Synchronization Method Research Articles

An event-triggered synchronization strategy for high-precise clock systems with switching topologies

The clock synchronization is a key technology for the reliability of wireless sensor networks (WSN). To reduce the communication burden and address the challenge of clock synchronization for high-precise clock systems in WSN with switching topologies, this paper proposes an event-triggered synchronization strategy for high-precise clock systems. Firstly, based on the concept of offset and skew, the model of whole clock systems is investigated and an event-triggered strategy is proposed for high-precise clock systems with switching topologies. Then, a synchronization strategy for clock systems is presented to achieve clock synchronization with the convergence of clock offset and clock skew. The sufficient condition for the synchronization of high-precise clock systems with switching topologies is obtained. Afterwards, the optimal event-triggered weighting matrices and controller gains are calculated by converting the clock synchronization problem as a solvable optimization problem. Finally, the performance of the proposed clock synchronization method is evaluated by simulations.

Robust Symbol and Frequency Synchronization Method for Burst OFDM Systems in UAV Communication

This paper introduces a robust synchronization method for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in multi-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication systems, focusing on minimizing overhead while achieving reliable synchronization. The proposed synchronization scheme enhances both frame efficiency and implementation simplicity. Initially, a high-efficiency frame structure is designed without a guard time interval, utilizing a preamble sequence to simultaneously achieve both symbol synchronization and automatic gain control (AGC) before demodulation. Subsequently, a novel 2-bit non-uniform quantization method for the Zadoff–Chu sequences is developed, enabling the correlation operations in the traditional symbol synchronization algorithm to be implemented via bitwise exclusive OR (XOR) and addition operations. The complexity of hardware implementation and the energy consumption for symbol synchronization can be reduced significantly. Furthermore, the impact of AGC on frequency synchronization performance is examined, and an improved frequency synchronization method based on AGC gain compensation is proposed. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is rigorously analyzed and compared with that of the traditional method through computer simulations, demonstrating the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach.

Novel Minimalist Hardware Architecture for Long Sync Word Frame Synchronization and Payload Capture

Sync word-based frame synchronization is an established method of frame synchronization that is employed in many low-resource applications because of its simplicity, and it involves the attachment of sync words (digital binary sequences) to the frames, which are then used for detection. Despite its simplicity, the method is underutilized today because there is no available hardware scheme that can perform correlation-based sync word frame synchronization with long sync words (>80 bits) efficiently. For this reason, the sync word methods that are used typically employ sync words of shorter lengths (<50 bits) with limited accuracy. This article introduces a highly modifiable, minimalist hardware architecture that performs correlation-based sync word frame synchronization using long sync words with evident accuracy gains over existing methods. As a bonus, the architecture not only detects the frame but also captures its payload regardless of size. Its low complexity allows for its deployment at a low cost in terms of hardware resources and power while providing high bit rates. Its flexibility is demonstrated by using a low-cost FPGA for implementation.

Continuing Educational Program in Nursing Informatics for Greek Nurses.

Nurses are required to adapt to a complex and rapidly evolving environment that incorporates new IT technologies. Continuing, lifelong learning, especially in the fast-growing fields of Nursing Informatics, eHealth and related Information and Communication Technologies, is vital to the professionalism of nurses. The study presents the curriculum development and implementation of the educational project entitled "Training of Nurses in Nursing Informatics and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)" which has been designed and offered to Greek nurses as a continuing - lifelong online educational program by the Health Informatics Laboratory of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. The training material was created in three modules and 29 sub-modules, considering the new advancements and recommended competencies, necessary for the nurse, in the fields of Nursing Informatics and ICT. So far, eight training cycle courses have been offered to 1388 nurses, free of charge. Each course integrates synchronous and asynchronous distance learning methods and requires a workload of 70 hours over 10 weeks. The initial evaluation of the course by the participants, concerning its effectiveness, usefulness, and innovation are very encouraging.

