Cognitive Modeling Method Research Articles

COGNITIVE MODELING OF PROCESSES RELATED TO PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT IN AN ORGANIZATION

When managing organizations, it is necessary in many cases to implement personnel management procedures. The paper proposes to use the methodology of cognitive modeling. Then the most effective management decisions and scenarios for the development of events can be selected using the fact that concepts are distinguished that will characterize the current situation in a qualitative and quantitative way. In addition, estimates of the mutual influence of factors are considered. The method of cognitive modeling of the processes of managing the development of the organization's personnel is proposed. In the course of its implementation, cognitive maps are formed. A block diagram aimed at cognitive and simulation dynamic analysis and modeling is presented. The implementation of the development of strategies and forecasts of how the personnel of the organization will develop with the involvement of a cognitive approach is considered in the form of the presented analytical technology. Suggestions for an intelligent advising system are given. The functions that are designed to solve problems related to the development of the company's personnel are shown. In the results, based on the proposed approach, an illustration of the developed scheme of causal relationships in the analysis of violations of technological discipline is given. The results of the work can be useful in modeling and managing the work of personnel in corporate information systems.

FORMALIZATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS AND ENDOGENOUS PROCESSES ON THE FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES OF AGRIBUSINESS ENTERPRISES

The functioning of business structures in the agricultural sector has recently become significantly more complicated. In today's conditions, it is becoming more and more difficult to develop security strategies for agribusiness enterprises, because factors that have arisen relatively recently, especially of an external nature, have a significant negative impact on the financial activities of enterprises. In order to make optimal financial decisions, the entire toolkit, developed and tested by many years of business experience in the agricultural sector both abroad and in the middle of our country, should be used. One of these methods is economic descriptive cognitive modeling, which allows to analyze external and internal factors influencing the activities of enterprises, evaluate the strength of their interaction, and graphically display cause-and-effect relationships in a dynamic system. The method of cognitive modeling was studied in order to formalize the influence of exogenous and endogenous processes on the financial activity of agribusiness enterprises. As a result of the research, the components of the development of enterprises in the agricultural sector were analyzed from the standpoint of ensuring the efficiency of their financial activities using cognitive modeling. A matrix of causality and a cognitive map of the influence of a number of factors on the target component "financial activity of the agribusiness enterprises" were built. Impulse modeling of the influence of given concepts was carried out. The results of the conducted cognitive modeling of the influence of factors can be used to develop a safe strategy for the sustainable development of enterprises of other industries in the conditions of dynamic changes. The application of the cognitive approach made it possible to foresee various processes of development of situations in this system that may arise in it under the expected influence of various factors, as well as the influence of regulatory and control systems.

«Coronavirus Pandemic» Conceptual Framework: Analysis of Verbal Representation in the English-Speaking Media

The article is devoted to the study of the "coronavirus pandemic" conceptual framework. The new conditions of existence could not but be reflected in the language — through the appearance of new words and phrases, as well as through the actualization of previously existing lexical units as a result of their transition from special spheres of functioning to general use, which in turn are united by one conceptual framework оf "coronavirus pandemic". The relevance of this work is determined by the constant development of the English language, the emergence of new lexical units that directly affect the expansion of vocabulary. This paper presents a selection of lexical units that verbalize the conceptual framework of the "coronavirus pandemic" in the English linguistic consciousness. The object of the study is the conceptual framework "coronavirus pandemic". The subject of the study is the lexical means of representing the concepts that make up the "coronavirus pandemic" conceptual framework. The purpose of this work is to study the linguistic ways of representing the conceptual framework of the "coronavirus pandemic" and to identify its structure. The empiric material is lexical units obtained by continuous sampling from English-language websites and online magazines for 2020-2022. The scientific novelty of the study lies in an attempt to study and model the conceptual framework of the "coronavirus pandemic" and consider the means of its representation. In this study, the following methods were used: continuous sampling method, analysis, synthesis, cognitive modeling method, contextual method, word-formation analysis, as well as quantitative analysis.

