Meter Layer Of Soil Research Articles

Сравнительная оценка урожайности зерновых культур в зависимости от лимитирующих факторов в условиях почвозащитного земледелия

Abstract. The aim of work – to identify the influence of limiting factors on increasing the yield of grain crops in crop rotations and soil fertility in a sloping landscape. The following methods were used during the study: field, Kosyrev, thermostatic-weight, ionometric, Machigin, Tyurin, quantitative, balance calculations of yield. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the yield of field crops in grain-steam crop rotations was estimated from the influence of meteorological conditions, moisture, mobile forms of nutrients, humus, seedlings and weed infestation in the arid conditions of the Orenburg Trans-Urals. Results. As a result of research (2021–2023), it was revealed that during the growing season (May-August), the average monthly air temperature (18.6 ℃) and the number of dry days (76) adversely affect (55.85 and 67.50 %) the yield (1.00 t/ha) of barley in the lower part of the slope. In the upper and middle parts of the slope, dry days (56.75 and 64.45 %) negatively affect the yield (1.44 and 1.20 t/ha) of barley. Precipitation in the form of rain (116 mm) during the growing season has a beneficial effect (53.05 %) on the yield (1.34 t/ha) of durum wheat in the middle part of the slope. Spring moisture reserves (152.1 mm) in a meter layer of soil have a positive effect (75.15 %) on the yield (1.30 t/ha) of soft wheat in the upper part of the slope. The increase in yield (1.45 t/ha) of durum wheat and (1.44 t/ha) of barley in the upper part of the slope is due to the influence of (72.30 and 56.05 %) phosphorus content (4.7 and 4.1 mg / 100 g) in the arable soil layer by the end of the growing season. In the middle and lower parts of the slope, the yield of soft wheat (1.20 and 1.10 t/ha) depends on the effect (65.50 and 54.01 %) of the residual content (4.7 and 4.4 mg / 100 g) of phosphorus. The use of agrotechnical soil protection techniques increases the yield of grain crops in crop rotations and soil fertility on the slope, especially on the upper part.

The effect of different doses of ammonium nitrate on the yield and protein content in spring triticale grain

The article presents the results of studying the effect of various doses of ammonium nitrate on the yield and protein content in spring triticale grain. Numerous studies around the world have established that nitrogen is a key factor influencing the productivity of grain crops. The paper presents the results of a 5-year study (2018-2022) of cultivating spring triticale using fallow and stubble predecessors. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied when sowing in rows at a dose of 20 to 80 kg/ha in the active substance. The experiments were carried out in the Akmola region (LLP "SPCGF named after A. Barayev") on southern carbonate chernozem. Over the five years of research, only 2018 was characterized by optimal hydrothermal conditions during the triticale growing season, the remaining four years (2019-2022) were dry. The reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer of soil before sowing triticale in fallow were 119-138 mm, in stubble - 119-125 mm. The content of N-NO3 in the soil layer 0-40 cm before sowing triticale varied according to the years of research, so for fallow it varied from 11 to 28 mg/kg, and for stubble from 10 to 17 mg/kg of soil. The amount of P2O5 before sowing (in the soil layer of 0-20 cm), regardless of the predecessor, varied within 24-37 mg/kg of soil. It was not possible to establish a reliable effect of different doses of ammonium nitrate on grain yield and protein content in triticale grain using the two studied precursors. A strong correlation between the dose of nitrogen fertilizer and the yield of triticale based on the steam predecessor was established only in 2020 (r = 0.85) and in 2021 (r = 0.83). For stubble, a strong positive correlation between nitrogen doses and yield was noted in 2019 (r = 0.78), 2021 (r = 0.79) and 2022 (r = 0.87). A correlation between the protein content in triticale grain and nitrogen doses was established based on the fallow in 2 of 4 years (r = 0.86...0.96). For the stubble, a strong positive relationship was noted in all years of research (r = 0.83...0.99).

