Methanol Extract Of Stem Research Articles

Antiplasmodial and in vitro antioxidant potentials of crude aqueous and methanol extracts of Chasmanthera dependens (Hochst)

BackgroundMalaria is a major cause of death in tropical countries such as Nigeria. Chasmanthera dependens (Hochst) is a wild plant used by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria and other health challenges. This study evaluated the 'Antiplasmodial and in vitro antioxidant potentials of crude aqueous and methanol extracts of leaves, root and stem of Chasmanthera dependens (Hochst)’.ResultsMethanol extracts of leaves and roots of this plant exhibited higher antimalarial activities than other extracts. The level of parasitemia was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the treated animals when compared to untreated ones. Antiplasmodial activities of methanol extracts of roots and stem did not differ significantly (p < 0.05) from their aqueous extracts. An increase in body weight and higher survival rates were recorded in all the treated groups. Scavenging of DPPH, NO, H2O2 radicals and reducing power ability were concentration-dependent. Methanolic extracts of C. dependens root showed the best reducing activity. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, phytate and oxalate.ConclusionAntimalarial and antioxidant properties of these extracts could be credited to the synergy between the phytoconstituents in this plant. Findings from this study justified the use of this plant in the treatment of malaria and other ailments.

Evaluation of bioavailability of three extracts of a less known ethno-medicinal plant, Thottea tomentosa from Assam

Plants of the genus Thottea have been established as wild ethno-medicinal plants. The plant, Thottea tomentosa also has the illness recuperative property. However there are no such reports so far on the solvent polarity base performances of the plant. Hence, the current work deals with the assessment of bioavailabilities like qualitative phyto-chemical screening, antioxidant efficiency, total phenol contents, total flavonoid contents and antimicrobial activity using various solvents of diverse polarities like hexane, chloroform, and methanol. Qualitative phyto-chemical screening exposes the stem part contains more phyto-chemicals than that of the leaf. In addition, phenolic compositions of methanol extract of stem and leaf; 374.99 ± 3.84 and 260.55 ± 4.00 mg GAE /g extract respectively comprises with a correlation between antioxidant activities of methanol extract of the stem and leaf (DPPH; IC50 202.39 ± 0.92 and 254.37 ± 1.47 µg/ml respectively). Thus, probable antimicrobial activities of methanol extract of stem and leaf were also study, than that of other extracts. Methanol stem extract against the microbes; Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 1427), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1195), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688), Staphylococcus aureus susp.aureus (MTCC 1430), Streptococcus pneumonie (MTCC 2672), Aspergillus niger (Lab isolates) and Candida albicans (MTCC 4748) exhibited highest zone of inhabitation (ZOI); 17.66 ± 1.45, 15.66 ± 0.88, 18.66 ± 0.66, 17.66 ± 1.45 19.33 ± 0.66 mm, 15.00 ± 1.15 and 14.66 ± 1.20 mm, respectively at concentration 20 mg/ml. Therefore, these results indicate that T. tomentosa can be satisfying the dietetic demand for the food and drug production.

Polarity guided extraction, HPLC based phytochemical quantification, and multimode biological evaluation of Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss

Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss. (Family: Lamiacae) is an important underexplored ethnomedicinal plant that has been used as antinflammatory, anticancer and antibacterial herbal remedy previously. The present work was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antileishmanial, and anticancer prospective of O. limbata stem and leaf extracts. The highest amount of phenolic and flavonoid content was obtained in the methanol-acetone and methanol stem extracts i.e., 53.29 ± 1.33 and 28.64 ± 1.16, respectively with highest DPPH scavenging in MeH stem extract (IC50 = 34.5 ± 1.34 μg/ml). Significant amount of catechin, gallic acid, apigenin and rutin was quantified. A moderate antibacterial and substantial antifungal activity was observed. Cytotoxicity against brine shrimps categorized 21% of stem (3 out of 14 extracts) and 57% (8 out of 14 extracts) of leaf extracts as potent. Substantial cytotoxicity against THP-1 cell line (IC50 = 3.46 ± 0.25 μg/ml) and Leishmania (IC50 = 1.50 ± 0.23 μg/ml) was exhibited by methanol-distilled water leaf extract while noteworthy antiproliferative activity against Hep-G2 (IC50 = 0.44 ± 0.45 μg/ml) was manifested by n-hexane stem extract. Absence of hemolysis in normal RBCs signified plant’s selective cytotoxicity. Methanol-distilled water and chloroform stem extracts displayed prominent protein kinase inhibition and antidiabetic potential of plant. The results of present study recommend O. limbata as a potential source of antifungal, antileishmanial, anticancer, and α-amylase inhibitory agents.