Study of optical characteristics of microdischarges in the micro-arc oxidation process

Micro-arc oxide coatings of aluminum alloy AD31 samples were formed in an electrolyte containing 2 g/l NaOH and 9 g/l Na2SiO3 for 2, 4, 8, 16 min in the anode and anode-cathode modes. During the processing, the forming curve, the time dependences of the charge passed through the galvanic cell, and the optical parameters of the microdischarges were measured using the optical synchronization method developed by the authors with subsequent image recognition. The thickness of the coatings was measured using a point autofocus probe surface texture measuring instrument Mitaka PF-60, the surface morphology was studied using a VEGA3 scanning electron microscope using SBH surface topography. The elemental composition of the coatings was determined using a scanning electron microscope JSM-6610LV. The analysis of the elemental composition and morphology of the surface revealed that the inner layer of synthesized coatings consists of Al2O3, the outer layer consists of Al2O3·SiO2 mullite, and the ratio of phases Al2O3 and mullite changes with changes in current density and oxidation mode. The formation of mullite is due to the presence of Na2SiO3 in the electrolyte. It is shown that with increasing processing time and current density, the thickness, roughness and porosity of coatings increase. The interrelation of the optical parameters of microdischarges with the morphology of the surface and the elemental composition of the formed coatings is substantiated; it is shown that the ratio of illuminated and non-illuminated sections of the sample surface by microdischarges can be used as a rough estimate of the ratio of electron and ion currents corresponding to microplasma and electrochemical processes. A mathematical model describing the dependence of the coating thickness on the oxidation time based on Faraday's laws for electrolysis and the results of measuring the optical parameters of microdischarges and the electrical parameters of the MAO process without taking into account microplasma processes that do not lead to an increase in the thickness of coatings is proposed. The error of adequacy of the proposed model does not exceed ±10 %. The results of the study can be used in the development of a digital twin of the micro-arc oxidation process.

Direct measurement of multi-angle evanescent field by whispering gallery mode of the microsphere and fluorescent spots in an optical waveguide fluorescence microscopy

Evanescent field (EF) has been widely applied in various micro-imaging techniques for its ability to excite surfaces. However, measuring the multi-angle EF remains challenging. In this paper, the whispering gallery mode (WGM) is observed in an excited microsphere on an optical waveguide (OWG) with a thickness of 0.6 mm, which is used to determine the diameter of the excited microsphere. A simple and nondestructive measurement method for multi-angle OWG-EF is proposed, which is based on the reliable diameter of the microsphere, determined by WGM and the TIRF spots. The measurement result for multi-angle OWG-EF shows a dynamic range between ∼180 and ∼2400 nm, which shows good agreement with the simulation results. The method synchronization possible for EF measurements and fluorescent experiments.

Adaptive and low-cost resource synchronization based on data distribution service in high dynamic networks

In disaster-stricken areas monitoring, management, search, and rescue operations, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a crucial role in disaster management and emergency communication due to their high mobility. To efficiently coordinate and plan UAVs and their carried sensor and base station resources, synchronization is essential to establish consistency, laying the foundation for high-level demands. In such scenarios, synchronization relies on request–response (RR) or publish–subscribe (PS) forms of information exchange. Existing research in the field typically focuses on higher-level applications and selects either RR or PS synchronization, thereby overlooking the potential advantages that could be gained from combining both methods to meet synchronization requirements. We propose a resource synchronization method based on the Data Distribution Service (DDS) and a linear time complexity subscription mechanism tailored to specific query demands, which considers the pros and cons of the above two information exchange forms and the bottom-layer network topology. Experimental results using open-source simulation tools demonstrate that the proposed method adapts to scene requirements and decreases bandwidth by at least 21.2% and packet rate by at least 3.7% compared to different baseline methods across three topologies, while satisfying delay and query success rate requirements. Furthermore, the method maintains robust performance in the face of dynamic changes in network topology, showcasing its robustness.

Methods of karyoplast cell cycle synchronization for increasing the efficiency of somatic cloning of farm animals