Урожайность сортов яровой пшеницы на фоне разных приёмов основной обработки почвы в засушливых условиях

Abstract. The article provides data on the reserves of productive moisture, the content of nitrate nitrogen, and the yield of spring wheat varieties when grown under different backgrounds of basic tillage. The purpose of the research is to study the response of spring soft and durum wheat varieties to the methods of basic tillage. Methods. The object of research is 3 varieties of spring soft wheat and 2 varieties of spring durum wheat. The experiments were carried out in the central zone of the Orenburg region. For 5 years, two options for basic soil cultivation were studied: plowing to a depth of 23–25 cm and moldless loosening to a depth of 25–27 cm. Scientific novelty. The reaction of spring wheat varieties to the methods of basic tillage, taking into account the reserves of productive moisture and the content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil, in the arid conditions of the Orenburg Cis-Urals was revealed. Results. The reserves of productive moisture during the sprouting phase of spring wheat in a meter layer of soil were satisfactory (less than 130 mm) for four years out of five years of research, and good for one year (150-153 mm). The advantage of non-moldboard tillage was noted in all years of research with the exception of 2019, when the mouldboard background contained 18 mm more soil moisture. Depending on weather conditions, the amount of nitrate nitrogen in the soil varied from very low values in 2022 to high and very high values in 2017 and 2019–2020. The yield of spring wheat, on average according to experience, was 0.6 c per 1 ha higher against the background of moldless loosening. The varietal response to basic soil tillage methods has been established. The Uchitel’ variety did not respond to processing techniques. For other varieties, the difference in favor of non-moldboard tillage ranged from 0.4 centners per 1 hectare for the Tulaykovskaya zolotistaya variety, to 0.7–0.8 centners per 1 hectare for the varieties Ul’yanovskaya 105, Orenburgskaya 10, Bezenchukskaya 210.

Комплексная оценка состава и свойств чернозема южного мицеллярно-карбонатного, орошаемого ограниченно пригодными водами

Purpose: to take a comprehensive assessment of southern micellar-carbonate chernozem content and properties, irrigated with limitedly available water. Materials and methods. The research was carried out on the territory of a pilot site located in the Saki region of the Republic of Crimea near the village Chervonoye. During the work, the state of water resources used for irrigation and the soil were analyzed. The assessment of water suitability for irrigation was carried out on the basis of soil reclamation classification. The analysis of soil conditions included the determination of: bulk density and solid phase density, granulometric content, particle size distribution, pH, expanded salt content of the. When determining the agro-physical properties of the soil water extract, the following methods were used: pycnometric, drying to constant weight, cutting ring, sieve with water washing, pipette. Results. The topsoil layer was identified as compacted with satisfactory porosity. The nutrient supply was mainly characterized as medium and high, only low content was recorded in 2022 for nitrate nitrogen (0.3–0.7 mg/100 g of soil). Despite the use of limitedly suitable water for irrigation, no water-soluble salt accumulation was recorded in a meter layer of soil. At the end of the irrigation period in 2023, the soils were classified as non-saline, and according to their granulometric texture depending on the depth – as medium loamy, heavy loamy and light clayey. Conclusions. Despite the fact that in the period from 2022 to 2023, irrigation with water with a mineralization of about 1.5 g/l did not lead to the accumulation of water-soluble salts in the soil of the pilot site, it is recommended to organize regular observations of its salt regime. This is justified by the fact that in drier years the precipitation may not be enough to wash out the salts arriving during the growing season with irrigation water into the underlying horizons.

Research of the borehole moisture capacity of deeply loosened soils in the south of the Rostov region

The article presents the results of studies of the water absorption rate and the change in the possible limiting moisture capacity of the soil, deeply loosened flat and sloping areas of ordinary (Pre-Caucasian) chernozem, taking into account climatic changes in southern Russia. The current state of the climate and indicators of the physical and mechanical properties of the soil of cultivated flat and sloping lands require the development of new technologies and technical means to create the necessary conditions for increasing the water permeability of cultivated soils. For research, cultivated lands of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Higher Education UNPK Donskoy "Uchkhoz Grain" DGAU, Rostov Region, Zernogradsky District were used. The coefficient of natural moisture varies from 0.30-0.35 in a predominantly dry year to 0.7-0.9 in a wet year. Precipitation during the growing season - 310-470 mm. The heat consumption for their evaporation is in the range from 80 to 118 kJ/cm2. Soil moisture deficit is 400-550 mm, while evaporation is 1050-1200 mm. The deficit of water consumption is 300-390 mm. Mostly since the last ten days of June, there has been a significant lack of soil moisture. Data processing was carried out using standard and special techniques. On the field cultivated by plowing to 0.20-0.25 m at a depth of 0.30 m, water was absorbed by the soil on average 38 % worse than in the area cultivated by deep loosening up to 0.60 m with the innovative chisel GNCh-0.6M in mode "Processing flat areas". On plowing, the moisture capacity of a meter layer of soil is approximately 1.5 times lower compared to deep loosening. The use of the innovative chisel-subsoiler GNCH-0.6M in the "Treatment of flat areas" mode allows: firstly, to increase the maximum moisture capacity of a meter horizon of cultivated land by 1.5 times in comparison with plowing; secondly, to reduce the impact of surface water runoff; thirdly, in a meter layer of soil to increase the reserves of productive moisture by more than 50 %.