COGNITIVE MECHANISMS OF FORMATION OF TEMPORAL MEANINGS IN THE ADVERTISING TOURIST NARRATIVE

Background. The article considers cognitive mechanisms of the formation of the temporal meanings in the advertising tourist narrative. Relevance of the study is determined by its correlation with modern linguistic research aimed at studying linguistic semantics in its relationship with cognitive structures. Having a multicomponent structure, time is currently positioned as an attribute of human activity and also as a phenomenon of human existence. However, there is insufficient study of the interpretive potential of time, which makes research topic relevant.
 Purpose. The research purpose is as follows: to determine the cognitive mechanisms of the temporal organization of the advertising tourist narrative.
 Materials and methods. Language units of various levels were used for the study, obtained from authentic online texts of advertising tourist narrative. The main research methods include analysis and synthesis of theoretical material, the continuous sampling method, descriptive method, contextual analysis method as well as cognitive modeling method.
 Results. The results have shown that the main cognitive mechanisms of formation and interpretation of temporal meanings in the advertising tourist narrative include focusing, profiling, perspectivization, conceptual metaphor. Cognitive models of structuring temporal meanings, the source of which are the cognitive mechanisms outlined above, are considered.
 Practical implications. The research results can be used in the development of courses on general linguistics, lexicology and cognitive linguistics.

Cognitive Model of Library Management in Crisis Conditions

Objective. The article considers library management as a complex socio-communication system in conditions of uncertainty of the external environment. The essence and methods of cognitive library management as an effective means of overcoming instability and global challenges of the XXI century are substantiated. Methods. With the help of information analysis, the peculiarities of the cognitive approach to library management in a crisis situation were defined. Results. A conclusion is made regarding the effectiveness of cognitive analysis, in particular PEST and SWOT analysis, cognitive structuring technologies. Cognitive analysis is considered as a powerful tool for researching a certain state of the library in an unstable and poorly structured environment. The application of the cognitive modeling method was used to identify the components of library management in conditions of uncertainty. Conclusions. Attention is focused on the need to use cognitive modeling, which contributes to a better understanding of the problem situation, detection of contradictions and qualitative analysis of the library as a system. A cognitive model of library management based on knowledge application technology in the management and decision-making process and effective communication interaction is proposed.

Proposal of ACT-R cognitive modeling method for Stroop Task based on quantitative prediction of mental workload

The Stroop task is used to understand human errors in cognitive processing, particularly in the context of ACT-R cognitive architecture. In existing ACT-R models, the Stroop effect is driven by the competition between intuitive and deliberate processes. However, it is difficult to determine criteria for intuition and deliberation. In this study, we propose a new method based on dual process theory for the Stroop task. We represent the switches between intuitive and deliberate processes through the quantitative prediction value of cognitive load based on ACTR. The proposed cognitive model shows a relatively good representation of the Stroop effect, as demonstrated by the validation experiment. This method contributes to the expansion of the ACT-R modeling field by enabling the representation of human errors due to intuitive decisions in the Stroop task.

OPO-FCM: A Computational Affection Based OCC-PAD-OCEAN Federation Cognitive Modeling Approach

In recent years, it is a difficult issue to integrate the deep cross-fertilization and interpretable cognitive modeling methods from the basic theory of emotional psychology with deep learning and other algorithms. To address this problem, a cognitive model that integrates the VGG-facial action coding system (FACS)-OCC model based on fer2013 expression features and the OCC-pleasure-arousal-dominance (PAD)-openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN) fusion of the basic theory of emotional psychology, namely, a computational affection-based OCC-PAD-OCEAN federation cognitive modeling (OPO-FCM), is constructed. By constructing this model and performing formal proof algorithms, it is shown that the OPO-FCM can acquire expression features in video streams, complete the acquisition of expression features in videos by training a deep neural network, map expressions to the PAD emotion space through the established expression–basic emotions–emotion space mapping relationship, and finally complete the mapping of the average emotion over a period time. The information of personality space is obtained through it. Finally, the experimental simulation of the model is conducted, and the results show that the average accuracy of the valid tested personalities is 79.56%. This article takes the knowledge-driven approach of emotional psychology as a starting point and combines deep learning techniques to construct interpretable cognitive models, thus providing new ideas for future cross-innovation between computer technology and psychology theory.