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Mimosa pudica L. extracts

Antioxidant activity of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of leaf, stem and root of Mimosa pudica L. was observed through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay. Five concentrations (12.5, 25.0, 50.0, 100.0 and 200.0µg/ml) were taken for each extract as well as the standard and the absorbances were measured at 517nm using a spectrophotometer against methanol blank. The activity was increased by the increment of concentrations of the extracts. In case of leaf, the highest scavenging percentage was found in chloroform extract (86.40%) at 200.0µg/ml concentration. But for stem and root, the highest scavenging percentages were found in ethyl acetate extracts (73.72% and 83.79% respectively) at same concentration. The ethyl acetate extracts showed the highest activity among all the extracts where the IC50 values were 65.152µg/ml, 76.036µg/ml and 65.000µg/ml and the lowest was found in petroleum ether extracts where the IC50 values were 130.129µg/ml, 147.891µg/ml and 186.449µg/ml for leaf, stem and root respectively and that was for ascorbic acid (standard) was 18.012µg/ml.

Evaluation of the antibacterial activities of methanol stem extract of Massularia acuminata and methanol twig extract of Garcinia kola on oral Bacteria and their effect in combination

Massularia acuminata and Garcinia kola are chewing sticks widely used in Nigeria rural population for oral and dental care. This research investigates the individual antibacterial effects of methanol extracts of stem and twigs of these plants respectively and the combined effect of both extracts, against isolates of the oral cavity. The isolates were obtained from the oral cavities of healthy undergraduate students. The bacteria isolates obtained were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Screening for antibacterial effect of each of the extracts and the combined extract on the standardized isolates was done by the Agar well diffusion method. On S. aureus, the methanol extract of M. acuminate and G. kola had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml with mean inhibitory zone diameter (IZD) of 3mm and 10mm respectively. The combination of both plant extracts showed MIC of 25mg/ml and a mean IZD of 4mm. On E. coli, M. acuminate and G. kola had MIC of 25mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml with mean IZD of 2mm and 3mm respectively. The combination of both extracts gave MIC of 25mg/ml and a mean IZD of 1mm. Both extracts didn’t exhibit any effect on the other 3 isolates. Statistical analysis using ANOVA showed the values were significant at p&lt;0.05 for antibacterial activity of G. kola, M. acuminata and the combined extracts against S. aureus, also significant for G. kola (p&lt;0.05) against E. coli but insignificant for M. acuminata and the combined extracts (p&gt;0.05). This study proved that M. acuminata and G. kola extracts can be used for oral hygiene, but not in combination

Evaluation of the antibacterial activities of methanol stem extract of Massularia acuminata and methanol twig extract of Garcinia kola on oral Bacteria and their effect in combination

Evaluation of the antibacterial activities of methanol stem extract of Massularia acuminata and methanol twig extract of Garcinia kola on oral Bacteria and their effect in combination

In Vitro Investigation of the Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potential of Tabernaemontana ventricosa Hochst. ex A. DC. Leaf, Stem, and Latex Extracts