The impact of abiotic and key environmental factors on barley yield

The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of agrometeorological factors (temperature, precipitation, dry weather), soil moisture, agrofon nutrition and precursor on the yield of barley in crop rotations and permanent sowing. The research is carried out from 2017 to 2022 on southern chernozems in the central zone of the Orenburg region. The scheme of the experiment consists of six options for growing barley on a fertilized and natural agrofone of a stationary experimental site for multi-fields and monocultures, laid down in 1990. The following methods of research are used in the experiments: field, thermostatic-weight method and dispersion analysis. As a result of observations, the air temperature during the growing season of barley is 20.7 ° C, precipitation – 111-112 mm, dry days – 68. The hydrothermal coefficient is 0.5 units, which characterizes the growing season as medium dry. The level of spring soil moisture in the meter layer of soil is from 97.0 to 123.8 mm in all variants of the experiment. In the second variant of the experiment, an increase in the yield of barley is observed in the aftereffect of millet and on the fertilized agrophone is 1.65 t, on the natural one – 1.51 t / ha. The yield of barley of the other variants is in the range from 1.26 to 1.61 t/ha. There is an increase in grain from mineral fertilizers by 0.03-0.27 tons for all variants of sowing barley. The best effect of atmospheric precipitation, spring reserves of soil moisture, precursors, mineral fertilizers on the yield of barley in the aftereffect of millet, peas and durum wheat in crop rotations has been established. The reasons for the decrease in the yield of permanent sowing of barley have been identified. The results of the study are of crucial importance in the development of agriculture and the production of feed grain in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals.

Влияние погодных условий, основной обработки почвы, продуктивной влаги и питательных веществ на урожайность зерновых культур

Abstract. The aim of work – to establish the impact of weather factors, the content of productive moisture and nutrients in the soil on increasing the yield of field crops in grain-pair crop rotations. Research methods: field, thermostatic-weight, ionometric, Machigin’s. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the impact of agrometeorological conditions (2014–2021), the content of productive moisture and nutrients on the yield of grain crops after zero and flat-cut processing (25-27 cm) of soil on parts of the slope was assessed. Results. It was found that, on average, during the growing season (May – August), the air temperature (18.8 °C) and dry days (74) negatively affect the yield of barley (1.10 and 0.86 t/ha) on the upper part of the slope and amount to 55.72 and 66.55 % for flat-cut tillage compared to zero (control) – 43.88 and 55.38 % (P ≤ 0.05). Atmospheric precipitation (92.0 mm) has a positive effect on the yield of durum wheat (0.99 and 0.83 t/ha) on the middle part of the slope and amounts to 47.39 % on the flat-cut and 52.03 % without tillage (P ≤ 0.05). Spring productive moisture (105.0 and 101.0 mm) in the meter layer of soil favorably affects the yield of soft wheat (1.05 and 0.78 t/ha) on the upper part of the slope and amounts to 64.15% for flat-cut processing compared to 76.80 % control (P < 0.05). The increase in the yield of soft wheat (1.42 t/ha) and barley (1.43 t/ha) depends on the influence of the content of mobile phosphorus (3.7 and 3.5 mg / 100 g) in the soil layer 0–30 cm on the lower part of the slope for flat-cut processing and amounts to 54.15 and 55.98 % (P < 0.05). Thus, dry weather conditions, the content of productive moisture, nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus and potassium for the remaining sowing options do not affect the increase in yield.