Exploring affiliate marketing's impact on customers' brand engagement and vulnerability in the online banking service sector

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of affiliate marketing strategies as a tool for increasing customers' engagement and vulnerability over financial services. This is attempted by examining the connection between affiliate marketing factors and customers' brand engagement and vulnerability metrics.Design/methodology/approachThe authors developed a three-staged methodological context, based on the 7 most known centralized payment network (CPN) firms' website analytical data, which begins with linear regression analysis, followed by hybrid modeling (agent-based and dynamic models), so as to simulate brand engagement and vulnerability factors' variation in a 180-day period. The deployed context ends by applying the cognitive modeling method of producing heatmaps and facial analysis of CPN websites to the selected 47 vulnerable website customers, for gathering more insights into their brand engagement.FindingsThroughout the simulation results of the study, it becomes clear that a higher number of backlinks and referral domains tend to increase CPN firms' brand-engaged and vulnerable customers.Research limitations/implicationsFrom the simulation modeling process, the implication for backlinks and referral domains as factors that enhance website customers' brand engagement and vulnerability has been highlighted. A higher number of brand-engaged website customers could mean that vulnerable categories of customers would be impacted by CPNs' affiliate marketing. Improving those customers' knowledge of the financial services utility is of utmost importance.Practical implicationsThe outcomes of the research indicate that online banking service providers can increase their customers' engagement with their brands by adopting affiliate marketing techniques. To avoid the increase in customers' vulnerability, marketers should aim to apply affiliate marketing strategies to domains relevant to the provided financial services.Originality/valueThe paper's outcomes provide a new approach to the literature, where the website customer's brand engagement comes out as a valuable metric for estimating online banking sector customers' vulnerability.

Вторичность и интерпретативная репрезентация

The article deals with the phenomenon of secondary functions as the basis of interpretative representation, which involves the objectification of a set of meanings by a language unit with a negative evaluative focus. The aim of the study is to consider the secondary nomination in the aspect of interpretive representation, projected on the implementation of negative evaluative focus, and as a result leading to a communicative conflict. It was found that modification of the systemically fixed categorical meaning of language units, metaphorical, metonymic and metaphtonymic modeling, conceptual comparison and non-prototypical compliment lead to interpretive representation. The potential of these ways of implementing secondary functions is variable. If metaphor, metonymy, metaphthonymy and conceptual comparison can be used to form a positive assessment of a person, a non-prototypical compliment is always interpreted as a negative evaluation. As a result of the modification of the categorical meaning, not only the evaluation, but also the objective situation can be represented by non-prototypical means. Taking into account the results obtained, a scheme was modeled for the implementation of the secondary functions of language units as a way of representing a negative evaluation of a person. The method of conceptual analysis, the method of cognitive modeling and the method of prototypical semantics were used as the main research methods. It has been established that the use of language units in the secondary function reflects the dynamic processes in the semiotic space associated with the anthropocentric approach to language studies and the dynamics of human perception. To ensure conflict-free communication, it is advisable to predict cases of negative understanding of the secondary functions of language units and avoid their use. The prospect of this study is to consider the secondary functions of language units in order to eliminate cognitive dissonance in communication on the material of other languages. Modeling ways to implement secondary functions in language can also serve as a basis for studying the knowledge transmitted in communication, as well as studying the relationship of language with perception, memory, thinking, and experiential knowledge of a person, which, in turn, makes it possible to reveal the features of associative and figurative processes and cognitive activity of a person, which is not accessible to direct observation.

Cognitive Modeling of Information Support for Game-Based Automated Learning

Purpose of research. The main goal of this work is to increase the efficiency of automated game learning based on cognitive modeling. Based on the methodology of system analysis and cognitive modeling of weakly structured situations, the structure of a gaming automated training complex is proposed, which can be used in training personnel in various subject areas. In our case, staff training was simulated in stereotypical and non-stereotypical situations.Methods. This work is based on the general provisions of systems theory and system analysis, mathematical graph theory (which is based on cognitive modeling). The main tool of cognitive modeling was the construction of fuzzy cognitive maps of Silov. A modification of the algorithm for calculating the main system indicators of a fuzzy cognitive map was proposed. Game modeling, based on business games, was used for automated learning. The concept of an operational game was introduced, then modeling of the development of some unfavorable situation was carried out using fuzzy cognitive maps..Results. he main result of this work is the method of cognitive modeling of information support for game-based automated learning. Based on the developed methodology, a game simulation simulation of the operational game "House Fire" was carried out, which was based on the construction of a fuzzy cognitive map, for which the main quantitative system indicators of mutual influence, consonance and dissonance were calculated.Conclusion: the developed methodology allows for game modeling of unfavorable (including emergency) situations, which in the future will ensure adequate behavior of students in real situations.