Tabernaemontana ventricosa (Apocynaceae) a latex-bearing plant is used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic benefits in reducing fever and hypertension and wound healing. Due to limited information on the plant’s pharmacological activities, this study aimed to investigate the antioxidant potential of the leaf, stem, and latex extracts of T. ventricosa, using the Folin-Ciocalteu (total phenolics), aluminum chloride colorimetric (total flavonoids), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated in the human HEK293 (embryonic kidney), HeLa (cervical carcinoma), and MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) cell lines using the MTT assay. The latex extracts possessed the highest total phenolic content (115.36 ± 2.89 mg GAE/g), followed by the stem hexane extracts (21.33 ± 0.42 mg GAE/g), the chloroform leaf (7.89 ± 0.87 mg GAE/g), and the chloroform stem (4.69 ± 0.21 mg GAE/g) extracts. The flavonoid content was substantially high ranging from 946.92 ± 6.29 mg QE/g in the stem hexane, 768.96 ± 5.43 mg QE/g in the latex, 693.24 ± 4.12 mg QE/g in the stem chloroform, and 662.20 ± 1.00 mg QE/g in the leaf hexane extracts. The DPPH assays showed the highest percentage of inhibition at 240 µg/mL, for the stem hexane (70.10%), stem methanol (65.24%), and stem chloroform (60.26%) extracts, with their respective IC50 values of 19.26 µg/mL (stem hexane), 6.19 µg/mL (stem methanol), and 22.56 µg/mL (stem chloroform). The FRAP assays displayed minimal inhibition ranging from 4.73% to 14.40%, except for the latex extracts which displayed moderate inhibition at 15 µg/mL (21.82%) and substantial inhibition at 240 µg/mL (98.48%). The HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines were the most sensitive to the extracts, with the hexane, chloroform, and methanol leaf and stem, and latex extracts significantly affecting the percentage cell survival. Overall, the various parts of T. ventricosa exhibited strong antioxidant activity correlating to its cytotoxicity. Further studies should focus on the isolation of specific antioxidant compounds that could be investigated for their anticancer potential.

Invitro Cytotoxicity of Various Parts of Adhahapushpi (Trichodesma Indicum Linn.R.Br.) Against 3 Cancer Cell Lines

Cancer is a leading cause of death and an important source to the mortality and morbidity worldwide. The management in contemporary medicine is having toxicity to normal cells so the world is looking forward for drugs which are cytotoxic to cancer cells and non toxic to host cells and Medicinal plants are the doing well in this aspect. Adhahapushpi (Trichodesma indicum Linn.R.Br.)Belonging to Boraginaceae family is traditionally used as anticancer to treat breast cancer. Its cytotoxicity against breast cancer and cervical cancer is proved in previous researches. Objectives: The present study was conducted to evaluate its cytotoxicity against 3 Human cancer cell lines Viz. colon cancer cell line (HCT116), oral cancer cell line (KB) and skin cancer cell line (A375). Method: Alcohol, Methanol and Aqueous extracts of Root, Leaf, Stem and Fruit of Adhahapushpi were used to screen in-vitro cytotoxicity. Cytotoxic effect was analysed by MTT assay.&#x0D; Results: The ethanol Root extract was found to be more cytotoxic in vitro to colon cancer cell line (HCT116) with IC50values 176.5±13.36 µg/ml, ethanol extract of fruit to oral cancer cell line (KB-3-1) with IC50values 154 ± 3.89 µg/ml and root ethanol extract to skin cancer cell line (A375) with IC50values 169± 12.09 µg/ml respectively.

A comparative study of the anticorrosive response of Tinospora cordifolia stem extract for Al and Cu in biodiesel-based fuels

The anticorrosive effect of methanol extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem for Al and Cu metals in pure biodiesel and its 10% blend with petrodiesel was investigated at 25±2 °C in a closed system by corrosion, inhibition efficiency, adsorption, and electrochemical tests. The corrosion inhibiting action of the plant extract for Cu in the biodiesel was more efficient than in the blend, while the extract showed more anticorrosive behavior of Al metal in the blend than in the biodiesel. Adsorption of the plant extract on the metal surface conformed to the Langmuir adsorption model. The plant extract functioned as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor for both the metals in both biodiesel and its blend based on the experimental results. Outcomes of the study confirm the suggestive evidence to formulate the green extract-based biodiesel additives to enhance the anti-corrosive response for the Al and Cu metal parts of the vehicle engine. Nepal-origin Tinospora cordifolia stem extract could be used as an anticorrosive agent to control the corrosion of Al and Cu metals in biodiesel-based fuels.

