Military-technical Cooperation Research Articles

Strategy of Russian Military Cooperation with the Countries of the Arab Region

The article undertakes an analysis of the prospective domains of Russian military collaboration with Arab countries against the backdrop of geopolitical uncertainties. Despite maintaining its position as the second-largest arms exporter globally, Russia has experienced a proportional decline in its share of the global arms market. Nevertheless, a discernible uptick in the trade volume of conventional weaponry, coupled with cyclical enhancements in the tactical and technical attributes of military assets, reflects positive momentum in this sector. Amid prevailing external constraints and a noticeable scarcity of contemporary Russian weaponry in burgeoning segments of the arms market, Russia necessitates resolute and equitable measures to uphold and fortify collaborative ties with partner nations. Within this context, particular emphasis is placed on Russia's strategic military cooperation with Arab states, given the region's status as a focal point of geopolitical interests for major economies and a primary destination for arms imports.The article scrutinizes Russia's competitive standing in the arms and military equipment markets of the Arab world, acknowledging the region's significance as a pivotal importer of such goods. Employing a multifaceted evaluation encompassing absolute and relative statistical metrics and derived indices, the study assesses the region's role in global arms procurement. Moreover, it offers an appraisal of the existing state and potential avenues for enhancing the efficacy of the Russian-Arab military-technical collaboration framework. The discourse delves into the transformative prospects of this partnership within the framework of networkcentric warfare concepts. Furthermore, the article elucidates the principal risks inherent in military cooperation among nations at present, highlighting concerns regarding the possible manipulation of military-technical cooperation mechanisms to serve as leverage in furthering the geopolitical aspirations of specific stakeholders.In conclusion, the study posits forward-looking trajectories for bolstering bilateral relations, both sectorally and geographically. These include initiatives such as expanding licensing, leasing, offset transactions, and technology transfer initiatives; advocating for fifth-generation fighter aircraft and long-range radar detection and control systems, leveraging Industry 4.0 technologies; and prioritizing the training of foreign specialists.

Foreign Policy Directions of the Republic of Azerbaijan

The article examines the key directions of the foreign policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The main foreign policy partners of Azerbaijan (Russia, the Republic of Turkey, Iran, the USA and the European Union) were identified, and current issues of interaction with these countries were analyzed. A conclusion is drawn about the multidirectional nature of Azerbaijan’s foreign policy and the desire for pragmatic economic cooperation at the regional and macro-regional levels. In the field of security, military and militarytechnical cooperation, Azerbaijan, in followup the 44-day war in Nagorno-Karabakh in 2020 and then the dissolution of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, after January 1, 2024, strengthens cooperation with the Republic of Turkey. For Azerbaijan, the importance of creating regional transport communications and intensifying economic cooperation with its closest neighbors has increased.

Russia, China, and North Korea Strategic Defense Partnership

Due to the aggravation of the global geopolitical confrontation, the relations in the sphere of security issues within the framework of the Russia - China - North Korea triangle get particular importance. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state and prospects of the strategic defense partnership between Russia, China, and North Korea. The authors used the following methods: a system approach, a method of situational analysis, a comparative method, a method of analyzing the current situation, as well as a method of scenario forecasting. The authors analyzed the relations between Russia and China in the military sphere, Russian-North Korean relations in the security sphere, as well as the role of China and North Korea in ensuring stability in the region. It is concluded that in the current conditions of rising tensions in the AsiaPacific region, primarily on the island of Taiwan and the Korean peninsula, these countries will converge, first, against the triangle USA - Japan - South Korea, often called “Asian NATO”. To conclude, the relations between Russia, China and North Korea will not take the form of a fullfledged military alliance. It is expected that the efforts of military-technical cooperation and the possibility of mutual support in the event of a security threat to one of the countries will be deepened.

