Metonymic Transfer Research Articles

ГИПОТЕТИКО-ДЕДУКТИВНЫЙ МЕТОД ДЛЯ ОПИСАНИЯ МЕТОНИМИИ В СФЕРЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ ГОВОРЕНИЯ

The article provides a survey of the existing approaches to understanding metonymy through the prism of cognitive linguistics. Special attention is paid to studying metonymy as a cognitive-semantic mechanism, as a principle of nonrandom relation and as a basis of translation strategy. The author proposes an approach based on a hypothetical-deductive method, semantic and corpus-based experiments. Relying on experiment results, the researcher clarifies the semantics of certain verbs of speaking and introduces a classification of metonymic transfers in the sphere of the predicates representing a speech act.

PRODUCTIVE TYPES OF SEMANTIC CHANGES IN THE MODERN UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE (ON THE MATERIAL OF MASS MEDIA)

The article is devoted to the varieties of semantic derivation in the modern Ukrainian language. It is established that the productive types of semantic changes are the expansion of the word meaning due to the processes of metaphorization, metonymization and determinologization and narrowing of the word semantics as a result of terminologization.The use of descriptive and comparative method, contextual analysis allows to determine the productive types of semantic changes in the discourse of the media, to find out the basic models of their creation. For argument the author used explanatory dictionaries of the Ukrainian language.The materials of the research were the texts of newspapers ("Uryadovy courier", "Ukrainian truth", "young Ukraine" "Day", "Lviv newspaper" "Mirror of the week", etc.) and news.It was found that the overwhelming majority of new derived meanings of words were formed as a result of the metaphorization of the primary ones. Productivity marks the creation of metaphorical nominations for zoomorphic, anthropomorphic, and synesthetic metaphorical models. However, at the present stage of speech development there is a narrowing of the range of zoomorphic metaphors. Creation of anthropomorphic metaphorical nominations in modern mass media intersects with conceptual spheres Anatomy and Physiology", "Disease", "Homeland". Due to synesthetic metaphors, the Ukrainian language was enriched with bright visual, tasteful, odorative, tactile, auditory images. Among the spatial metaphors of the breed was not revealed.The analysis of metonymic transfers showed the highest frequency of their creation by local type. Temporal, causal and attributive metonymy are less common in modern media.It is proved that activation of terminology is determined by the intensive development of science and technology, the socio-political life of the country, as well as the updating of existing terminology systems. Metaphorization, metonymization, determinism assists in the creation of original texts of messages with witty characteristics and vivid images.

DERIVATION AND LEXICAL SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ERGONOMIC REPERTOIRE OF PEREYASLAV KHMELNITSKY CITY

The target of this study is word building and lexical semantic characteristic of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytyskyi ergonimicon. The research material is modern ergonims of the town which have been the object of the study for the first time. Sources base was collected with different written materials, in particular telephone directories. The fact material was collected by personal observation, while learning companies’ advertisement leaflets during 2018. A descriptive method was used, the method of component analyses of words, the methods of analyses and synthesis, which enabled to form idea about ergonomic as integral subsystem, to analyze lexical and semantic as well as word building structure of ergonims. In the result of research main ways of ergonims derivation in town Pereiaslav-Khmelnytyskyi have been established; the eggonims classification has been proposed; ergonims lexical and semantic characteristic have been done. Conclusions: 1. Ergonims’ repertoire in town Pereiaslav-Khmelnytyskyi in its majority is built with metonymy and metaphor as a result of lexical and semantic onimisation. This dominant manner character is explained by language material economy, and by the fact, that metaphor and metonymy help nominator in building figurative, capacitative names which create positive associations and it could obviously attract the customer. 2. As types of lexical and semantic onimisation egronims which were built by metaphoric and metonymic meaning transfer have been analyzed as well. 3. Ergonimicons classification of the town has been done. 4. Ergonims built by other methods (lexical and semantic, variations of morphological, linguistically creative) and their combination have been analyzed. With the help of specific, linguistically creative word building ways nominators create unusual, original names due to the general tendency of the language of a modern town.