The Content of Various Forms of Potassium in the Soil Profile of the Sod-Podzolic Soil of the Pre-Urals

The effect of long-term use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers and their combinations (N, P, K, NP, NK, PK and NPK) on chang in sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil (Albic Retisol (Abruptic, Aric Loamic)) was studied the content of gross potassium and its easily exchangeable, exchangeable and non-exchangeable compounds. The research was carried out in a meter layer of soil under the conditions of a long-term stationary experiment laid down in the Perm Region in 1978. In the experiment, ammonium nitrate or urea, double or simple superphosphate and potassium chloride were used. The dose of fertilizers was 90 kg/ha in the primary plant food. Long-term application of potassium chloride in pure form and in combination with superphosphate and nitrogen fertilizers (K90, (PK)90, (NK)90, (NPK)90) provided an increase in the gross content of potassium in the arable soil layer by 1.1–1.2 times and its various compounds by 1.1–2.8 times (relative to the control variant). A narrowing of the ratio of non-exchangeable forms of potassium to exchange forms is noted here. Changes in the meter layer of soil depended on the combination of fertilizers, the studied form of potassium compounds in the soil. The introduction of only nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers (N90, P90, (NP)90) without compensation for potassium removal during five rotations of the eight-field field crop rotation led to a decrease in the reserves of exchangeable and non-exchangeable potassium compounds in the 0–40 cm layer by 15–20%. The minimum level of potassium exchange compounds in sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil in a layer of 0–20 cm was 108–112 mg/kg.

Влияние изменений климата на урожайность культур и запасы почвенной влаги

Abstract. The aim of the research is to study the influence of the changed climatic conditions of the Belgorod region on the reserves of productive moisture in the soil and the yield of field crops using various methods of basic tillage. Research methods. Based on our own long-term research, the analysis of the effect of the increase in air temperature and the decrease in precipitation per year on soil moisture reserves and crop yields under various methods of basic tillage is made. Scientific novelty. An overview of the changes in the climatic conditions of growing field crops in the Belgorod region that have occurred in recent decades is given. Results. Agrometeorological observations have shown that in the period from 2006 to 2021, the air temperature in the surface layer increased, and the amount of precipitation decreased. Cases of extreme weather manifestations have become more frequent. Observations of the dynamics of moisture in a meter layer of soil in a stationary experiment determined that the climate changes that have occurred have affected its reserves. So at the time of sowing crops, there was a decrease in the amount of moisture in the soil by 15% of the average over the years, and when the crops were fully ripe, it decreased by 35-43%, without significant connection with the methods of basic tillage. The influence of extreme weather manifestations during the period of crop formation on crop yields is noted. According to the results of the research, it was concluded that there is a steady trend of decreasing moisture reserves in the meter layer of the soil, both at the time of sowing and during harvesting, regardless of the method of its main processing. There is no direct connection between the yield of field crops and the reserves of moisture available to plants at the time of their sowing and harvesting in the meter layer of soil and the method of its main processing.

CARBON AND NITROGEN CONTENT AND RESERVES IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS OF THE MURMANSK REGION

The article provides an overview of own and literature data on phytomass reserves, carbon and nitrogen content, diversity of soil fauna and mycobiota in terrestrial ecosystems of the Murmansk region under conditions of combined action of natural and anthropogenic factors. The environmental factors determining the functioning of ecosystems, including the regulation of carbon cycles, are considered. It is shown that in representative spruce and pine forests, the concentrations and precipitation of carbon compounds from the atmosphere and its removal from soil waters are higher in the subcron spaces than in the intercron spaces. In soil waters, there is a decrease in carbon removal with the depth of the soil profile. The podzols are characterized by a bimodal distribution of humus over the soil profile with maxima in the organogenic and illuvial horizons. The carbon content in the organogenic horizon of the soils of spruce and pine forests varies from 12 to 54%, nitrogen — from 4.7 to 18.7 g/kg. The main carbon reserves in the organogenic horizon of forest soils are concentrated in the sub-crown spaces and reach 27–34 t/ha. Carbon reserves in the meter layer of soil (mineral horizons) are 47–60 t/ha. The phytomass reserves of the North taiga forests are characterized by low values (12–188 t/ha). Significant reserves of plant organic matter of the North Taiga forests are concentrated in the ground cover. The carbon content in the assimilating organs (leaves/needles, shoots) of plants of the North Taiga forests varies from 35 to 73%, nitrogen — from 5.4 to 23.6 g/kg. The rate of decomposition of plant residues and carbon loss during the decomposition of the fall of evergreen plants in spruce forests is higher than in pine forests, as are the indicators of the number of soil macrofauna. The podzols of the North Taiga forests correspond to the predominance of secondary destroyers of plant litter — humifiers of earthworms and mixophages wireworms, litter mollusks) and the absence of calcifilic groups of mineralizers (woodlice, bipedal millipedes). 122 species of microscopic fungi have been isolated from the soils of the Murmansk region. Species of pp. Penicillium and Umbelopsis were dominant in terms of abundance in the background soil, in anthropogenically altered soils — species of pp. Aureobasidium, Penicillium, Trichocladium, Trichoderma and Umbelopsis.