China’s Defense Cooperation with Latin America and Caribbean: Trends and Limitations

Introduction. China started to develop military-to-military ties and defense-industrial cooperation with Latin America and Caribbean countries in the early 2000s as an element of its strategy of comprehensive cooperation with the region. Defense cooperation was mentioned in the Chinese documents and statements on the policy in the region from the early 2000s. However, China has always considered this defense cooperation to be just a secondary, subordinate element of its overall strategy in the region. Methods. The article is based on Chinese publications, statements, and documents concerning China’s policies in defense cooperation with the region, as well as on Latin American and other Western publications on specific cooperation projects. The author compares the Chinese approach to defense cooperation with Latin America to similar Chinese cooperation policies in other regions, especially in Africa. Analysis.China views defense cooperation with Latin America as a subordinate element of its general strategy of economic and political presence in the region. Cultivating ties with the local military elites of Latin America is especially emphasized, and the exchange of military delegations started in the early 2000s. To boost defense cooperation, China is sometimes ready to provide significant military assistance to the region. China has established permanent mechanisms of defense dialogue with the regional countries in the form of regular forums and conferences. Other important venues of military cooperation include personnel training, joint exercises, and the region’s visits by Chinese warships. China has managed to establish a presence on the arms market in Latin America in the 2000s but has failed to become a major weapons provider in the region. Currently, Chinese arms sales in Latin America are in decline. However, China has achieved major results in the development of dual-use technology cooperation with the LAC countries, especially in the fields of space and internal security. That may create preconditions for faster development of military and military technical cooperation between China and Latin America in the future. So far, the Chinese approach to defense cooperation in the region remains more cautious and gradual compared to cooperation with Africa. China is reluctant to challenge the US red lines here. That may change in the future as China-US relations continue to deteriorate. Authors contributions. Ekaterina Kosevich was responsible for researching and covering the development of political relations between China and Latin America. Vasily Kashin touched on cooperation in defense, the security industry, and dual-use technology.

Эволюция политики КНР по взаимодействию со странами Центральной Азии в сфере безопасности

The geopolitical and geostrategic position of Central Asia and, in particular, oil and gas reserves, the potential of transit and communication routes have led to a new round of interest of the leading world powers in the countries of the region. At the same time, for the People’s Republic of China, which is usually considered as the main “creditor” of the Central Asian countries, interaction with the states of the region in the field of security becomes a priority. This article identifies changes in the PRC’s approaches to ensuring security in the states of Central Asia by studying the rhetoric of officials representing the relevant Chinese departments, as well as taking into account the chronology of the signing of relevant agreements between the Chinese side and the countries of the region, establishing and changing interaction formats. In addition, the content and scope of China’s military and military-technical cooperation with the countries of Central Asia are analyzed from 2001 to 2023. Concerning the data presented, a conclusion is made about the main regional factors that influenced the evolution of the PRC’s policy in the region in the field of security. Based on the proposed logic of the work, the author identifies several stages of the PRC’s policy towards building interaction with the countries of Central Asia. At the initial stage of interaction, China’s policy in Central Asia was determined by the need to protect its own borders and limit the spread of the “three forces of evil” from Central Asia to Chinese territory. In 2009–2010 the PRC is becoming an important economic partner of the countries of Central Asia, and the basis for the goal setting of its security policy is the protection of its transport, energy, infrastructure (or generally economic) projects. In the future, most of these projects will be complemented and expanded as part of the implementation of the Belt and Road initiative in the region. Since 2019 the PRC has added to the format of interaction with the countries the component of bilateral anti-terrorist exercises, which it conducts under the auspices of its own campaign “Cooperation‑2019”. At the present stage, the interaction of the PRC with the Central Asian countries in the field of security is formed under the influence of the “China + Central Asia” format, where there are no external players like Russia or India and Pakistan.

