to study macroeconomic processes in order to develop and adjust the socio-economic policy, the strategy of economic and food security of economic entities of various levels, as well as the rationale for management decisions.

Nonparametric estimates of price efficiency for the Greek infant milk market: Curing the curse of dimensionality with shannon entropy

Despite the continuous promotion of breastfeeding by the World Health Organization and national health systems, the consumption of breast milk substitutes (BMS) is increasing. Several BMS brands in the market have varying prices and attributes (i.e., energy, protein, vitamins, minerals, etc.). Using data from Greece, we examine which of these are “value for money” choices and which are overpriced relative to their number of attributes. For this purpose, we estimate their price efficiency using data envelopment analysis, where the discrimination power hinges on the curse of dimensionality. To cope with this, we propose a novel use of Shannon's entropy for pre-aggregating vitamin and mineral items. Our empirical results indicate that most of the considered brands are overpriced relative to their number of attributes. This result is more severe for the infant formulae brands than the follow-on formulae, the growing-up milk brands, and brands with higher prices.

Detection of Reductase and Catalasse Enzymes in Goats Milk (Capra aegaggrus hircus) Sold in Banda Aceh

This study aims to determine of reductase and catalase enzymes in pasteurized goat's milk sold in Banda Aceh. The sample used was pasteurized goat's milk which was sold in Banda Aceh as many as 30 samples were taken by census. The research method used is a survey study method with a cross-sectional approach. Sample testing using reductase test and catalase test. The results showed that the reductase time of 30 samples of pasteurized goat's milk averaged 3-5 hours and the catalase number of 30 samples of pasteurized goat's milk was below 3 ml. Based on the results, it shows that there are reductase enzymes and catalase enzymes in goat's milk and have good quality in Banda Aceh.

Determinants of the Milk Marketing Channel Options among the Dairy Farmers of Punjab

Background: Dairying is an integral part of farming system of India. In 2019-20, milk production in Punjab was 13,347 thousand tonnes and growth rate was about 5.60 per cent per annum. Milk production is only profitable if there are proper marketing facilities. The objective of the present study is analyzing the determinants that affect the choice of milk marketing channels by the dairy farmers of Punjab. Methods: The present study is based on primary data, collected through a detailed schedule from 420 dairy farmers in 2019 belonging to different farm size categories from 21 villages situated across three different agro-climatic zones of Punjab state of India, using a multi-stage sampling technique. Binary Logistic Model has been used for the purpose of analysis. Result: The significant variables affecting the choice of milk marketing channels by the dairy farmers are found to be the presence of milk collection centre in the village and herd size of the dairy farmer. The value of Cox and Snell R-square indicates that around 17.00 per cent of the variations in the choice of marketing channels are attributed to the variations in the explanatory variables included in the study.

Effects of Diesel Price on Changes in Agricultural Commodity Prices in Bulgaria

The aim of this article is to supply the first empirical research inspecting how changes in diesel prices influence the prices of four agricultural commodities in Bulgaria. For this purpose, using a VECM and monthly agricultural commodity prices between January 2011 and July 2022, we estimated short-run and long-run changes in producer and retail prices of cow’s milk, chicken eggs, greenhouse tomatoes and cucumbers due to the change in average monthly diesel prices. The Granger causality test indicates that diesel prices cannot be used to forecast the behavior of producer and retail prices in the four markets considered. Diesel prices can be used to forecast the behavior of producer prices in only the cow’s milk market, and the diesel price predicts retail prices in the chicken egg and greenhouse cucumber markets. The results of the response of the researched prices of agricultural commodities to diesel price shocks indicate a positive response of both upstream and downstream prices of cow’s milk and chicken egg markets and upstream prices of the greenhouse tomato market despite the initial negative shock.

Современное состояние и условия устойчивого развития сферы молочного скотоводства в России

Annotation. The purpose was to study the key aspects of the functioning of domestic dairy cattle breeding and to determine the strategic directions of state support for this industry segment in order to increase efficiency, innovation and sustainability of development. The materials of publications of Russian scientists in the field of improving methods and approaches to the management of the livestock sector in Russia, in particular, dairy cattle breeding, were used in the work. Various regulatory documents (programs, strategies, reports, summaries) of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, official statistics of Rosstat were also used. The following scientific approaches were used: system, situational, logical, dialectical, functional. Among the scientific methods it is worth noting: abstraction, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, generalization, scientific explanation, dialectic, idealization, mental experiment, hypothetical-deductive method, method of axiomatization and formalization, description and comparison. The scientific novelty lies in the development and justification of strategic directions of state regulation of sustainable development of the sphere of domestic dairy cattle breeding. The results are as follows: a study of the state and dynamics of the development of the sphere of domestic dairy cattle breeding (raw milk production, livestock, milk yield), as well as trends in the consumer market of milk and dairy products (capacity, structure, consumption volumes, price), was also considered the mechanism of state support for this the industry segment of the agro-industrial complex, which included the following tools: regulatory support; investments; customs and tariff regulation. In conclusion, the key risks and threats that hinder the sustainable and balanced development of this industry were highlighted, as well as a list of strategic directions of state support for the development of dairy cattle breeding in Russia in order to increase efficiency, investment activity, quality and safety of dairy products.