ФИГУРЫ КОНТРАСТА В МЕДИАТЕКСТЕ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ НЕМЕЦКОГО И РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ)

Данная статья рассматривает прагматический потенциал фигур контраста. Источниками материала исследования послужили немецкие и российские спортивные издания, а также газеты, содержащие рубрику «Спорт». Предметом анализа выступает прагматический потенциал контрастного описания на материале спортивного немецкого и русского дискурса. Целью исследования стало определение прагматических функций контраста в медиатексте. В ходе исследования использованы стилистический анализ и прием количественного подсчета. Результатами работы стало выделение языковых средств, послуживших основой для контраста, и определение функционального спектра фигуры контраста в массмедийном тексте. Анализ показал, что контраств значительной степени представлен антитезой, в частности, она оказалась наиболее востребованной в спортивном репортаже. Менее частотны в исследовании паронимы и другие. Контраст может быть усилен авторскими метафорическим и метонимическим переносами и синтаксическими средствами: повторами, синтаксическим параллелизмом, сравнением и другими. Контрастное описание представляет собой сильное прагматическое средство создания яркого изобразительного и комического эффекта, оценочности, скрытого поучения, а также реализации аттрактивной функции текста. Поскольку при сопоставлении материала в немецком и русском языках количественные и качественные показатели имеют близкие значения, представленные выводы могут считаться релевантными для обеих лингвокультур. Следовательно, результаты исследования могут быть учтены при описании прагматических особенностей в целом и при сопоставительных описаниях немецкого и русского медиадискурсов.

Способы семантической деривации и типы соотношений между значениями в семантической структуре прилагательного

The polysemy of an adjective as a semantic and grammatical phenomenon is studied. The semantic structure of a polysemantic adjective and the character of motivational relations between its lexico-semantic variants are analyzed. The connection between the method of semantic derivation, the semantic type of lexical meaning generated by it and the lexeme belonging to a particular lexico-grammatical category is investigated. The representation of adjectival polysemy in a dictionary entry is described. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the author sets the task of inventory and systematization of ways of semantic derivation of an adjective, among which metaphorical transfer, metonymic transfer, specialization of relations are distinguished. It is proved that in the semantic structure of polysemantic adjective two types of motivational relations between meanings are possible: direct motivation and parallel (mediated) motivation. The types of relations between initial and secondary meanings according to their discharge affiliation are revealed: relative - relative; qualitative - qualitative; relative - qualitative; qualitative - relative. Adjectival semantic neologisms are described. It is noted that most of them are not fixed in explanatory dictionaries, only in the dictionaries of the 21 st century it is possible to identify some adjectives formed by specialization, which is an active way of secondary qualitativeness derivation.

Вещь как эталон цвета: образование неосновных цветонаименований в русском языке

The analysis of secondary colour nominations attributing a shade by means of attraction of real images is carried out. The material for the study was “The Unique Reference with Parameters (RGB, HSV, CMYK, hex) and Names of about 1,000 Colours” on the web-site http://tinyurl.ru/services/colour/list. Names of shades of colour are characterized from the point of view of their structural characteristics and motivational characteristics. It is found that colour names with the subject reference may be single-word units, and may provide a simple and comprehensive phrases, the structure of which is not always a colour symbol or a reference to a colour of any object. It is shown that the studied colour nominations are often derived from phytonyms, zoonyms, hydronyms and other words naming objects of living and inanimate nature. It is noted that some of the non-basic colour names are derived from nouns that name personalities, geographical objects, organizations, etc. Usually such colour names are focused on attracting the attention of an educated recipient of speech. The analysis of the material confirms the opinion of other researchers of colour nominations: they believe that colour naming is often based on metaphorical and metonymic transfer of a meaning.

Официально-деловой стиль современного английского языка и вопросы словообразования

Introduction . The article is devoted to word formation in the official business style of the English language. The article gives a classification of word formation methods . The lexical, morphological and syntactic ways of forming words in this style are analyzed sequentially. Specific methods of word formation for each of the sub-styles of the official business style are indicated. Purpose of the article is to disclose and analyze peculiarities official business style of modern English . Methods of the analysis, synthesis and abstraction are used in the article. Results. Morphological way of word formation (by means of affixes, formation of complex words, conversion and abbreviations), as a whole, is characteristic of the English language. Here, both productive and unproductive affixes are noted. In English , conversion is the most common way . The study of word-formation models in the vocabulary of the official business style reveals the direction of development of the language in this field. Originality . The process of verbalization is especially noted here. In the lexical-semantic method, terms formed by the method of constriction, expansion and metonymic transfer of the basic value are analyzed. In addition, the processes of terminology, determinologization and interrogation are considered. It is noted that most of the terms used in legal terminology are borrowed. Conclusion . The new vocabulary of the official business style of the English language is formed in various ways: lexical, morphological and syntactic. With the lexical method, conversion, in particular verbalization, is particularly productive. In the legal and military sub-styles the lexical-semantic method is represented by the narrowing and widening of the basic meaning of words. A number of military terms were transferred to the administrative sub-style, in particular, in the area of business. Insofar as legal, diplomatic, and military sub-styles are more susceptible to social change, they can be traced to a large number of borrowings. English vocabulary of official business style can be formed by suffixing, prefixing and prefixing-suffixing ways (morphological method). The syntactic method by which complex words are formed includes various models. In most cases, the noun is assumed to be an indispensable component of these models.

КОНСУБСТАНЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЬ КАК ОДИН ИЗ ОСНОВНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ РАЗВИТИЯ ОБЩЕЯЗЫКОВОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ

This article considers the phenomenon of consubstantionality of words, which is inextricably linked with the prototerminological stage of the development of any branch of knowledge. The author of the article studies the intralinguistic and extralinguistic factors that influenced the appearance and development of consubstantionality; highlights such factors as calquing, historical development of the semantic system, borrowing, metonymic transfer, determinologization, reterminologization, etc.

Вербальная, параграфическая и визуальная реализация концептов в креолизованных текстах наивного дискурса (на материале instagram.com)

The aim of the work is to analyze the correlation between verbal, paragraphical, and visual components of the polymodal text of naïve discourse through the analysis of the concept uniting these parts of the text. During the analysis of ninety Instagram posts written in Russian, English, and French we found out several types of polymodal texts: 1) texts without text-forming concepts: 2) texts with text-forming concepts which are represented either 2.1) verbally and visually or 2.2) verbally and paragraphically or 2.3) paragraphically and visually or 2.4) verbally, paragraphically, and visually. The majority of the posts contain text-forming concepts, and they are represented at all the three levels. Types 2.3 and 2.2 are the least common. Although Instagram is a visual-centric social network, it is the verbal component of polymodal texts that represents concepts most often. Moreover, verbal component can represent all the sides of the concept connected with image perception, notion and values while non-verbal components often objectify only some of these sides. We also found out some specific traits connected with representation of concepts with the help of paragraphical means (emojis). First, metaphoric and metonymic transfers are inherent in emoji. Second, concepts can be represented by several emojis following each other. In this case each of them represents one attribute of the concept. Their order is usually random, and sometimes it causes ambiguity. As for the prospect of this research, our next step is to create the general method of analysis of concepts in polymodal texts and other polymodal objects, such as films.

Secondary titles as means of implementation of dental discourse

In particular secondary tokens are considered - the names of instruments, parts of tools; The names of the bodies and their parts created outside the similarity. Secondary names that arise on the basis of associative connections, as a result of metaphoric and metonymic transfers, have also been studied.

Binomials in Russian Speech: Semantic Types and Objective and Subjective Frequency

This article studies the functioning of a particular type of collocations in Russian speech, whose elements are typically connected by means of coordination. The purpose of the article is to reveal the correlation between the objective and subjective frequency of binomials and the discursive variation of this parameter, as well as the types and nature of the idiomatisation of their meaning. The analysis is conducted with reference to texts from the Russian National Corpus, main corpus, and newspaper, oral, and poetic subcorpora, along with data from dictionaries of idioms and psycholinguistic questionnaires. The analysis is based on the methods of corpus linguistics (at the stages of material selection and objective frequency count); psycholinguistics (at the stage of subjective frequency count); and distributive analysis. The authors also employ statistical methods to analyse the obtained data. The analysis helps the authors determine and describe the composition of binomials: the units are ranked according to the average and discursively determined frequency of their usage in Russian speech. The authors also determine the scope of variation of the discursively determined frequency of binomials in the oral, newspaper, and poetic subcorpora. They single out the most frequent binomials, whose functional characteristics are discursively independent, as well as binomials, whose frequency depends on the type of discourse. The results of the objective frequency data analysis are compared with data on subjective awareness of their frequency by native speakers of the Russian language. The authors use the scaling method to establish the subjective frequency of binomials during a psycholinguistic survey. When drawing a functional and semantic typology, the authors contrast groups of binominals according to the presence or absence of secondary idiomatic meanings and their types (formed on the basis of relations of generalisation and metonymy) on the one hand, and metaphor on the other. A list of polysemantic binomials is compiled. The study helps reveal the prevalence of binomials that do not develop polysemy, whose functioning in the text is not associated with the idiomatisation of their meaning based on metaphorical or metonymic transfers or generalisation. Semantic types of binomials are characterised in terms of their frequency. The received data are used to test the hypothesis about the correlation between the degree of semantic cohesion of the components of binomials and the development of polysemy and their frequency. As a result, a positive correlation is found between frequency and the development of polysemy.