Turistskie svyazi Sovetskogo Soyuza s afrikanskimi gosudarstvami: stanovlenie, uspekhi i provaly

The article is devoted to the reconstruction of Soviet-African tourist ties and, above all, the issues of their formation and complex dynamics of development. It is based on materials from five federal and regional archives containing information about geography, volumes, pricing policy, features of tour programs and the perception of African reality by Soviet tourists. A number of factors influenced the dynamics of tourist relations with African countries: the global confrontation between the two systems; the military-political situation in the countries of the region, which determines the safety of tourists; the trade and economic activity of the USSR; military-technical cooperation. However, all these factors were derived from the state’s attraction to one or another “camp”. The documents demonstrate a rather contradictory dynamic and content of international tourist exchange. If inbound tourism differed by separate programs for socialist and capitalist countries and preferences for friendly countries, outbound tourism was less dependent on the “orientation” of the country. It was characterized by: a minimal “commercial” effect, the cognitive nature of the tour with an obligatory ideological component and the absence (with rare exceptions) of specialized groups.

US “Outposts” in Latin America: Military-Technical Cooperation, Military Bases and Joint Exercises

The authors analyze the forms of interaction between the United States and Latin America in the military sphere. The relevance of studying this issue is due to the aggravation of relations between the collective West and Russia, as well as between the United States and China, within the framework of which Latin America acts as a zone of competition between the world powers. In this regard, the analysis of Latin American vector of US policy in the military aspect from the point of view of Russia’s strategic interests is particularly important. The lack of domestic scientific research on this problem greatly adds to its relevance. As for the novelty, based on the review of the world market of arms and military equipment (AME), this article determines the dynamics and the share of the American producer in the total volume of arms trade. In the context of military-technical cooperation (MTC), the authors also consider the peculiarities of the American military power projection on Latin America, which is a zone of exclusive interests of the United States. Among the key formats of interaction and projection of influence, the authors include the following: arms and military-technical supplies to the armies and security services of the states of the region; training of military personnel in Latin American countries; financing of armies and military units; cooperation programs to optimize the managerial and organizational functions of the Latin American armed forces, establishment and maintenance of various types of military bases, conducting joint military exercises. Using new factual material, we examine each of the listed forms and show the systematic and geostrategic nature of the US influence on the Latin American region in the military aspect. As for military trade, the authors identify the main partners of the United States in South America.

Military-Technical Cooperation between the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of India

Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of India were established on August 31, 1992. Last year political-economic relations between the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of India grew fast, which also contributed to the development of military-technical cooperation between the two states. Especially, military-technical cooperation grew in 2022. This is determined by the fact, that after the invasion of the Russian armed forces of Ukraine, the Russian Federation cannot realize military contracts of supplying armament to Armenia. As a result, Armenia is trying to find other suppliers for recovering its heavy losses of military equipment, during the 44-day war. At the same time, India has been making focused efforts to increase defense exports in the scope of the ‘Make in India’ program. In fact, Armenia becomes the main importer of Indian-made weapons. The military-technical cooperation between the two states creates a possibility for Armenia to get access to new military technologies, including western advanced technologies, which are used to develop the military-industrial complex of India

Contractual Legal Framework for Military-Technical Cooperation between the Republic of Armenia and the Russian Federation

The article deals with the contractual legal foundations of military-technical cooperation between the Republic of Armenia and the Russian Federation. The features of the development of military-technical cooperation, events affecting the formation of its contractual legal framework within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the significance of cooperation are shown.

MILITARY-TECHNICAL COOPERATION BETWEEN ISRAEL AND INDIA: PROSPECTS FOR THE FORMATION OF A STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP

Military-technical cooperation (MTC) is an important component of the Israeli-Indian cooperation. This article provides the periodization of the military-technical cooperation of the two countries. Both the factors contributing to the strengthening of bilateral cooperation in this area and the factors that are an obstacle to this are analyzed. A brief overview of the available literature on this topic is provided, while the opinion of not only Israeli and Indian authors directly, but also experts from other countries is studied. The works of Russian researchers are considered separately. The authors come to the conclusion that, despite the mutual interest of the two countries in the development of military-technical cooperation, one should not expect the formation of a strategic alliance between the two countries on the basis of cooperation in this area. A special place in the work is given to the issues of competition between Russia and Israel in the Indian arms market.