Современное состояние и условия устойчивого развития сферы молочного скотоводства в России

Annotation. The purpose was to study the key aspects of the functioning of domestic dairy cattle breeding and to determine the strategic directions of state support for this industry segment in order to increase efficiency, innovation and sustainability of development. The materials of publications of Russian scientists in the field of improving methods and approaches to the management of the livestock sector in Russia, in particular, dairy cattle breeding, were used in the work. Various regulatory documents (programs, strategies, reports, summaries) of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, official statistics of Rosstat were also used. The following scientific approaches were used: system, situational, logical, dialectical, functional. Among the scientific methods it is worth noting: abstraction, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, generalization, scientific explanation, dialectic, idealization, mental experiment, hypothetical-deductive method, method of axiomatization and formalization, description and comparison. The scientific novelty lies in the development and justification of strategic directions of state regulation of sustainable development of the sphere of domestic dairy cattle breeding. The results are as follows: a study of the state and dynamics of the development of the sphere of domestic dairy cattle breeding (raw milk production, livestock, milk yield), as well as trends in the consumer market of milk and dairy products (capacity, structure, consumption volumes, price), was also considered the mechanism of state support for this the industry segment of the agro-industrial complex, which included the following tools: regulatory support; investments; customs and tariff regulation. In conclusion, the key risks and threats that hinder the sustainable and balanced development of this industry were highlighted, as well as a list of strategic directions of state support for the development of dairy cattle breeding in Russia in order to increase efficiency, investment activity, quality and safety of dairy products.

Overview of the milk and dairy products legislation in the European Union

European Union legislation laying down rules for the dairy sector. The legislation defines the conditions under which milk and milk products intended for human consumption can be imported into the EU. Milk and milk products must come only from third countries that appear on the list of authorized countries. Establishments, where milk and milk products are produced, must be approved for export. The TRACES system is used on imports and the consignment must be accompanied by a certificate. This system ensures product traceability and prevents the introduction of diseases. An important role is delegated to the designated border control posts (BCPs) where the appropriate customs and veterinary inspections are performed by government institutions of the country. The European Union has adopted legislation to ensure the safety of food placed on the market in EU member countries. This legislation sets general hygienic requirements for food production based on the good manufacturing practice and the HACCP system. The criteria for microorganisms, chemicals, and applicable food additives are set. Also, the legislation contains requirements for product labeling. Part of the legislation concerns the common organization of the market in milk and milk products. These regulations contain rules for direct payments, subsidies, define the school milk system, etc. Specific legislation creates rules for organic bio food production, for production and labeling of products with the Protected Geographical Indication, Protected Designation of Origin, and Traditional Specialty Guaranteed. There is also legislation that defines the labeling of products intended for specific populations, e.g. gluten-free foods, lactose-free foods, etc. Areas not regulated by the legislation include the labeling of products with certification marks designed to highlight the suitability of food for religious purposes or quality certification.

Time spent on milking mares and their ethological indicators

Dairy horse breeding in Ukraine is not a traditional branch of animal husbandry, although its products most closely correspond to the physiology of human digestion and are especially indispensable in children's nutrition, since the chemical composition of mares' milk is close to that of women. To obtain mare's milk, it is necessary to take into account the technological features of keeping, feeding animals and obtaining products specific to a particular farm, which should be reflected in technological maps. The most time-consuming process in the production of milk of all types of animals is the milking process, therefore the purpose of this work was to develop standards of time consumption for the further development of technological maps in dairy breeding and to study the productive and ethological indicators of dairy mares taking into account the serial number of milking. The research was carried out at the Kumys farm, a breeding breeder for the breeding of the Novoaleksandrivsky weight-carrying breed of horses of the Dibriv Horse Stud No. 62 branch of the State Enterprise "Studying of Ukraine" using video surveillance, time measurement, biometrics, and mathematical calculations. It was established that the time spent on milking is directly dependent on the productivity of mares and increases with the serial number of milking. Ethological studies have shown that mares willingly go to milking and in the same order and sequence to the left and right milking machines. Supplementation with oat grains takes place during milking at the milking plant, the time spent there is not enough to consume the daily requirement due to concentrated feeds, and the time spent by mares in the pre-milking area exceeds the normative indicators. Standards for time spent on the milking process have been developed, taking into account the ethological features of mares and suggestions for its improvement through the organization of standardized individual feeding and the frequency of milking, which will increase the gross production of marketable milk. The practical value of the work consists in determining the time spent on milking mares, depending on their productivity, which will later be used as normative indicators during the development of technological maps