In vitro antioxidant, antiglycation, and enzymatic inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, lipase and HMG-CoA reductase of Terminalia boivinii Tul.

Phytoantioxidants from Terminalia boivinii Tul. are of medical interest given their potential inhibitory capacity against the formation of glycation end products and key enzymes associated with metabolic syndrome. The present study investigated and compared the polyphenolic content and biological properties of ethyl acetate , n -butanol and aqueous solvent fractions of T. boivinii fruits, leaves, stem and bark methanolic extracts. The total bioactive content of the tested materials was evaluated by spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant activity was analyzed using DPPH, superoxide anion radical, metal chelation and FRAP assays. The enzyme inhibitory properties were tested on α-glucosidase, α-amylase, lipase and HMG-CoA reductase enzymes, while antiglycation activities were evaluated by the bovine serum albumin (BSA) - methylglyoxal (MG) method. Phytochemical analysis indicated that the ethyl acetate fractions had high levels of phenols (40.58 ± 2.94 mg GAE/g DW of leaves) and flavonoids (20.32 ± 1.62 mg QE/g DW of leaves) compared to the other extracts, which is directly related with their significant antiradical, reducing power, α-glucosidase, lipase and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory ability. However, the water fraction with the lowest polyphenol content was more active in metal chelation. Moreover, the antiglycation activities followed a similar pattern to the radical scavenging activities. Our results showed that T. boivinii is a viable source of natural bioactive antioxidant and enzyme-inhibiting chemicals that maybe considered for commercial exploitation. • Medicinal plants have great potential for the development of a multidrug for the treatment of diabetes. • The ethyl acetate fractions of methanol extracts contain high levels of phenols and flavonoids. • LC-MS analysis shows that the ethyl acetate fractions contain mainly tannins, lignans, tritepernoids and flavonoids. • The methanol extracts of Terminialia boivinii showed considerable antioxidant, antidiabetic and antiglycation activities. • Terminialia boivinii may be a promising source of antioxidant and antidiabetic agents.

Probing the chemical constituents of Cassia javanica and its in vitro analyses as a potent drug.

The phytochemical screening of the crude methanolic stem extracts of Cassia javanica plant showed the presence of different classes of organic compounds like alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phlobatanins, steroids, anthraquinone and cardiac glycoside. The starching frequencies of these functional groups were determined from FT-IR spectroscopic data. The crude and their fractions were examined for antibacterial potential against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. The antibacterial assay showed maximum zone of inhibition for ethyl acetate fraction, i.e. 20 mm against Proteus mirabilis and 18 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae in the comparison with Levofloxacin used as standard (40 mm). Meanwhile for methanolic crude extract, the inhibition zone was recorded 14 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae and 22 mm against Proteus mirabilis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations were recorded as 187.5 µg ml−1 against Proteus mirabilis and 93.75 µg ml−1 against Klebsiella pneumoniae. The scavenging free radical assay was noted as 69.61% at the concentration of 100 ppm.

In-vitro Antifungal efficacy of Some Medicinal Plants

The aims of the present study are to examine in-vitro antifungal activity of crude extracts of Sudanese medicinal plants against two fungal species in order to verify their possible inhibitory activity and to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for the observed activity. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and phytochemical screening were investigated for the most active extracts to detect the active group of secondary metabolites. Agar diffusion method was used to test their sensitivity. Chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of a total number of 23 plants belonging to 19 genera and 17 families were investigated against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. Among them, seven plant extracts showed efficacy against at least one of the two fungal cultures, and the methanol extracts of the different plants species exhibited a well marked antifungal activity. The bark methanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae), gave the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value (4.25 μg/ml) against C. albicans, whereas the stem methanolic extracts of Anogeissus schimperi (Combretaceae), gave the lowest MIC value (0.18 μg/ml) against S. cerevisiae.