This article is aimed to the analysis of methods for synchronizing the cell cycle of the somatic cells (karyoplasts) upon somatic cloning of farm animals. To obtain cloned animals, the oocytes at the metaphase of the second meiotic division without prior activation are applied as recipient cells in most experiments. In most experiments to obtain cloned offspring, oocytes are used as recipient cells at metaphase of the second meiotic division without prior activation, which determines the choice of somatic cells as karyoplasts at the G0/G1 stage, the most optimal for subsequent nuclear reprogramming by oocyte cytoplasmic factors. The most commonly used methods for arresting cells in this phase are serum starvation and/or contact inhibition, which allows up to 90% of cells to be stopped at the G0/G1 stage. However, despite the effectiveness of these methods, they have a number of significant limitations, and therefore the addition of components to the culture medium of somatic cells that prevent the progression of cells through the cell cycle stages is becoming widespread. The advantage of using chemical inhibitors is the ability of a number of them to have a protective effect on somatic cells, preventing the induction of apoptotic changes. The efficacy of butyrolactone-I, mimosine and aphidicolin application is controversial but a number of studies attests the possible using of these drugs to synchronize the karyoplasts. Thus, there is a wide range of methods for effective synchronization of the cell cycle of karyoplasts, and when choosing the optimal method, one should pay attention to the type of cells, the species of animals from which they were obtained, the permissible duration of cultivation under given conditions in order to minimize the negative impact of conditions on karyoplast viability.

Directed brain interactions over time: A resting-state EEG comparison between schizophrenia and healthy individuals

Understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms of schizophrenia (SZ) is one of the challenges of neuroscience. Many anatomical and functional studies have pointed to problems in brain connectivity in SZ individuals. However, little is known about the relationships between specific brain regions and impairments in brain connectivity in SZ individuals. Herein we propose a new approach using time-varying graphs and the motif synchronization method to build dynamic brain functional networks (BFNs). Dynamic BFNs were constructed from resting-state electroencephalography (rs-EEG) of 14 schizophrenia (SZ) individuals and 14 healthy controls (HCs). BFNs were evaluated based on the percentage of synchronization importance between a pair of regions (considering external and internal interactions) over time. We found differences in the directed interaction between brain regions in SZ individuals compared to the control group. Our method revealed low bilaterally directed interactions between the temporal lobes in SZ individuals compared to HCs, indicating a potential link between altered brain connectivity and the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. From a clinical perspective, these results shed light on developing new therapeutic approaches targeting these specific neural interactions that are altered in individuals with SZ. This knowledge allows the application of better interventions focused on restoring or compensating for interrupted connectivity patterns.

A time-efficient nonlinear control method for the hyperchaotic finance system synchronization

Irregular and complex behavior in the financial system can disrupt stability and smooth economic growth. It causes randomness within the system, generating chaos; hindering synchronization behaviour. Achieving smooth and rapid synchronization between two coupled hyperchaotic finance (HF) systems with lessened fluctuation of input and output signals is vital for continuing financial stability and fostering economic growth, a challenge addressed in this article. The paper proposes a novel time-efficient nonlinear control (TENLC) technique and investigates HF systems synchronization using the drive-response system (DRS) arrangement. The proposed TENLC strategy realizes fast and smooth synchronization behaviour between two coupled HF systems, reducing closed-loop state-variable trajectory oscillations. The controller is designed to retain the nonlinear components within the closed-loop system and does not depend on the system's parameters, simplifying the design and analysis process. The Lyapunov stability technique confirms the closed-loop's global stability at the origin. Proofs of mathematical analysis and computer-based simulation results validate the theoretical findings, showing that the presented TENLC strategy converges the state error trajectories to zero in a short transient time with lessened fluctuations for all signals. The comparative computer-based simulation analysis confirms that the presented TENLC approach outperforms other synchronization control techniques.

An ultrasensitive green synchronous factorized spectrofluorimetric approach for the simultaneous determination of Favipiravir and Molnupiravir: Application to pharmaceutical, environmental, and biological matrices.

During the pandemic, Favipiravir (FVP) and Molnupiravir (MPV) have been widely used for COVID-19 treatment, leading to their presence in the environment. A green synchronous spectrofluorimetric method was developed to simultaneously detect them in environmental water, human plasma, and binary mixtures. Maximum fluorescence intensity was achieved at pH 8, with MPV exhibiting two peaks at 300 and 430 nm, and FVP showing one peak at 430 nm. A fluorescence subtraction method effectively removed interference, enabling direct determination of MPV at 300 nm and FVP at 430 nm. The method showed linearity within 2-13 ng/mL for FVP and 50-600 ng/mL for MPV, with recoveries of 100.35% and 100.12%, respectively. Limits of detection and quantification were 0.19 and 0.57 ng/mL for FVP and 10.52 and 31.88 ng/mL for MPV. Validation according to ICH and FDA guidelines yielded acceptable results. The method demonstrated good recoveries of FVP and MPV in pharmaceuticals, tap water and Nile water (99.62% ± 0.96% and 99.69% ± 0.64%) as per ICH guidelines and spiked human plasma (94.87% ± 2.111% and 94.79% ± 1.605%) following FDA guidelines, respectively. Its environmental friendliness was assessed using Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and the Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE) tools.