Barley cultivation practices in the forest-steppe conditions of the Middle Volga region

The results of studying the effect of different forecrops and mineral fertilizers on the yield of barley in the conditions of chernozem soils of the Ulyanovsk region are presented. The research was carried out as part of a stationary field experiment in 2017-2019. The soil area is represented by leached medium-sized chernozem with the following characteristics: humus content - 6.22%, mobile phosphorus and potassium - 198.0 and 121.0 mg/kg, respectively, pHsol - 6.4, the sum of bases - 46.4 mg-eq./100 g. The scheme of the experiment provided for the analysis of the influence of previous crops when growing barley against the background of complex mineral fertilizer (NPK). It was found that the reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer of soil are higher on fertilized variants (155.4-166.0 mm). The concentration of nitrate nitrogen was higher in the pea forecrop and when using NPK - 53.0 mg/kg of soil. The greatest biological activity of the soil was observed for the forecrop peas against the background of NPK - 33.3%. The smallest number of weeds in crops was noted for the forecrop buckwheat both on the background of fertilizers and without them (20.7-25.7 pcs/m2). The yield of barley with the best quality indicators was higher than the forecrop peas against the background of NPK - 3.55 t/ha. The largest net income was received on fertilized variants: 7174-7212 rubles/ha, profitability 40.2-40.5%.

MOISTURE SUPPLY AND WEED INFESTATION OF SPRING BARLEY CROPS (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) DEPENDING ON THE BASIC TILLAGE SYSTEM

Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most common crops in the world of agriculture. Field research was conducted at the Poltava State Agricultural Experimental Station. M. I. Vavilov during 2021–2022. The research results show that the smallest number of weeds in crop crops (32.8 pcs./m2) was counted during tillage using Mini-till technology. When tillage, according to classical technology, there was an increase in the number of weeds by 2.4 pcs/m2 compared to the Mini-till system. The maximum abundance of weeds was observed on the No-till variant, which is 5.1 pcs/m2 more compared to Mini-till tillage. A similar level of weed infestation of crops was observed with shallow tillage (37.4 pcs./ m2). A decrease in the number of weeds was achieved on average during the growing season of spring barley by 7.1%, compared to No-till technology when tillage according to the classical scheme, which provided for plowing to a depth of 20-22 cm. Studies have revealed that the most negligible mass of raw weed plants in an air-dry state was formed with shallow primary tillage. Compared to other experiment variants, their mass was less, by 4.7–20.7 and 4.6–20.3 %, respectively. Studies have found that regardless of the technology of primary tillage, annual monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species prevailed in the structure of biological groups of weeds. As for perennial weeds, there was an increase in their share by 2.9–3.8 times compared to other variants of the experiment, only with shallow tillage. It was found that the largest reserves of available moisture in a meter layer of soil both at the time of sowing and harvesting spring barley were formed on the variants of non-flange tillage, which were more extensive, respectively, by 5.7–13.3 and 4.1–4.7 mm, compared to the variant of the classic primary tillage.

Ecological plasticity of winter wheat yield when cultivating on different predecessors in arid conditions of Eastern Caucasus

