Military-technical Cooperation Research Articles

Military-Technical Cooperation of South-East Asian States with the United States and EU Countries (2011–2020)

The article aims to identify the key trends and main areas of development of arms trade and military-technical cooperation between South-East Asian countries and the United States and European Union countries over the past decade (2011–2020). In addition to the direct procurement of weapons and military equipment (with a detailed list of purchased systems for each of the South-East Asian countries), the supply of subsystems and components, the licensed production and other forms of military-technical cooperation are also considered. The growth of military expenditures and arms procurement of the South-East Asian countries over the past decade is analyzed in terms of influence of such drivers as internal instability, the China-US confrontation in the Pacific region and the unresolved disputes between the countries in the South China Sea, the modernization of the armed forces and national defense industries in SouthEast Asia. On this basis, conclusions are made about the prospects for development of military-technical cooperation and arms procurement in the region, as well as how the changes taking place in this sphere affect Russia’s military-technical cooperation with South-East Asian countries.

Issues of the protection of intellectual property in process euro-atlantic integration

Key words: Euro-Atlantic integration, intellectual property, objects of intellectualproperty rights, infringement of intellectual property rights, scientific and technical cooperation,military-technical cooperation
 Some issues concerning the protection of intellectualproperty in the process of Euro-Atlantic integration are considered, in particularthe peculiarities of the protection of intellectual property in the implementation of internationalcooperation of Ukraine and the protection of national interests in theprocess of this cooperation. The legislation of Ukraine regulating activities related tointernational scientific and technical and military-technical cooperation is analysed.The importance of intellectual property protection at all stages of international cooperationof Ukraine and the need to improve the legislation on the regulation of intellectualproperty protection in the process of this cooperation is determined. It is suggested totake a number of measures to address issues related to the protection of intellectualproperty in the process of international cooperation of Ukraine and the protection of nationalinterests regarding the use of intellectual property rights in the process of thiscooperation.The protection of intellectual property in international cooperation should be ensuredprimarily by bilateral agreements on this issue, which should be concluded at thebeginning of cooperation in any field, as well as agreements on the protection of classifiedinformation. These agreements should define the basic principles for concludingagreements (contracts) and be aimed at mutual protection of information, prevention ofinfringement of the rights for the results of intellectual activity when using them in thecourse of cooperation.To deal with this issue, it is necessary to systematically and comprehensively approachthe improvement of legislation on intellectual property in the defence sector, especially on the protection of national interests in the implementation of cooperation inthe process of Euro-Atlantic integration. It is necessary to clearly define in the legislationthe obligations of all subjects to ensure the protection of intellectual property at allstages of cooperation, as well as expanding the list of violations and responsibility fortheir implementation, especially for actions that threaten infringement of intellectualproperty rights measures to ensure the protection of intellectual property rights.

Военно-техническое сотрудничество СССР и ЧСР в 30-е гг. XX в. (по воспоминаниям главного конструктора артиллерийских вооружений завода имени Кирова И.А. Маханова). Часть 2

Introduction. Memoirs of I.A. Makhanov, who in the 1930s was the chief designer of artillery weapons at the Kirov plant, contain unique data on the development of the military-technical thought and the defense sector of the USSR industry in the pre-war period. The published fragment of memoirs, first introduced into scientific circulation, supplements and corrects the ideas formed in historiography about the militarytechnical cooperation of the USSR and Czechoslovakia on the eve of World War II. Methods and materials. The preparation of the source text for publication is carried out taking into consideration the modern requirements of archaeography. The published fragment is provided with archaeographic notes which allow to reconstruct the history of creation and modification of the text by the author. The scientific commentary provides information about personalities, place names and specific terms mentioned in the text. Analysis. The author pointed out that despite the supply of the latest weapons from Czechoslovakia to Yugoslavia, Italy, Turkey, Latin America, the share of purchases by the USSR was 50% and had broad prospects for increasing. The German occupation of 1938 suspended and then interrupted military-technical cooperation between the countries. Nevertheless, the Czech side fulfilled all obligations to the USSR. Result. As the published fragment of I.A. Makhanov proves, in the 1930s Czech specialists willingly acquainted the Soviet delegation with the latest developments in artillery systems. At the same time, after the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany, none of these weapons were brought to a prototype. Plants “Skoda” and “Zbroevka” were engaged only in the production and modernization of old weapons. Thus, the data of I.A. Makhanova confirm the hypothesis of sabotage of work for Nazi Germany by Czech designers led by V. Gromadko.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ РОССИЙСКО-ИТАЛЬЯНСКОГО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА

The trade restrictions imposed by the European Union in relation to Russia have the most negative impact on the state of the Italian-Russian trade and economic cooperation. In terms of economic indicators, the Italian economy is in recession. Italian exports to Russia fell by more than a third, which negatively affects small and medium-sized businesses, suppliers of high-tech products (gas and oil production equipment for work, in particular, in the Arctic latitudes), military-technical cooperation, which has always been evidence of the traditionally trusting partnership between Russia and Italy.

MILITARY-TECHNICAL COOPERATION BETWEEN UKRAINE AND NATO: THEORY, PRACTICE (1997–2004)

Summary. The purpose of this study is to analyze the general tendencies of military-technical cooperation of Ukraine with NATO at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries. The research methodology is based on the use of historical-comparative method and methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization. The scientific novelty. It was noted that the leaders of our country considered the North Atlantic Alliance as the most effective structure of collective security in Europe and the main goal of military-technical cooperation was to ensure national interests and security, equipping the Armed Forces and other military formations with modern weapon and military equipment, development of the export potential of the military-industrial complex, increase of the scientific-technical and technological potential of the defence industry of Ukraine. Conclusions. The legislative and normative-legal acts that laid the foundation of military-technical cooperation between Ukraine and NATO are outlined, including the Decree of the President of Ukraine "On measures to improve military-technical cooperation of Ukraine with foreign countries" (1999), the "Decree of the President of Ukraine delimitation of powers of central executive bodies in the field of military-technical cooperation with foreign states" (2002), the Concept of military-technical cooperation of Ukraine with foreign states for the period up to 2010 (2003). It is emphasized that the main problems of military-technical cooperation of Ukraine with foreign states in the period under study were the uncertainty of the state’s defence policy and imperfect public administration.

Военно-техническое сотрудничество СССР и ЧСР в 30-е гг. XX в. (по воспоминаниям главного конструктора артиллерийских вооружений завода имени Кирова И.А. Маханова)

Introduction. Memoirs of I.A. Makhanov, who in the 1930s was the chief designer of artillery weapons at the Kirov plant, contain unique data on the development of the military-technical thought and the defense sector of the USSR industry in the pre-war period. The published fragment of memoirs, first introduced into scientific circulation, supplements and corrects the ideas formed in historiography about the military-technical cooperation of the USSR and Czechoslovakia on the eve of World War II. Methods and materials. The preparation of the source text for publication is carried out taking into consideration modern requirements of archaeography. The published fragment is provided with archaeographic notes which allow reconstructing the history of creation and modification of the text by the author. The scientific commentary provides information about personalities, place names and specific terms mentioned in the text. Analysis. The author pointed out that despite the supply of the latest weapons from Czechoslovakia to Yugoslavia, Italy, Turkey, Latin America, the share of purchases by the USSR was 50% and had broad prospects for increasing. The German occupation of 1938 suspended and then interrupted military-technical cooperation between the countries. Nevertheless, the Czech side fulfilled all obligations to the USSR. Results. As the published fragment of I.A. Makhanov proves, in the 1930s Czech specialists willingly acquainted the Soviet delegation with the latest developments in artillery systems. At the same time, after the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany, none of these weapons were brought to a prototype. “Skoda” and “Zbroevka” plants were engaged only in the production and modernization of old weapons. Thus, the data of I.A. Makhanov confirm the hypothesis of sabotage of work for Nazi Germany by Czech designers led by V. Gromadko.