Uncovering the factors underlying collaboration outcomes in interprofessional education: A preliminary investigation involving healthcare students

BackgroundInterprofessional education (IPE) incorporates healthcare students from various disciplines to learn with, about, and from one another, aiming to foster effective collaboration. However, the factors that promote these collaboration outcomes remain elusive. Recognizing this knowledge gap, this study utilizes self-determination theory applied in a ten-day IPE programme. The study aims are twofold: to clarify the potential influence of personal factors (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) and environmental factors (clear goals and technology support) on collaboration outcomes (team goal achievement and team effectiveness) and to examine the effect of the IPE on these outcomes. MethodologyThe study utilized an IPE programme that integrated asynchronous and synchronous learning methods across two institutions in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom. This involved 147 students from diverse healthcare disciplines who were enrolled in the IPE programme. A pre- and post-test design was employed to examine programme effects. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to explore the factors influencing these outcomes, while paired samples t-tests were used to evaluate the effect of the IPE programme on collaboration outcomes. ResultsAmong the personal factors, a sense of relatedness emerged as an important predictor of team effectiveness and goal achievement. Clear goals and technology support positively influenced collaboration outcomes. A paired samples t-test indicated significant improvements in collaboration outcomes after the IPE simulation. ConclusionThese findings highlight the importance of designing a large IPE programme that meets basic psychological needs (especially the sense of relatedness) and provides clear goals and adequate technology support in the IPE context. This study is helpful to understand how personal and environmental factors promote the collaboration outcomes in medical education and provide insights for future IPE curriculum development.

Design of a logistics warehouse robot positioning and recognition model based on improved EKF and calibration algorithm

Automatic guided vehicles for logistics warehousing are a key link in the construction of intelligent logistics. To improve the positioning accuracy of warehouse robots, we designed an advanced extended Kalman filter method integrating multiple synchronous positioning techniques and map construction methods, and completed the calibration and detection of pallets based on color image information. The results revealed that the proposed multi-innovation enhanced model achieved minimum relative rotation and absolute trajectory errors of 0.13 and 0.09, outperforming existing models. It showcased excellent mapping fidelity and integrity (above 0.9) across various datasets, with a high loop detection success rate (0.91) enhancing map precision. The tray fusion detection algorithm's AUC (area under the curve) reached 0.92, reflecting a balanced accuracy-recall tradeoff. This research offers robust positioning and mapping capabilities in logistics warehousing environments, effectively identifying errors and ensuring pallet accuracy. The detection error and accuracy of this method are better than the other three models, with the lowest average absolute error of 0.32 and the lowest root-mean-square error of 0.27, and the overall error in the detection of pallets is small. The findings provide strong theoretical backing and technical support for advancing intelligent logistics warehousing technology. Precise positioning and identification capabilities enable logistics and warehousing robots to accurately and quickly complete tasks such as access, handling and sorting of goods, greatly improving the efficiency of warehousing operations, promoting the digital transformation and intelligent development of the logistics and warehousing industry, and improving the competitiveness of the industry and the level of service.

A novel synchronous fluorescence approach for the simultaneous determination of tafamidis and carvedilol in human plasma at nanogram levels: Compliance with greenness metrics

In this study, a green and highly sensitive synchronous spectrofluorimetric method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of tafamidis (TAF) and carvedilol (CAR) for the first time. The method utilized the inherent fluorescence properties of both drugs, offering high sensitivity and selectivity. The two drugs were measured concurrently at 292 nm and 242 nm for TAF and CAR, respectively at △λ = 100 nm using water as a green diluting solvent. The method was then validated following the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) recommendations, demonstrating acceptable linearity, precision, accuracy, and selectivity within the specified concentration ranges. The concentrations were linear over the ranges of 10.0–600.0 and 1.0–50.0 ng/mL with limits of detection of 2.67 and 0.08 ng/mL for TAF and CAR, respectively. Due to the high sensitivity, the developed method was applied for analysis of the studied drugs in human plasma samples with high %recoveries (98.27–101.82), indicating good bioanalytical applicability. The greenness and eco-friendliness of the designed methodology were verified using the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) tools. The designed approach is the first analytical approach for TAF and CAR simultaneous analysis without the need for any hazardous chemicals or reagents. The high sensitivity, simplicity, rapidity, greenness, and cost-effectiveness of the proposed method make it suitable for the therapeutic drug monitoring of the investigated drugs.