Role of emerging technologies in marketing of milk through DCS

The dairy sector has been considered as one of the major contributors to India’s GDP. Looking at the productionrate globally, India has achieved the no. 1 position in production of milk with 23%production, followed by theUnited States of America, China, Pakistan, and Brazil. Dairying has been considered the basic source of incomefor millions of rural populations in India, which contributes to the country’s economy. In this particular study, theauthors have discussed about the role of emerging technologies in marketing of milk through Dairy CooperativeSocieties (DCS). DCS has streamlined the process and made it easy for farmers to supply their milk to DCS atvillage level, which in later stage reaches the milk processing units and comes back to customers through outletsas consumable goods. This chain link will help farmers in getting fair, remunerative prices for their produce withthe help of online monetary transactions. Online applications have been developed by DCS in order to make easyaccess for farmers regarding all the information related to their supply quantity and their earnings. The authorshave also incorporated SWOC analysis in understanding the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challengesinvolved in the marketing of dairy products through cooperative societies. The authors have also discussed aboutthe traditional and post-COVID-19 modernized ways of marketing of milk. The authors in the paper have developeda conceptual model that discusses about the supply of milk from first-point farmers through middle-level players(DCS) who transform raw milk into finished goods and supply it to the final consumer with the help of retail outletsthat exist in the city. In this study, the authors have provided a few suggestive measures that help DCS in makingtheir business more successful.

ЕCONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF MILK PRODUCTION

The article analyzes the current state and trends in the development of dairy farming in Ukraine under the conditions of a full-scale invasion of the russian federation. A comparison with the previous period was made. The main indicators of its development and economic efficiency of production are analyzed. According to the research results, it was found that one of the important problems in the milk market is its low quality in households that produce 65.8% of all milk. It is noted that the cooperation of households, the organization of family farms and processors of dairy raw materials, taking into account the experience of the developed countries of the world, will solve the problem of the production of high-quality dairy raw materials and will provide an opportunity to earn profits. The current problems faced by milk producers are revealed ‒ an increase in the cost of production, a decrease in the demand for dairy products, the loss of this product in the war zone and in the occupied territories, problems with calculations on the part of trade networks, the lack of an effective instrument for crediting milk processing enterprises during the war. Based on the analysis, the main factors that have the greatest impact on the current state of the dairy industry are singled out. It is noted that dairy farming is a direction that is problematic to develop without state subsidies, so support for milk producers is absolutely necessary. It was emphasized that the economic efficiency of milk production primarily depends on improving its quality. Practical recommendations are provided for increasing the efficiency of milk production by improving its quality, in particular in households and their transformation into family farms or cooperatives. It was concluded that the introduction of an effective mechanism for the implementation of the proposed measures, subject to state support of the dairy industry and increased funding, will become the driving force of its accelerated development. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the fact that the author's recommendations can be used by agricultural enterprises or private households of the population in average activities.

Socio-economic Determinants Influence on NiliRavi Buffalo Farmers Choice of Milk Marketing Channels in Punjab

A total of 120 NiliRavi buffalo farmers from two districts of Punjab were selected for the study. The average production, consumption and marketed surplus of the milk are found to be higher for the Firozpur farmers in comparison with their counterpart. About 70 per cent of NiliRavi farmers preferred organised marketing channels to dispose surplus milk. The distance of dairy cooperatives (Govt. or Private) / dairy FPOs with regular & assured market and support in availing loan for purchase of animals and inputs were main reasons for opting organised marketing channels. Advance payment for purchase of inputs and door step milk collection were important factors for choosing unorganised milk marketing channels. The results of binomial logistic regression revealed that Nili-Ravi farmer with younger age and large number of NiliRavi milch buffalo holdings preferred organised milk marketing channels to dispose surplus milk rather than unorganised channels. The organised milk marketing channels needs to be strengthened and promoted for regular and assured milk marketing and also use these channels as centre for the supply of NiliRavi superior germplasm to propagate their population.

Exploring the Influence of Milk Shelf Life on Chinese Consumers' Choice Preferences: A Qualitative Research Analysis

Increasingly fierce market competition and highly personalized user needs are promoting enterprises to dig out new sales growth points, therefore, deep understanding of consumer choice behaviour and precision marketing have become a mainstream trend in daily commercial activities. Except on the marketing side, manufacturers can also optimize product structure by capturing the constantly changing consumer demands. However, consumers' choice preference for goods is based on the attributes of different products and affected by consumers' own factors. In a word, nowadays consumers' demands and preferences for products are becoming more and more refined. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze user preferences of different products in different industries accurately and timely. In the context of China's milk market, this research attempts to explore the present needs and preferences of Chinese consumers for the milk product.