GC-MS analysis & antifungal activity of Datura metel L. against Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.

The current study was designed to evaluate the antifungal properties of Datura metel L. against Rizoctonia solani Kuhn. To achieve this objective, six concentrations of leaves & stem methanol extract of D. metel viz. 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3% & 3.5% were tested against R. solani in vitro. Leaf extract of D. metel was found more effective as its 3.5% concentration caused 75% retardation in test fungal growth as compared to the stem extract. D. metel methanolic leaf extract was fractioned between n-butanol, n-hexane, chloroform & ethyl acetate & bioactivities of isolated fractions were tested against R. solani. The chloroform fraction was found highly effective, as its concentrations 0.1% & 0.01% caused 27% & 21% growth inhibition respectively. So, this particular chloroform fraction was further analyzed to identify various chemical constituents through GC-MS (Gas chromatography mass spectroscopic) analysis. Twelve phyto-constituents viz. eugenol, 2-pentadecanone 6,10,14 trimethyl, pentadecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, 1 4-methyl- methyl ester, phytol, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, heptacosane, n-hexadecanoic, 6-octadecanoic acid, 9, 12 octadecanoic acid, dodecanoic & tetradecanoic acids were identified. So, the present study concluded that the presence of these bioactive constituents make D. metel as an effective antifungal agent against R. solani.

Anti-Tumor Activity of Eco-Friendly AgNPs Derived from Musa Paradisiaca Pseudo Stem Methanolic Extracts and their Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities in Ovarian Cancer Cell Line-PA1

Abstract: Musa Paradisiaca, commonly known as Banana, is a gigantic herb. Its main upright stem is called as Pseudostem. Banana plant have lots of medicinal uses.This piece of work describes the anti-cancerous activity of methanolic extracts made from pseudo stem of Musa paradisiaca. Anti-tumour activity of biogenic AgNPs has not been digged in the field of Ovarian cancer. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were identified by the formation of light-yellow colour solution and U.V-Visible spectrophotometer analysis which showed maximum absorbance at 423nm. The presence of ketones, methyl groups, nitrosamines and aromatic rings as functional groups in AgNPS was identified using FTIR. The antibacterial studies were performed by Agar Diffusion method against different strains of bacteria. The AgNPs showed antioxidant activity through DPPH assay. The antiproliferative activity of AgNPs was demonstrated against ovarian cancer cell line Pa 1 with MTT assay and confirmed using PI staining. In the toxicity study, a significant mortality rate was observed with an IC50 concentration of 250 µg, so they are cytotoxic at high concentrations of AgNPs. Keywords: Biosynthesis; Silver nanoparticles; Characterization; Antibacterial; Antioxidant; Anticancer; Flowcytometry