U.S. Main Policies in Central Asia

The article analyses the U.S. policy in Central Asia with the focus on the policy of the Trump administration. It highlights its main areas of interests and features, examines the U.S. bilateral relations with Central Asian countries. The American interest in the region was manifested immediately after the collapse of the USSR and was linked to its geostrategic position and energy resources. Initially, the efforts of the White House were focused on the elimination of Soviet weapons and the promotion of business contacts. The role of Central Asia in the U.S. foreign policy increased when the military operation in Afghanistan was launched. With the achievement of agreements on the use of military infrastructure in Central Asia states, the U.S. military presence in the region significantly expanded, and cooperation through defense agencies began to actively develop. Contacts in the economic area intensified, dozens of American companies rushed to Central Asian countries, and the volume of American investments increased significantly. In order to form pro-American societies and elites, the work to promote “democratic values” has been intensified. With the arrival of the Trump administration, the emphasis was shifted towards military cooperation. Military-technical cooperation, joint military maneuvers and educational programs, exchange of experience in the field of combating terrorism, illegal migration, human trafficking and drug trafficking have increased. Business contacts, trade, economic and energy cooperation have been intensified. Washington has somewhat reduced the degree of criticism of the Central Asian countries for “problems in the area of democratic governance”, nevertheless, the U.S. continues its attempts to democratize the region through NGOs sponsored by non-state funds close to the American Democratic Party. The Central Asian region will remain in the focus of the U.S. foreign policy for a long period of time, regardless of whether the Republican or Democratic administration is in power, taking into account its geostrategic position, natural resources, situation in Afghanistan, desire to weaken the positions of Russia and China in this area.

Политические аспекты военно-технического сотрудничества между Россией и Саудовской Аравией

The role of Russia in the Middle East region has been increasing since the start of operation in Syria. This forces not only Russia, but also the Middle East countries including Saudi Arabia to adjust their politics according to the current situation. Both Russia and Saudi Arabia actively use military technical cooperation to develop relations with other countries, so it is essential that in their interstate relations this instrument should be applied. In this article, the military technical cooperation between Russia and Saudi Arabia is under consideration. The article aims to determine the dependence of military technical cooperation between the countries on politics. There is a lack of literature on the issue; the main part of it covers military technical cooperation between Russia and the Middle East countries and also the interstate relations with them in general. Due to the specific character of the arms trade sphere, the volume of sources is also insufficient. However, it is possible to carry out an analysis that allows forming the general image of the military technical cooperation between Russia and Saudi Arabia and its reason on the basis of related mass media publications and SIPRI data. The analysis of the Russia-Saudi Arabia military technical cooperation development shows that its expansion is in correlation with the growing role of Russia in the Middle East. In the middle of the 2010s, a number of contracts were concluded and performed. The following reasons of this expansion can be mentioned: problems in interstate relations between Saudi Arabia and the Western countries caused by the conflict in Yemen and Jamal Khashoggi's killing, the Arms Trade Treaty limitations for trade with Saudi Arabia for Western countries, Saudi Arabia's diversification of arms suppliers, search of Russia for new arms markets, etc. Nevertheless, these reasons cannot be assumed as reasons of crucial importance: the Western countries maintain their positions on the Saudi Arabia arms market despite all the limitations and issues in interstate relations, Saudi Arabia is not the key arms market for Russia; moreover, the integration of Russian arms systems into Saudi Arabia's armed forces formed by the Western military standard is quite complicated. Taking into account all the limitations related to the military technical cooperation between the countries, it can be stated that neither Russia nor Saudi Arabia has crucial economical or technical reasons for its start. Therefore, the following conclusion can be made: military technical cooperation between these countries is not a single process; it is caused by a whole direction of interstate relations, and it is only an instrument to boost them.