Механизм диагностики эксплуатации малоинтенсивных железнодорожных линий на основе нечеткого когнитивного моделирования

For to identify functioning problem of railway lines various mechanisms are used, including the mechanism of low-intensity railway line exploitation diagnostics which allows to raise their functioning efficiency. The proposed mechanism allows to evaluate low-intensity railway line current state and to establish cause-and-effect relationships leading to line unprofitability, to give analysis of indicators which to the greatest extent influence negatively the line functioning. Cognitive modeling method is used for this purpose. The article develops enlarged cognitive map of low-intensity railway line functioning that’s used for the diagnostics of line exploitation existing state. Cognitive map consists of concepts, links between concepts and links’ weight values. On cognitive map basis, adjacency matrix is made up which allows to evaluate reliability and sustainability of fuzzy cognitive map according to internal and external disturbances. Characteristic equation and matrix eigenvalues are calculated which allow to give the assessment of cognitive map indicators in the form of the influence of concepts on system and of system on concepts. Fuzzy cognitive map indicators are established, namely, system influence consonance, system influence dissonance, concept influence on system which give the most complete representation of low-intensity line internal structure. “Technical resources”, “stations’ and section’s staff”, “normative base” among concepts touch on the largest positive impact on system. The most significant positive influence on the listed concepts will allow to rise operation efficiency of low-intensity railway lines. “Traffic volume” concept among concepts causes the most negative influence on the system because of the lack of quantity of train pairs, passing along the line, a day. The plan of experiments for to define the changes in the parameters of “Productivity and effectiveness” concepts, when exerting impulse influences on “Operational management”, “Technical resources” and “Stations’ and section’s staff” concepts with the purpose of the evaluation of their influence on “Productivity” and “Efficiency” concepts, is made up. When introducing impulses into “Staff” concept, productivity and efficiency growth is observed that testifies to the possibility of efficiency rise of low-intensity railway line functioning by the way of positive impulse on “Staff” concept.

МНОГОФАКТОРНЫЙ КОГНИТИВНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ЗАЩИЩЕННОСТИ ОБЪЕКТОВ КУЛЬТУРНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ РОССИИ

This article studies the issue of preserving the cultural and historical heritage of Russian cities in the face of a significant expansion of the range of threats, changes in the conditions of financing and economic activity. Analysis and ranking of risk factors for violation of the appearance and characteristics of objects of cultural and historical heritage make it possible to determine the most effective methods and means of mitigating threats and develop an optimal protection strategy. The application of analytical methods of factor analysis to solve those issues is difficult due to the qualitative nature and heterogeneity of risk factors. It is shown that the method of cognitive modeling and multivariate analysis based on a fuzzy cognitive map, which is a special type of semantic network, can be used to identify the subject area. To illustrate the proposed approach, the author opted for the State Memorial and Natural Reserve Museum-estate of L.N. Tolstoy “Yasnaya Polyana”, located in the Tula region. For the numerical solution of the issue, the author’s method of multivariate cognitive analysis based on the use of fuzzy cognitive maps by V.B. Silov. When identifying a fuzzy cognitive map, three groups of concepts were identified: threat factors; methods and means of protection; target factors. After transforming the original cognitive matrix to a transitive-closed form, the system indicators of the fuzzy cognitive map are calculated. As a result, the concepts that have a dominant weight influence on the protection of the Museum-estate “Yasnaya Polyana” are determined. The results of the study make it possible to substantiate a set of effective measures aimed at preserving the chosen object of cultural and historical heritage.