Relevance. The selection of the best winter wheat precursors that provide low yield variability in contrasting years is an important task of farming.Methods. Studies were carried out in 2017–2021 at the Prikumskaya Experimental Breeding Station in a 6-field crop rotation, where winter wheat was placed on bare and full fallow and semifallow. The aim of the research was to evaluate the precursors in different nutritional backgrounds from the position of low variability of yield, ecological stability and high adaptability to the conditions of the arid zone of the Stavropol Territory.Results. The hydro-thermal coefficient of summer-autumn period was 0,22 and of spring-summer period — 0,06 units drier than the average summer value. The pre-sowing period was especially unfavorable (HTC = 0.22). The stocks of productive moisture in a meter layer of soil in autumn were considerably below the norm on bare fallow in 40% of years of experiment and on other predecessors — in 80% of years. Yield of winter wheat varied from 2.43 to 4.46 t/ha on bare fallow on control, 2.86 to 4.93 t/ha — on fertilized variant, 1.98 to 4.72 and 2.15 to 5.35 t/ha— on ful fallow, 0.59 to 2.19 and 0.64 to 2.44 t/ha — on semifallow. And the environmental conditions index ranged from –0.51 to +1.52 and –0.64 to+1.43; from –0.90 to+1.84 and –1.10 to +2.10; from –0.72 to + 0.88 and –1.19 to +0.79 respectively. Maximum yields in all nutritional backgrounds were obtained on bare and full fallow. Only 1 year out of 5 was favorable as it had positive environmental conditions index values. The environmental plasticity ranged from 1.67 to 3.04. The highest yield variability (47.1%) and maximum stress tolerance (–1.6 –1.98 t/ha) was observed for the half fallow Semifallow. Bare fallow was the most flexible under stress conditions of cultivation as it had the highest yield (2.94–3.50 t/ha) and the lowest variability (26.4%) compared to other precursors.

Change of soil under the trends on light valued soils in the Volgograd regions of Russia

As a result of the research, optimal criteria for agrophysical indicators of fertility of light chestnut soils for grain crops were determined while minimizing tillage. The purpose of the research: to study the effect of treatments on agrophysical and agrochemical indicators on light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region. The research was carried out in 2016–2020 in the fields of the Institute of Agriculture in conditions of dry farming. Accounting and observations were carried out in accordance with the recommendations on methods of conducting observations and research in the field. Water-physical indicators: humidity in %., density in g/m3 - according to the Kaczynski method, the volume of the cutting ring is 100 cm3, in three times repetition to a depth of 0–100 cm. Structural and aggregate composition of the soil according to Savinov. It was found that the higher content of nutrients in steam fields is mainly during non-fallow tillage, in some years, which has optimal moisture availability, and a control (dump) variant in comparison with lower indicators for surface treatment in all years of research and amounted to: nitrogen - on fallow -7.53–9.03, dump - 7.79–8.24 and surface - 5.936.87 mg/100 g of soil; the phosphate regime of light chestnut soil was affected by the use of minimal treatment (according to the background of the surface) thus, its increase occurred from 5.93 to 8.22 mg/100 g of soil; for potassium - 36.78 mg/100 g of soil, surface - 36.02 mg/100 g, dump - 35.11 mg/100 g of soil. For comparison, the article presents the results on the accumulation of NPK, when using a direct seeding system, i.e. NO-TILL without the intervention of mechanical tillage. Moisture reserves in the autumn-winter period in the meter layer of soil varied depending on the reception of tillage and amounted to: 69.3 mm for dump treatment, 75.7 mm without dump and 62.6 mm surface. On the black steam, by the time winter wheat was sown in the 0–30 cm soil layer, moisture reserves were: 10.7 for dump, 12.1 for dumpless and 6.3 mm for surface treatment, and in the meter layer it was 44.2, 53.8 and 32.4 mm, respectively.

ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ СТРУКТУРНО-ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ СВОЙСТВ ПОЧВЫ ОТ ЕЕ ОБРАБОТКИ ПРИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИИ ГОРЧИЦЫ

The article presents the results of studies on the study of the influence of various tillage systems on the bulk density, structural aggregate composition and water resistance of the arable layer under mustard crops. The studies were carried out in 2019-2021 in Ulyanovsk region. Five tillage systems were studied: 1. Moldboard - (plowing at 20-22 cm PLN-4-35) control; 2. Differentiated different-depth - (alternating plowing by 25-27 cm PLN-4-35 and disking by 6-8 cm); 3. Comb-shaped (OP-3C for 13-15cm); 4. Disc - (BDM for 6-8cm); 5. Flat-cut processing - (KPSh-3 by 13-15 cm). The soil of the experimental plot is represented by slightly leached heavy loam}- chernozem with a humus content of 5.8-6.1%. The dependence of some agrophysical properties of leached chernozem on reducing the intensity of influence on the treated layer is determined. Replacing plowing with non-moldboard loosening (options with comb, disc and flat-cut cultivation) or its periodic use against the background of disc cultivation in crop rotation (variant with differentiated cultivation) had a positive effect on the soil structure, increasing not only the structural coefficient, but also the water resistance of the aggregates, contributing to increasing soil resistance to water erosion. It was found that in these options, the content of agronomically valuable structural and water-resistant aggregates increased by 1.4-2.3 and 0.8-1.7% compared to traditional plowing, the structural coefficient increased by 0.29-0.49 units The lowest density of the soil structure at a depth of 0-30 cm was noted in the variant with differentiated tillage of 1.07 g cm3. On non-arable variants, the density of soil composition increased by 0.04-0.16 g/cm3 or 3-14%, compared with the control, but did not go beyond the optimal. According to the reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer of soil, differentiated and comb-shaped treatments were not inferior to the control