Geopolitical dimension of the potential rapprochement of Kazakhstan and Ukraine at the present stage

The article is devoted to the assessment of the state and prospects of Ukraine-Kazakhstan relations in the context of the Nur-Sultan’s foreign policy strategy transformation. The author considers the most important areas of interaction between Ukraine and Kazakhstan, special attention is paid to the analysis of economic cooperation between the two states at the present stage. The projects of Kiev and Nur-Sultan focused on the development of the Trans-Caspian corridor of international trade are analyzed. The conclusion is made that the countries most likely will not be able to form a full-fledged strategic partnership, because Kazakhstan is a member of the EAEU and the CSTO, while Ukraine aspires to join the EU. However, the states will increase interaction in the trade and economic sphere, including, perhaps, military-technical cooperation, but only to a limited extent.

Pakistani-American Relations: Current State and Perspectives

The article examines the political cooperation of Pakistan with the United States of America. The importance of maintaining dialogue is emphasized at all levels of interstate contacts, even in the most difficult conditions. Military and military-technical cooperation is highlighted as a traditional direction of Pakistani-American relations. Trade and economic relations between the two states are analyzed, including an analysis of the economic indicators of US-Pakistan cooperation in comparison with the traditional economic partners of Pakistan. The article covers the implementation of educational and ethnocultural programs by US government and public organizations. Summing up, it is concluded that bilateral contacts between the United States of America and Pakistan will continue and be predominantly of a partnership nature.

SHAPING OF MILITARY-TECHNICAL COOPERATION STATE POLICY: INTERNATIONAL AND STATE LEGAL ASPECTS

The article examines the international and legal aspects of the shaping and implementation of state policy in the field of military-technical cooperation, particularly in the context of arms and military equipment exports. The urgency of the study of this issue is due to the increasing scale of weapons’ trade and the number of participants in economic relations in the world arms market. Recently, there has been an increase in demand for weapons and ammunition due to rising tensions in international relations and the concentration of a significant number of states in their efforts to gain a much greater role in the world order. Increased competition in the arms market, the willingness of individual states to strengthen military power under any circumstances and the inconsistency of export control systems that exist in different states, have led to an intensification of the activities of unscrupulous arms exporters. As a result, the number of arms sales operations that provide the basis for armed conflict has increased. In this regard, the international community has focused on strengthening controls on the movement of weapons. As for today, the most effective regulatory system for controlling the transfer of weapons has been established within the European Union. Its effectiveness is determined by the binding nature of the treaties for the EU member states. International treaties, in particular the International Arms Trade Treaty, contain recommendations for countries around the world on the rules of conduct in the field of arms trade and do not specify strict measures to control arms exports. In this regard, the countries of the world use their own approaches to establishing rules for the export of weapons, which creates the conditions for the existence of different standards of export control. In these circumstances, there is a significant threat to increase the scale of the activities of unscrupulous arms exporters. Given the imperfection of the international legal regulation of arms exports, the urgency of the efforts of arms exporting states to harmonize their national legislation with international treaties, which define the rules of commercial entities in the arms market. Accordingly, a transparent and clear state policy in the field of arms trade should be considered one of the most important factors in the successful participation of the state in international relations.

ИНДИЯ И ЯПОНИЯ: ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ФОРМАТА СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА

In the 21 st century, India–Japan strategic cooperation is gradu- ally reaching a new level. Earlier the relations between countries were more declarative, but the situation has changed since the beginning of the 2000s. New agreements are being concluded, and the y assume practical implemen- tation in addition to the frameworks. On the one hand, for Japan, India is becoming more important not only as an economic partner (a huge market for Japanese industrial products and digital technologies), but also as a like- minded partner in curbing China’s trade and economic expansion. On the other hand, in partnership with Japan India sees opportunities to attract Japanese investment in the development of domestic infrastructure, and also seeks a moderate expansion of military-technical cooperation, since it cor - responds to the policy of maintaining the country’s “non-aligned” status and its equidistance from existing geopolitical coalitions. In addition, India, that calls itself the “largest Asian democracy”, currently has territorial disputes with Pakistan and China, so a strategic partnership with Japan, which clearly interprets China’s growing influence as a challenge to its national interests in the Indo-Pacific region, can somewhat strengthen India’s position in the international arena. Thus, over the past two decades, the bedrock for further strengthening the strategic partnership between India and Japan has been formed, and it is obvious that the development of that partnership is about to have a great impact on the future geopolitical configuration in the Indo- Pacific region.