International Military-Technical Cooperation Amid Armed Aggression and the Priorities of Advancing the Defence Industry in Ukraine

International Military-Technical Cooperation Amid Armed Aggression and the Priorities of Advancing the Defence Industry in Ukraine

International Military-Technical Cooperation Amid Armed Aggression and the Priorities of Advancing the Defence Industry in Ukraine

International Military-Technical Cooperation Amid Armed Aggression and the Priorities of Advancing the Defence Industry in Ukraine

China’s Military and Military-Technical Cooperation with Central Asian Countries in the XXI Century

The article analyzes the cooperation between China and Central Asian countries in the military and military-technical spheres which is developing dynamically lately and is of priority importance for China’s foreign policy. The growth of China’s national power and its correlation with foreign policy attitudes are revealed. In foreign policy China adheres to the policy of activating military diplomacy as an integral element of state policy. Traditionally, China is considered a key economic and investment partner of the Central Asian countries but against the background of global transformation processes it is also actively trying to position itself as a guarantor of regional security. The reasons for China’s interest in intensifying military cooperation with all countries of the region in bilateral and multilateral formats are revealed. China is striving to contribute to strengthening the defense capabilities of the countries of the region. In order to stop regional challenges and threats China is increasing arms supplies to the countries of the region, conducting joint military exercises and training military personnel from the countries of the region in its educational institutions. The article focuses on such multilateral mechanisms of China’s cooperation with Central Asian countries as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the “Quadrilateral Mechanism for Cooperation and Coordination” (QMCC). It is predicted that in the conditions of the formation of a new world order as well as the interest of the countries of the region themselves military cooperation between China and the countries of Central Asia will only increase.

INDO-RUSSIA RELATIONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO UKRAINIAN IMBROGLIO: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

Russia has been a longstanding and time-tested partner for India. Development of India-Russia relations has been a key pillar of India’s Foreign policy. India and Russia have enjoyed good relations since 1947 wherein Russia helped India in attaining its goal of economic self-sufficiency through investment in areas of heavy machine-building , mining, energy production and steel plants. Later India and Soviet Union signed the Treaty of Peace and Friendship in august 1971 which was the manifestation of shared goals of the two nations as well as blueprint for the strengthening of regional and global peace and security. After the dissolution of Soviet Union, India and Russia entered into a new Treaty of Friendship and cooperation in January 1993 and a bilateral Military-Technical Cooperation agreement in 1994. As the Indian government’s response to the Russian-Ukrainian crisis received a mixed reaction, it puts a serious introspective question to Indian lawmakers: is Indian foreign policy still dependent upon the big superpowers or are we moving towards Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India)? After abstaining in UN Security Council, New Delhi again abstained from voting in United Nations General Assembly on a resolution condemning “in the strongest terms” Russia’s belligerence against Ukraine and calling on Moscow to “immediately, completely, and unconditionally withdraw all of its military forces from Ukraine’s territory within its internationally recognised borders.” In the current crisis, India has strived to maintain a non-aligned collinear, avoiding pointing a finger or naming names. This has proven to be challenging in the present predicament. It has done so by reiterating fundamental principles enshrined in the UN Charter and international law, but also appeals for a halt to violence and to return for dialogue as “the only response to addressing disagreements and conflicts, however daunting that may sound at this time.”