Exploration of Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Antiquorum Sensing Activity of the Himalayan Yellow Raspberry (Rubus ellipticus) against Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Background: Management of ever growing multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria becomes one of the biggest threats to public health worldwide. The situation is worsening due to lack of new generation antimicrobials in the arsenal of the clinicians. Development of new alternatives to the conventional antimicrobial agents is the need of the hour to control the menace of AMR. Plants based products are attractive alternatives with proven efficacy but needs scientific investigation to explore their potential antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activities against major bacterial pathogens of human and animals. The present study was conducted to explore the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaf, flower, fruit and stem of the Himalayan yellow raspberry (Rubus ellipticus) against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Methods: E. coli and S. aureus were isolated and identified from diarrhoeic pigs and poultry and mastitic milk of cattle of Mizoram, respectively. Leaf, flower, fruit and stem/bark of R. ellipticus were collected from Mizoram and extracted by methanol and aqueous solvents. The antimicrobial activity and MIC was determined by well diffusion method and 96 wells microtiter plate method, respectively. Antibiofilm activity of plant extracts was determined in 96 well tissue culture plate. Antiquorum sensing activity was determined by disc diffusion method. Result: Methanol leaf extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus with 19 mm and 7 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. Methanol fruit extract also showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus only. Highest and lowest activities were observed at 200 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL concentrations with 15 mm and 7 mm zone of inhibition, respectively. No antimicrobial activities by either of the extracts were observed against E. coli isolates. The MIC of R. ellipticus methanol leaf and fruit extracts against S. aureus was 0.203125 mg/mL and 0.8125 mg/mL, respectively. The methanol leaf (86.60%) and stem (85.60%) extracts of R. ellipticus showed significant antibiofilm activity against S. aureus isolates, whereas methanol fruit (89.20%) extracts exhibited antibiofilm activity against E. coli isolates at the concentration of 0.05 mg/mL. Significant antiquorum sensing (QS) activities was exhibited by the methanol leaf extract of R. ellipticus at 200 mg/mL concentration against E. coli. This is the first ever report on antibiofilm and anti QS activities of the R. ellipticus plant extracts against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria.

Allelopathy and allelochemical quantitative analysis in Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi)

Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi) considered as a perennial legume animal fed plant with good soil fertility improvement was uesed for its allelopathy that had been reported on the germination of Ageratum conyzoides L, Comnyza canadensis L. Cronq., Bidens pilosa L., Solanum lycopersicum and Capsicum annum. through the solutions extracted from different parts of pinto peanut on mustard greens (Brassica juncea), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and junglerice (Echinochloa colonum). Consideration of the growth of hypocotyls and rootlets at 48 hours after incubation with pinto peanut extracts, results showed that 1.0 g/ml of the methanolic pinto peanut stem extract greatly inhibited 100% mustard greens growth, 77.7% and 93.5% the hypocotyls and rootlets growth of barnyardgrass, 57.2% and 92.7% the hypocotyls and rootlets growth of junglerice, respectively. The allelopathic activity after liquid-liquid extraction of the ethyl acetate phase greater than the aqueous phase. Allelopathic extract loading from C18 chromatographic column was purified by HPLC to obtain 6 phenolic compounds with the contents in 1 g fresh pinto peanut weight were 0.214 μg (cinamic acid), 0.8344 μg (caffeic acid), 7.7676 μg (coumaric acid), 2.2354 μg (ferullic acid), 0.045 μg (2-4 dimehydroxy benzoic) and 32.1162 μg (salicylic acid). These results should be accordingly considered in the production of biological herbicides.

Total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and biological activities of stem extracts of Astragalus spinosus (Forssk.) Muschl. grown in Northern Border Province, Saudi Arabia

Background and objectiveGenus Astragalus belongs to the family Fabaceae and is one among the largest genera consisting of around 3000 species. The plants have been used traditionally in treatment of various ailments in folklore. The study was planned to assess the analgesic and inflammatory activity of Astragulus spinosus (Forssk.) Muschl extract of the stem. Materials and methodsCourse powder of stems of Astragulus spinosus was extracted using chloroform and methanol as solvents. Folin ciocalteu method was employed for determination of the phenolic acid content. Aluminum chloride colorimetric procedure was followed for estimating the flavonoid content. Both chloroform and methanolic extracts at 250 and 500 mg/kg, were tested for the analgesic activity, however, only methanolic extract was selected for anti-inflammatory property based on the results of analgesic activity. The analgesic effect was executed on male rats by the hot plate model. The anti-inflammatory effect was studied in the carrageenan rat paw edema model. The experimental information was interpreted statistically using one-way ANOVA and p < 0.05 was used to express importance of the results. ResultsThe total phenolics of the methanol extract was 420 µg and that of chloroform extract was 265 µgwhile total flavonoid content in terms of quercetin was found to be 68 µg and 17.5 µg for methanol and chloroform extract respectively. Only methanolic extract exhibited significant (p < 0.001) analgesic activity by elevating the pain threshold starting from 15 min. The methanolic extract inhibited (p < 0.001) the edema in carrageenan induced model. The performance of higher dose (500 mg/kg) was better with reference to lower dose (250 mg/kg). ConclusionOutcome of the results show that the methanolic stem extracts exhibited significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory-like activity with reference to chloroform extract. Credit of which is given to flavonoids and phenolic content present in the methanolic extract. However, more research is suggested to establish the safety and effectiveness of the herbal drug to manage diseased states including pain and inflammation.