Federated Learning Survey: A Multi-Level Taxonomy of Aggregation Techniques, Experimental Insights, and Future Frontiers

The emerging integration of IoT (Internet of Things) and AI (Artificial Intelligence) has unlocked numerous opportunities for innovation across diverse industries. However, growing privacy concerns and data isolation issues have inhibited this promising advancement. Unfortunately, traditional centralized machine learning (ML) methods have demonstrated their limitations in addressing these hurdles. In response to this ever-evolving landscape, Federated Learning (FL) has surfaced as a cutting-edge machine learning paradigm, enabling collaborative training across decentralized devices. FL allows users to jointly construct AI models without sharing their local raw data, ensuring data privacy, network scalability, and minimal data transfer. One essential aspect of FL revolves around proficient knowledge aggregation within a heterogeneous environment. Yet, the inherent characteristics of FL have amplified the complexity of its practical implementation compared to centralized ML. This survey delves into three prominent clusters of FL research contributions: personalization, optimization, and robustness. The objective is to provide a well-structured and fine-grained classification scheme related to these research areas through a unique methodology for selecting related work. Unlike other survey papers, we employed a hybrid approach that amalgamates bibliometric analysis and systematic scrutinizing to find the most influential work in the literature. Therefore, we examine challenges and contemporary techniques related to heterogeneity, efficiency, security, and privacy. Another valuable asset of this study is its comprehensive coverage of FL aggregation strategies, encompassing architectural features, synchronization methods, and several federation motivations. To further enrich our investigation, we provide practical insights into evaluating novel FL proposals and conduct experiments to assess and compare aggregation methods under IID and non-IID data distributions. Finally, we present a compelling set of research avenues that call for further exploration to open up a treasure of advancement.

Synchronous control method for the walking system of the dual forging manipulators based on triangular velocity planning

The primary function of the dual forging manipulators’ walking system is to precisely control the axial feeding of forgings. The stability and control accuracy of this system significantly impact forging quality and production efficiency. To achieve synchronized position control, a mathematical model was developed using two 20 kN forging manipulators as the research subjects. Subsequently, a triangular velocity trajectory planner was devised to examine the effects of acceleration, start–stop coefficient, and peak coefficient on the control behavior of the system. Lastly, the efficacy of this control method, which employing triangular velocity planning (TVP) for displacement–velocity composite control, was confirmed through equivalent experiments. The results indicate that this method can effectively regulate the response dynamics of two walking systems, with a displacement difference of less than 1 mm between the two manipulators.

A method for the synchronization of inertial sensor signals and local field potentials from deep brain stimulation systems

Objective. Recent innovative neurostimulators allow recording local field potentials (LFPs) while performing motor tasks monitored by wearable sensors. Inertial sensors can provide quantitative measures of motor impairment in people with subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. To the best of our knowledge, there is no validated method to synchronize inertial sensors and neurostimulators without an additional device. This study aims to define a new synchronization method to analyze disease-related brain activity patterns during specific motor tasks and evaluate how LFPs are affected by stimulation and medication. Approach. Fourteen male subjects treated with subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation were recruited to perform motor tasks in four different medication and stimulation conditions. In each condition, a synchronization protocol was performed consisting of taps on the implanted neurostimulator, which produces artifacts in the LFPs that a nearby inertial sensor can simultaneously record. Main results. In 64% of the recruited subjects, induced artifacts were detected at least in one condition. Among those subjects, 83% of the recordings could be synchronized offline analyzing LFPs and wearables data. The remaining recordings were synchronized by video analysis. Significance. The proposed synchronization method does not require an external system (e.g., TENS electrodes) and can be easily integrated into clinical practice. The procedure is simple and can be carried out in a short time. A proper and simple synchronization will also be useful to analyze subthalamic neural activity in the presence of specific events (e.g., freezing of gait events) to identify predictive biomarkers.