Фразеологическая модель метафорической интерпретации внешнЕГО ВИДА человека: конфликтогенный потенциал

The article analyzes the semantics of English phraseological units with food names as a means of transmitting knowledge about human appearance and also reveals their conflictogenic potential. The relevance of this study is determined by the increasing need to discover how conflict-free verbal interaction can be realized, and what risks such communication involves when using phraseological units. The aim of the study is to establish aspects of the information about human appearance represented by phraseological units and to discover the degree of success of communication involving their use, i.e., the degree of conflictogenicity of these units in the context. The main research methods are conceptual and definitional analysis and the method of cognitive modeling. The conducted research made it possible to identify metaphorical, metonymic, metaphthonymic cognitive models and cognitive models of comparison, used to create the analyzed phraseological units, to identify the characteristics on the basis of which the comparison and metonymic, metaphorical or metaphthonymic transfers are carried out. Having considered phraseological units functioning in different contexts, we came to the conclusion that phraseological units with a negative connotation can neutralize it in certain contexts without revealing their conflictogenic potential, while phraseological units with a positive connotation are able to become potentially conflict units in certain contexts.

КОГНИТИВНАЯ КАРТИНА МИРА В ИДЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ РАКУРСЕ СТАТЕЙ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОГО СЛОВАРЯ (на материале первого издания энциклопедии «Русский язык»)

The authors analyze the conceptual apparatus of the first edition of the encyclopedia “The Russian language” in cognitive aspect. The aim of the work is to reveal the role of ideology in the formation of the official portrait of linguistic science in the 1970s and to determine its influence on presentation and description of scientific terms. The study uses the method of contextual analysis, logical-semantic, historical-linguistic, cognitive modeling methods. The most important articles-ideologems from the point of view of the cognitive world view are considered: “History of the Russian literary language”, “Culture of language”, “Journalistic style”, “Russian language”, “Language and society”, etc. They allow to recreate the metacultural connections of a specific historical time and to identify ways of forming an ideologized context. The study showed that the transformation of the cognitive world view in Soviet science can be carried out without nominatively expressed references to ideological attitudes. And, conversely, not every reference to ideological formulas distorts the scientific model of reality. The results obtained can be used in the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries of terminological units and sociolinguistic dictionaries, in studying cognitive problems of modern scientific discourse. The authors come to the conclusion that the articles of the encyclopedic dictionary form a specific model of ideas about the Russian language, based on the evaluativeness of linguistic facts, the opposition of ideas and the deliberate distortion of reality in the direction of manipulation of concepts.

СПОСОБЫ ЭЛИМИНАЦИИ ДИССОНАНСА В ВОСПРИЯТИИ ФЕЙКОВЫХ НОВОСТЕЙ: КОГНИТИВНЫЙ ПОДХОД

The purpose of research is to consider the cognitive basis for the formation of fake information and describe the ways of giving this information the characteristics of truth. To achieve this goal, were applied the method of cognitive modeling and cognitive-discourse analysis. In information processing in order to impart truth characteristics to fake information, both cognitive and metacognitive levels are activated. Static declarative knowledge, which is obtained empirically and is stored in the human memory, is not sufficient for the authors of fake news. Such knowledge is objective and does not create the necessary associations. Due to the metacognitive level and its aspect - procedural knowledge, the authors of fake news manage to process the information in such a way that despite its unreliability, newly designed knowledge is perceived as true. This process involves the cognitive mechanisms of generalization, specification, cognitive metonymy, metaphtonymy, conceptual comparison, visualization, frame recurrence, concept substitution, and attention nesting. These mechanisms act as components of the procedural knowledge model which is the basis for the adaptability of fake news to truth indicators. All cognitive mechanisms are characterized by purposefulness, controllability, dynamism and interactivity. We see the prospect of further research in the need to compare the cognitive principles and mechanisms that are in demand in the elimination of cognitive dissonance in the perception of fake news by different authors and on the material of other languages.

ОЦИФРОВКА МУЛЬТИМОДАЛЬНЫХ МАРКЕРОВ ДИАЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ СИНХРОННЫХ ПЕРЕВОДЧИКОВ

The paper presents the method of cognitive modeling of communicative processes. With its help, it is possible to record and annotate multimodal markers of human cognitive reactions for the further creation of datasets embedded in robotic systems. The method makes it possible to typologize multimodal markers in order to make the interaction of man and machine in a dialogue more natural by introducing them into artificial intelligent systems. The material for the study was a corpus of video recordings of simultaneous interpreters’ work during real interpreting practice. The markers indicating the occurrence of a certain cognitive dissonance in a simultaneous interpreter are analyzed: sensory, emotional and terminologically conditioned.