EVALUATION OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF Kalanchoe pinnata AGAINST PLANT PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM DISEASED PLANT PATHOGENS

The antimicrobial activity of Kalanchoe pinnata (Syn Bryophyllum pinnatum) against clinical pathogen is well documented in literature but there is paucity of information on its effect against plant pathogens. This work attempts to evaluate inhibitory activity of Kalanchoe pinnata (Syn Bryophyllum pinnatum) on selected plant pathogens. Aqueous, acetone, ethanol and methanol leaf, stem and root extracts of Kalanchoe pinnata (Syn Bryophyllum pinnatum) were prepared using standard techniques. Extracts were tested against bacteria and fungi isolated from some diseased plants, both singly and in combination with standard antimicrobials. Inhibitory activity was determined using agar well diffusion technique as well as broth dilution technique. Results indicate that the leaf ethanol extract was most effective against the plant pathogens. Zones of inhibition (mm) ranged from [19.0 ± 0.32] for Aspergillus flavus to [23.5 ± 0.22] for Xanthomonas campestris. Meanwhile, the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) reduced from 6.25 mg/mL to 3.13 mg/mL (for Xanthomonas oryzae and Xanthomonas campestris) when leaf extract was used in combination with streptomycin. Furthermore, MIC reduced from 1.56 mg/mL to 0.78 mg/mL (for Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger) when extract was used in combination with cycloheximide. Ethanol leaf extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Syn Bryophyllum pinnatum) was most effective against selected plant pathogens. Also, effectiveness of extract was enhanced when used in combination with regular antimicrobial. Kalanchoe pinnata (Syn Bryophyllum pinnatum) may become useful as a biological control agent for plant disease pathogens

A Study on the Cytotoxicity of plectranthus amboinicus and bacopa monnieri stem Extracts on Lung Cancer Cell Line

Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Many treatment modalities have been developed and the need for plant derived therapeutic is growing due to the adverse effects of chemotherapeutic agents. The present study aims to discover the potential of two herbs Plectranthus amboinicus and Bacopa monnieri. Screening for the bioactives in the methanolic extracts of Plectranthus amboinicus and Bacopa monnieri stem showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, saponins, carbohydrates. A comparative study on the cytotoxicity of methanolic extracts of the stem of these plants on lung epithelial cancer cell line A549 and normal fibroblast cell line L929 revealed that both extracts possess cancer cell specific cytotoxic activity. However, Bacopa monnieri stem extracts were found to be more effective in inducing cytotoxicity than Plectranthus amboinicus.

UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-HR-MS Analysis of Cyclopeptide Alkaloids From Ziziphus joazeiro

Ziziphus joazeiro Mart., popularly known as “juazeiro”, is a tree widely found in the northeast of Brazil. It is commonly used as an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and analgesic agent. The stem extract exhibited, beside cytotoxic properties, substantial activity against the Gram-negative bacterium Allivibrio fischeri. UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-HR-MS analysis of the alkaloidal fraction of the crude methanolic stem extract of this species enabled the detection and putative identification of sixteen cyclopeptide alkaloids (CPAs), including four possibly new structures. According to the MS2 fragmentation analysis, from the sixteen identified CPAs, three possess a type-Ia1, one a type-Ia2, and twelve a type-Ib cyclopeptide alkaloid core. The structures of paliurine-C and -D were supported by NMR data.