A novel synchronous fluorescence approach for the simultaneous determination of tafamidis and carvedilol in human plasma at nanogram levels: Compliance with greenness metrics

Abstract

In this study, a green and highly sensitive synchronous spectrofluorimetric method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of tafamidis (TAF) and carvedilol (CAR) for the first time. The method utilized the inherent fluorescence properties of both drugs, offering high sensitivity and selectivity. The two drugs were measured concurrently at 292 nm and 242 nm for TAF and CAR, respectively at △λ = 100 nm using water as a green diluting solvent. The method was then validated following the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) recommendations, demonstrating acceptable linearity, precision, accuracy, and selectivity within the specified concentration ranges. The concentrations were linear over the ranges of 10.0–600.0 and 1.0–50.0 ng/mL with limits of detection of 2.67 and 0.08 ng/mL for TAF and CAR, respectively. Due to the high sensitivity, the developed method was applied for analysis of the studied drugs in human plasma samples with high %recoveries (98.27–101.82), indicating good bioanalytical applicability. The greenness and eco-friendliness of the designed methodology were verified using the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) tools. The designed approach is the first analytical approach for TAF and CAR simultaneous analysis without the need for any hazardous chemicals or reagents. The high sensitivity, simplicity, rapidity, greenness, and cost-effectiveness of the proposed method make it suitable for the therapeutic drug monitoring of the investigated drugs.