Cognitive Mechanisms of Phraseological Units Interpretive Meaning Construction in Relation to Conflict-Free Communication

The authors examine the interpretive meanings of phraseological units from the perspective of a cognitive approach and within the framework of the linguistic interpretation theory in order to study their role in ensuring conflict-free communication in future research. The undertaken study covers the material from the Russian, English and French languages. The authors argue that the interpretive nature of phraseological units is due to the fact that their meanings convey a certain interpretation of already existing and earlier verbalized knowledge about objects and events. This interpretation takes as a basis the postulated similarity with other objects and events from the same or another conceptual domain and knowledge about them. The method of cognitive modeling applied by the authors makes it possible to determine the type of relationships between different entities, that make up a conceptual basis for phraseological meaning construction. In authors’ opinion, conflict-free verbal communication is directly related to the choice of cognitive mechanisms for the construction of meaning, transmitted by phraseological units, that prevent its misunderstanding or misinterpretation. The analysis of the language material shows that the process of phraseological interpretive meaning construction employs cognitive mechanisms of profiling, conceptual metaphor, conceptual comparison (analogy), conceptual metonymy and conceptual metaphtonymy, profiling being a universal cognitive mechanism that precedes all other cognitive operations.

Synergy of Investment Projects: A Cognitive Approach

An important part of the analysis of economic growth of regions is the study of the investment distribution within industries and Russian Federation regions. Carefully considered construction of extra value sequences can create positive impulses because of the synergetic effects of investment projects. The purpose of the study is to analyze the synergetic effects of regional investment projects and impulse modeling their effects on Russian economic system. Finding such effects requires complex mathematical models implementation, and usually it cannot describe all existing investment relationships. Cognitive modeling methods can become the solution of stated problem. Cognitive modeling is a combination of mathematical approaches and expert assessments. The following study includes multidimensional factor statistical analysis, which was applied to construct a cognitive map for impulse modeling. Based on investment projects in Russia, there were identified 4 main generalized economic factors. These factors were sets of closely interrelated industries. Complied factors were energy and chemical industry, mining and processing of minerals and mechanical engineering, quality of life, metalworking and woodworking. four main scenarios of investment impulses in the constructed factors were also evaluated. The growth of investment flows in the “quality of life” factor was chosen as the optimality criterion. It was revealed that the development of metal- and wood-processing provides the biggest positive effect. The conducted research shows the importance of investment synergy studying and describes a methodological approach to perform calculations.

Analyzing Current Approaches to Assessing the Quality of Software Products

Information technologies are the fastest developing industry today both in global economy and economy of Russia. Serious attention is paid to methodological aspects of quality management. Raising quality of software products is an objective of implementing the national project ‘Digital Economy of the Russian Federation’. Processes and stages of software development are modified with regard to new requirements to end product in accordance with adopted home standards. Thus the goal of improving the quality of software products is really topical. The quality of software product is influenced by various determinate and casual external and internal factors. Home experience of managing software quality refers to both western experience and works by Russian scientists, such as G. G. Azgal’dov, Yu. P. Adler, I. G. Venetskiy, V. V. Lipaev, S. D. Il’enkova, I. F. Shishkin, P. L. Chenyshev, V. M. Mishin. The article studies methods of managing software product quality that are used in home IT companies and carries out their comparative analysis. The author formulated proposals aiming at identification of drawbacks by using methods of cognitive modeling.

The Main Problems of Cognitive Linguistics

The article highlights the main problems of cognitive linguistics, its goals, object and subject of research, theoretical and methodological principles, based on the analysis of scientific works of famous scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development of cognitive science. The theoretical and methodological basis of cognitive linguistics is based on such influential theories as frame semantics, conceptual semantics, prototype theory, the theory of relevance, the theory of cognitive models and cognitive metaphor, the theory of mental spaces. The main principles of cognitive linguistics are anthropocentrism, interdisciplinarity and recognition of the cognitive and communicative functions of the language as the main ones. The main problems of cognitive linguistics are the problems of knowledge structures’ representation, the verbalization of concepts and their typology, the cognitive-discursive approach to the analysis of language units and text, the method of cognitive modeling, etc.