Voenno-tekhnicheskoe sotrudnichestvo Tureckoj Respubliki i Rossijskoj Federacii

The article discusses the role and importance of military-technical cooperation between the Republic of Turkey and the Russian Federation in terms of creating and maintaining stability and security in a strategically important region in the context of the formation of a new geopolitical landscape. A special attention is paid to Ankara’s program to create the most promising weapons and military equipment and the most promising areas and projects of Russian-Turkish cooperation in the military-technical sphere.

ІСТОРИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ВІЙСЬКОВО-ТЕХНІЧНОГО СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВА УКРАЇНА – НАТО НА СУЧАСНОМУ ЕТАПІ

The article analyzes the history of the development of military-technical cooperation between Ukraine and NATO as one of the defining areas of international military partnership. Taking into account specific historical circumstances and external aggression by the Russian Federation, the importance of Ukraine’s military-technical cooperation with partner countries for the implementation of political goals and objectives of the state for the development of defense industry and national security is emphasized. Ukraine faced new types of threats in all spheres of the state’s life, in the military in particular, which required active assistance from partner countries. The realities of the hybrid war, which has targeted our country, require new approaches to ensuring the state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, including by strengthening military partnerships with the European Union and the United States. In modern geopolitical, socio-economic, international legal, military-political conditions, the nature, forms and directions of Ukraine’s military partnership need to be rethought and clarified. Today, Ukraine’s military cooperation with NATO is of a strategic nature, the tasks of which can be grouped into four key areas: maintaining military-political dialogue; assistance in reforming and developing the Armed Forces of Ukraine; ensuring contribution to international security and peacekeeping; defense and technical cooperation. As a result of this study, NATO membership will open new opportunities for Ukraine’s competitive defense industries and lay the foundation for military-technical cooperation at the international level. In this context, the myth that Ukraine’s accession to NATO will involve the collapse of Ukraine’s defense industry through the introduction of new NATO military standards, requirements for rearmament for our army is completely eliminated.

Russia-Belarus integration interaction in the context of the development of the Eurasian Economic Union

The article is devoted to the analysis of Russia-Belarus integration interaction. The authors consider the main areas of cooperation between these two countries and analyze the prospects for the development of bilateral relations. The importance of military and military-technical cooperation between Russia and Belarus is noted in the context of ensuring national security and joint counteraction against current challenges and threats. There is the important role of the Union State as a universal model of integration in the post-Soviet states. The authors adhere to a comprehensive methodology in the study of integration issues, which allowed us to significantly expand and deepen the analysis of the most significant and basic aspects of integration development in the context of the construction of the Union State, and the multidimensionality of the object of study determined the multiplicity of approaches to its study. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach, using the principle of historicism to analyze the above issues. The object of the study is the integration processes in the post-Soviet space, and the subject of the study is the system of political relations between Russia and Belarus in the context of the construction of a single Union State. The organizational and functional complexity of the object and subject of the study predetermined the pluralism of the methodological approaches used. The conceptual apparatus of the study is predetermined by the chosen methodological guidelines and is closely linked to the specific material being analyzed.

European Union’s Crisis Response Potential and Military-Technical Cooperation of the EU member-states