Military and technical cooperation evolution of the Russian Federation in the global economy

The current global market for armaments and military equipment in the second half of the 20th century has went through several transformative stages of its development and has now reached a qualitatively new evolution level. The aim of the study is to analyse the key trends in changing Russia’s positions in the global arms trade, including an assessment of its export and investment potential in defence industry, and opportunities for cooperation with key regional and global partners. It has been shown, that the international competitiveness of the Russian defence industry and the development of its military-technical cooperation with foreign countries continue to be affected by the specific conditions of the industry, in particular: weak susceptibility to major changes in the arms trade; high role of state protectionism; international technology transfer; globalisation of the world economy as a whole. An important role in shaping the current image of the military-technical cooperation is played by the dynamic and constant rearmament of the army, offset services and the partnerships cooperative networks’ formation, on which the flexibility and adaptability of the external economic component of defence industry operations depend. At present, the development of Russia’s armaments and military equipment trade will be mainly driven by the restoration of its lost positions on the global market.

Еволюція військового співробітництва України та Польщі

The article investigates the evolution of interstate relations between Ukraine and Poland in the military sphere. The military cooperation between the countries began with the signing of the Agreement between the Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of Poland and the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine in February 1993. The relations between the states reached the level of strategic partnership in 1996, after the signing of a joint declaration by the Presidents of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland. The joint Ukrainian-Polish military unit for participation in international peacekeeping and humanitarian operations under the auspices of international organizations was created in 1997. The military cooperation between the countries increased with Poland’s joining NATO and the EU. The joint military exercises conducted by Ukraine and Poland contributed to the practical assimilation of Western operational standards, modern practices and approaches implemented in the Ukrainian army. It has been found that there were regular bilateral meetings between Ukraine and Poland at the level of the leadership of the defense departments. A number of agreements on military-technical cooperation were signed, and annual internships and training were held in higher educational institutions of the Republic of Poland and Ukraine. It has been found out that over the past 30 years, Polish-Ukrainian cooperation has been built on mutually beneficial terms in the military sphere, and relations have deepened every year. With the beginning of the full-scale war of Russia against Ukraine, military cooperation between the countries reached the highest level of development during the years of independence. Poland, as a member of NATO and the EU, contributes to the establishment of military cooperation between Ukraine and European structures. This cooperation is an example for other countries in the conditions of Ukraine’s war with the Russian Federation.

Охрана прав на интеллектуальную собственность в рамках военно-технического сотрудничества Российской Федерации с иностранными государствами

Охрана прав на интеллектуальную собственность в рамках военно-технического сотрудничества Российской Федерации с иностранными государствами

Deepening Czech-American Cooperation after 2022

The article examines the features of Czech-American cooperation after the start of the Special military operation in Ukraine. It is noted that, despite the high status of bilateral relations since the Velvet Revolution of 1989, the Russian-Ukrainian conflict contributed to the intensification of cooperation. It was revealed that the United States has focused on strengthening cooperation in the areas of energy security and military-technical cooperation. The rapprochement of positions, as the author of the work notes, occurred on the basis of the ideological heritage of the first President of the Czech Republic, Vaclav Havel. It was noted that a change of government will not lead to a change in foreign policy orientation due to the volume of existing obligations assumed by the Czech side in the period 2022-2023.

The Reset of the U.S. - Philippines Alliance

The Philippines is one of the United States’ oldest allies in Asia-Pacific and the long-lasting defense relationship is at the heart of U.S. policy in the region. Under R. Duterte's presidency, the US-Philippines alliance underwent serious strength tests. The coming to power in the Philippines of the new President F. Marcos Jr. marked a new page in relations between the two countries. The article analyzes new bilateral initiatives in the field of military-technical cooperation, and first of all, the project to expand the American military presence in the Philippines, announced in early 2023.

The role of AUKUS in the Indo-Pacific policy of the USA

New challenges in the Indo-Pacific prompted the United States to initiate the creation of AUKUS in 2021. Despite the small presence in Washington's statutory documents, the American expert community highly appreciated the prospects of AUKUS. Their assessments were confirmed in the expansion of the range of tasks of the military-technical cooperation of the bloc. At the same time, the expansion of AURUS membership is unlikely due to the complex system of agreements on which the block is built. The most likely scenario seems to be the integration of AUKUS into the flexible system of existing US institutions in The Indo-Pacific in order to deter the PRC.