Going Ape

In this paper, I focus on performances made by women artists that transgress the species boundary separating human beings from apes. Kathryn Hunter's Kafka's Monkey and Coco Fusco's Observation of Predation in Humans: A Lecture by Dr. Zira, Animal Psychologist – and, to a different extent, Cookie Lyon's gorilla act on the second-season opener of the television show Empire – put forward queerly utopian ape impersonations that I read as drag. Transspecies drag shares its in-built capacity for political claims-making with its human counterpart; Kafka's Monkey and Observation of Predation in Humans are unsparing in their critique of patriarchy, coloniality and the cultural chauvinism of humanity writ large. I draw on recent pioneering scholarship on tranimalities, Donna Haraway's work on apes and the sly logic of these performances themselves in order to sketch out the outlines of a theory of simian feminism – a politics that makes an ambivalent virtue of the exclusion of women and animals from the category of the human itself. Transspecies drag is the performative face of this politics, one of its modes of being in the world. As Mel Chen might have intuited, crossing the variously taxonomic, gendered and racialized borders that Kafka's Monkey and Observation of Predation in Humans seem calculated to transgress does not demean Hunter and Fusco so much as provide them with an alternative vantage from which to explore the many queer analogies and points of metonymic transfer that bind human beings to their various others. In so doing, Hunter and Fusco have begun to elaborate a new language that radically expands the conditions of possibility for trans*, feminist and queer performance and critique in, of, and beyond the human.

STUDENT’S MISTAKES AS MIRROR OF STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PORTUGUESE AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES

The present work touches on several structural differences between Russian and Portuguese which cause students to make typical mistakes while translating. Causes of mistakes with use of articles are analyzed, cases of wrong words order influenced by the student’s native language are examined, particularities of personal and possessive pronouns usage in address modes and desemantization of the word a gente are investigated. The alternation of anaphoric and cataphoric usage of personal pronouns in Russian and Portuguese phrases, structural distinctions in sentence construction, verbal structure in Portuguese versus nominal structure in Russian, the possibilities of metonymic transfer usage and abstract nouns translation in plural are examined. Separate paragraphs are devoted to demonstrative pronouns usage in anaphoric function, usage of articles o (a),-s in the pronominal function, alternation of perfect/imperfect, indicative/subjunctive modes, expressionof possessive relations with the verbs быть in Russian and ter in Portuguese, and of existential and spatial relations with the verbs быть in Russian and haver/ter in Portuguese are analyzed.

Necessarily a narrator or narrator if necessary: A short note on a long subject words

Abstract For (at least) literary narratives I propose to understand “narrator” as follows: An inner-textual speech position from which the current narrative discourse as a whole originates, and from which references to the entities, actions and events that this discourse is about are being made. Through a dual process of metonymic transfer and anthropomorphisation the term “narrator” is then employed to designate a presumed occupant of this position, the hypothesized producer of the current discourse. A narrator is a linguistically indicated, textually projected and readerly identified position whose occupant needs to be thought of primarily in terms of a communicative role, distinct from any actualworld flesh-and-blood (or computer) producer of the text. The paper describes in brief eight different kinds of general considerations (linguistic, philosophical, methodological and general literary-theoretical) which can motivate a narratologist to judge the narrator category/instance as an indispensable or as a merely optional element of his general model of literary narrative. The article concludes with two recent theoretical moves which tend to circumvent the need for such a choice by either re-drawing the narratologist's domain of objects or by redefining the status of the narrator category itself.

Constructions and frames as interpretive clues

Drawing attention to a rather neglected domain in Construction Grammar analyses, this paper examines the multi-layered nature of speakers’ linguistic knowledge and its manifestation in the emergence of new linguistic structure. In particular, I show that the emergence of certain discourse-sensitive grammatical patterns can be systematically captured by appealing to an intricate interaction between fairly abstract constructional meanings based on metonymic transfer, lexical meanings of words (‘semantic’ frames), and particular discourse-pragmatic functions (‘discourse’ frames, understood as pragmatically grounded schematizations of communicative and discourse-structure conventions). It is the knowledge of all three dimensions that aids speakers in their interpretive tasks. The theoretical issues are demonstrated on a subset of discourse-functional and modal uses of the word jestli ‘if/whether’ in conversational Czech, as attested in the Czech National Corpus.