The article analyzes the origins and current trends in the development of the crisis response structures and mechanisms within the European Union. The reasons for the failures of the EU in the implementation of the plans of previous decades to create EU Armed Forces separate from NATO are being considered. Thirty-four military, police, border and consultative operations and EU missions in conflict regions are being typologized in the article. It is concluded that the most in-demand operations were EU police and numerous "training" or "consultative" missions aimed at creating modern and professional state security forces in unstable regions. Although formally the European Union is only a subregional international organization, in practice the EU does not consider it necessary to legitimize its own interventions into conflicts through UN mechanisms. Operations and missions are conducted on the basis of the European Council's own policy decisions. However, the EU does not conduct openly coercive military-political missions on its own, leaving decisions on them to the UN Security Council. The article analyzes the structure, types, purposes of several dozen programs of military-technical and military-political cooperation implemented by the European Union within the framework of the EU Permanent Structured Cooperation Program (PESCO). The author structurally subdivides PESCO programs into groups: structures and means of joint crisis response, military-infrastructure programs, naval initiatives, programs in information and communication and cyber-spheres, logistics and military-medical programs, military-training programs. The content of each group's programs is reviewed in detail. The article substantiates the conclusion that the implementation of the currently announced PESCO programs will strengthen mostly the EU's marginal (background) capabilities in operations and missions under the Common Security and Defense Policy. PESCO does not actually include programs directly aimed at any drastic improvement of capability for missions and operations in crisis and conflict regions outside the EU.

Переподготовка авиационного персонала в организациях разработчика и производителя вертолетной техники – необходимое условие качества функционирования авиационной транспортной системы

The article discusses one of the components of the aviation transport system of civil aviation in Russia – the training center for aviation personnel on the example of the aviation training center of JSC «Kamov». The problematic issues related to the training of domestic and foreign aviation specialists in the organization of the developer and manufacturer of aviation equipment are analyzed, both through civil aviation and within the framework of military-technical cooperation.

SOME ISSUES ON PROTECTION OF NATIONAL INTERESTS CONCEMING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE PROCESS OF EURO-ATLANTIC INTEGRATION

Some issues of protection of national interests concerning intellectual property in the process of Euro-Atlantic integration are considered, in particular features of protection of intellectual property in the implementation of international military-technical cooperationof Ukraine, depending on the specifics of this activity. The legislation of Ukraine regulating activities related to military-technical cooperation is analyzed. The importance of intellectual property protection at all stages of military-technical cooperation and the need to improve the legislation on the regulation of intellectual property protection in the defense sphere are outlined.The Constitution and major legislative acts of Ukraine in the field of national security and defense have clearly defined the strategic course for achieving NATO membership. However, to achieve this strategic goal requires persistence and political will, as well as an understanding of the various tactical issues that need to be resolved along the way.New members are being trained in the process of performing the NATO Membership Action Plan. On the long-term path of Euro-Atlantic integration, Ukraine has developed an annual NATO-Ukraine national program. Traditionally, the Annual National Program is structurally constructed by analogy with a typical Membership Action Plan andincludes almost all areas of reformation and modernization of Ukraine.In particular, great attention is paid to reforming and comprehensive support of Ukraine's security and defense sector. It includes a wide range of measures to maintain combat capabilities, modernize and upgrade weapons and military equipment, reform and develop the defense-industrial complex of Ukraine, implement the government qualityassurance system of defense products, revitalize the scientific and military-technical cooperation. Even measures to ensure gender equality in the security and defense sector of Ukraine are being envisaged.It is stated that defense and technical cooperation with NATO will be focused, in particular, on the use of the best modern world technologies. However, the issues of intellectual property protection of all entities and protection of national interests in this field are not considered at all, although almost all the envisaged measures cannot be implementedwithout the use of intellectual property rights.In our view, intellectual property issues should be decided in conjunction with other issues. However, in order to determine the position of the state and development of appropriate proposals and recommendations for securing national interests in intellectual property in the process of Euro-Atlantic integration, it is appropriate to consider these issuesin the following areas: legal cooperation between Ukraine and NATO;scientific cooperation; military-technical cooperation.

Legal Regulation of Military-Technical Cooperation: Legal Regimes, Relationship of Legal Regulators

Legal Regulation of Military-Technical Cooperation: Legal Regimes, Relationship of Legal Regulators

Innovative component of Ukraine’s military-technical cooperation with foreign states as an instrument of public-private partnership

The research considers the role of the innovative component of Ukraine’s military-technical cooperation with foreign states. The legislative and legal basis for the implementation of international military-technical cooperation of Ukraine is analyzed, taking into account recent changes in the country’s foreign policy direction. The examples of promising prospects for collaboration at the level of defense enterprises are presented.