Dynamic load reference based DQ-axis synchronous frame control method of grid connected PV hybrid microgrid

The hybrid AC-DC microgrid is a system that links AC and DC microgrids using a bidirectional AC-DC interface converter. The presence of dynamic loads is a major obstacle to the implementation of the microgrid concept, and those 50 % include asynchronous motors. This paper presents a control system for a hybrid microgrid that powers an electrical motor using the field-oriented control (FOC) method. This study investigates the significance of third-harmonic injected PWM (THIPWM) in reducing the necessary voltage across the DC bus while still achieving the required AC voltage at motor terminals. MATLAB/Simulink simulation tool and OPAL-RT for real-time simulations were used for validation of the proposed control. The outcomes show the tracking of the reference currents, achieving accurate torque control, managing various operating modes like grid-connected having SPWM and THIPWM, or operation with PV and battery sources. The research also highlights lower settling time values as well as lower total harmonic distortion (THD) compared to SPWM in different load conditions using THIPWM.

Evaluation of synchronous and asynchronous e-learning methods among MBBS students’ in medical institutions for medical education: An educational interventional study

Abstract Background: The closure of educational institutions due to COVID-19 conditions created a situation where contact between students and teachers became almost impossible. It imposed a potential need for adopting alternative learning methods. Objective: The objective of this study was to carry out an evaluation of synchronous and asynchronous e-learning methods planned among MBBS students. Materials and Methods: An educational interventional study was carried out, including two equipotent academic potential groups of all students of phase 3 part one. Two groups were created (Group A – Synchronous and Group B – Asynchronous) and taught five sessions for each group with asynchronous and synchronous e-learning styles, and perceptions of students regarding learning style were recorded. The data were analyzed using SPSS, and paired t-test and independent t-test were used to compare responses. A descriptive analysis of responses received for perceptions of both learning on a 5-point Likert was carried out. Results: Despite the asynchronous group having a higher pretest mean score (33.63 ± 12.03) compared to the synchronous group (25.20 ± 10.1), the post-test mean scores revealed greater improvement in the synchronous group (82.21 ± 12.2) compared to the asynchronous group (81.08 ± 13.32). The study revealed statistically significant higher posttest scores (P < 0.001) in both groups. Asynchronous e-learning was slightly preferable for phase 3 students compared to synchronous e-learning based on the perception given by students. Conclusion: Online methods and teaching implemented with the right planning will definitively serve as an alternative in situations like COVID-19. Although these methods cannot replace face-to-face learning, they help develop students’ interest in new learning styles and prepare them for adverse learning conditions.

Chaos synchronization of two coupled map lattice systems using safe reinforcement learning

When synchronizing two continuous typical chaotic systems, the state variables of the response system are usually bounded and satisfy the Lipschitz condition. This permits a universal synchronization method. In the synchronization of two high-dimensional discrete chaotic systems such as the coupled map lattice systems, the state variables of the response system often diverge, which makes it difficult to seek a universal synchronization method. To overcome this difficulty, bounded and hard constraints, which correspond to the concept of safety level III in reinforcement learning terms, on the state variables must be imposed, when the discrete response system is perturbed. We propose a universal method for synchronizing two discrete systems based on safe reinforcement learning (RL). In this method, the RL agent’s policy is used to reach the goal of synchronization and a safety layer added directly on top of the policy is used to satisfy safety level III. The safety layer consists of a one-step predictor for the perturbed response system and an action correction formulation. The one-step predictor, based on a next generation reservoir computing, is used to identify whether the next state of the perturbed system is within the chaotic domain, and if not, the action correction formula is activated to modify the corresponding perturbing force component to zero. In this way, the state of the perturbed system will remain in the bounded chaotic domain. We demonstrate that the proposed method succeeds in synchronization without divergence through a numerical example with two coupled map lattice systems, and the average synchronization time is 12.66 iteration steps over 1000 different initial conditions. The method works even when parameter mismatches and disturbances exist in the system. We compare the performance in both cases with and without the safety layer and find that successful synchronization is only possible in the former case, emphasizing the significance of the safety layer. The performance of the algorithm with optimal hyper-parameters obtained by Bayesian optimization is robust and stable.