The Semantics, Pragmatics, and Evolution of Two Verbless Negative Constructions in Nyulnyul

This investigation is a contribution to understudied areas of Australian Aboriginal linguistics and linguistic typology: the negation of existential and possessive clauses. It focuses on two structurally unusual negative verbless constructions in Nyulnyul (Nyulnyulan, Kimberley, Western Australia): a negative possessive indicating that a possessor lacks possessions of a specified type; and a negative existential indicating the absence of entities of the specified type at a particular location. Formal and semantic evidence is presented showing that these represent two distinct constructions. It is suggested that the negative existential emerged via reanalysis of a subtype of the negative possessive construction through a diachronic process that was not motivated by metaphorical or metonymic transfer, but by purely formal and pragmatic reinterpretations.

Characters and Narrators: Filter, Center, Slant, and Interest-Focus

language at large. In our early linguistic experience (God knows when), we learn word or phrase, say, of view. As students we read Henry James or some other narratologist who uses the term to refer to concept, or more likely, tangle of concepts that we have intuitively felt demands study. As established scholars we look long and hard for more appropriate term angle of vision, post of observation, focalization. At last we find one that seems just right, and we introduce it in the fond belief that it is definitive and transparent, only to discover that our readers start using our term in sense that seems strange, even perverse. Then we either defend the term, try to insist on its real or pure (because intended) sense, or, in frustration, abandon it and float another one. What is there about the ordinary usage of of that makes its projection into narratology so problematic? My desk dictionary lists two senses: a point from which things are viewed, and a mental position or viewpoint. (In the manner typical of small dictionaries, it in turn defines as 1. place affording view of and 2. point of view; an attitude of mind: the viewpoint of an artist. The OED and Webster's Third list other senses, including the narratological one, but I'm more concerned with the phrase in its basic popular usage.) The distinction seems to be between place from which something is seen (what we might more precisely call vista), and the mental attitude of the viewer. The second sense is clearly consequence of metaphoric and metonymic transfers. We literally stand in place, say the top of skyscraper, to see something, say the rest of the city. All three components of the situation the thing seen, the place from which it is seen, and the act of seeing are literal. But each of these, alone or together, can also be meant figuratively. Hence the complexity of

Of Mice and Kids

I cannot remember when I first saw the logo-signature of the CBS Evening News; I have watched it uncritically countless times. In attempting to specify the socio-political and libidinal character of television in the United States at a relatively precise historical moment I find myself finally capable of taking a critical perspective on it. The following sequence appears at the opening and closing of every broadcast. First, a circle appears superimposed on the bustling scene of the CBS newsroom, teletype clattering. The circle is then traversed by a grid of equidistant lines quickly transforming the circle, as if by squeezing, into a sphere which begins to rotate. When viewed against the world map located on the newsroom wall a metonymic transfer allows us to recognize the sphere as the earth, measured and ensnared in a network of longitude and latitude-the abstract inscription of capitalist globalization. Abruptly (the entire sequence happens in a matter of seconds); the sphere begins to shrink as it is enclosed in an elliptical diamond signalling two events: the reduction of the world through media technology, and the entry of our gaze into the televised workshop of history. The second event is completed through our perceptual experience of the logo-signature's recession into the background, literally simulating the shift of our attention from the viewing surface to the depth of the image. As the figure recedes into the background the shrinkage causes the global grids to blur until the entire figure is transformed into an eye which comes to rest at the head of the printed titleThe CBS Evening News. This cyclopean eye, in the context of a daily overview of world events becomes the eye of power. It is the eye of a technologized panopticon, or what I would call supervision. More than just a figure for televised news, the CBS eye is an emblem of the general function of television not only today, but also for television in its early years, specifically in the 1950s. Let it also be said that I invoke it as a figure that assembles in condensed form most of the terms and concerns of the following analysis. Despite the dystopian or paranoid connotations that this connection activates, I do not wish to suggest that media technology poses as a monolithic agency of reaction to be cast off in despair by those interested in alternative cultural forms and emancipatory politics. By briefly laying out the socio-libidinal dynamics of a moment in the history of mass media the extent to which media technology remains a positive context for the generation of alternative cultural forms can be gauged. In order to persistently thematize the dialectic of participation and distance in the reception situation I am placing at the center of this exposition Disney's Mickey Mouse Club Show (MMC) which concretizes my own relation to the historical moment in question. Furthermore, by tracing out of this general context two theoretical positions that take very different stands on the political status of media