ВОДНЫЙ РЕЖИМ ПОЧВЫ И ВОДОПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ЗЕРНОПАРОВЫХ СЕВООБОРОТАХ ЮЖНОЙ ЛЕСОСТЕПИ ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ

The data of studies for 2016-2022 on the study of the influence of steam precursors on the water regime of meadow-chernozem soil in field grain-steam four-field crop rotations in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia are presented. Crop rotation scheme: steam-wheat-wheat-wheat. Pure black and chemical, as well as sideral rapeseed vapors were used as steam precursors. Rapeseed was sown in July, plowed in September in the flowering phase. In pure black steam during the fallow period, cultivations were carried out as weeds overgrown. The chemical vapor was treated twice during the summer with glyphosate-containing herbicides. Changes in the reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer of soil were tracked, starting from the beginning of fallowing and up to the harvesting of wheat, which is the third crop after steam. There was a weak accumulation of productive moisture in the steam fields. By sowing the first crop, the increase was from 8.8 mm after chemical steam and up to 11.6 mm after pure black. The coefficient of water consumption of the first wheat coming after steam predecessors reached 780 in the crop rotation with sideral steam and 841 in the crop rotation with chemical steam. In the second culture, the water consumption for the formation of 1 ton of grain increased to 828-881 tons, and in the third culture, the amount of moisture consumed already reached 1018-1132 tons. The lowest moisture consumption for the formation of 1 ton of spring soft wheat grain was observed in the crop rotation with sideral rapeseed steam. The highest coefficient of water consumption was obtained in the crop rotation with chemical steam.

Application of the Chow method for evaluation of morphometric parameters of the sunflower root system

When growing sunflower, great importance is provided to the issue of accumulation and preservation of moisture in deep soil horizons, which in turn affects the productivity of crops. In arid regions, providing plants with moisture is of particular importance. The technologies of conservation agriculture in relation to sunflower cultivation allow varying the depth of autumn tillage from 17 to 33 cm, which, in combination with the metered use of mineral fertilizers and considering the difference in moisture consumption for the growing season from a meter layer of soil, provide an increase in yield compared to the traditional main autumn tillage. Moreover, the ratio of income from the sale of sunflower seeds grown in an arid steppe to production costs depends on the combination of the depth of strip processing and the dose of fertilization. Wherein, in the main zones of commercial sunflower production, high yield increases are provided by the application of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers, which contribute to the intensive formation of underground vegetative organs, which has unlimited growth in length and positive geotropism. The article presents the results of the application of multivariate regression analysis to study the morphobiological features of formation of the root system of sunflower grown using Strip-Till technology on the experimental field of the Povolzhye Educational and Scientific Production Association of the Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilov. The results of the morphometric assessment indicate a better development of the root system of plants in the treated strips compared to traditional types of basic tillage. To determine the limits of applicability of the piecewise linear regression model and develop practical recommendations for implementation of resource-saving potential of the Strip-Till technology in the dry steppe zone of the South-East of Russia used a reliable and sensitive criterion based on the method of J. Chow.

The impact of mineral nutrition on winter barley yields while using mustard as a precursor crop

The impact of mineral nutrition on winter barley yields while using mustard as a precursor crop

Influence of tillage and fertilizer systems on productive moisture reserves under agrophytocenosis in crop rotation

The paper reveals the results of research on the impact of tillage and fertilizer systems using by-products on moisture reserves in the soil and crop yields in a four-course short-term crop rotation (winter rape – winter wheat – corn for grain – spring barley) on dark gray podzolized soil on the stationary experimental plot of the Institute of Agriculture of Western Polissia NAAS of Ukraine in 2016–2020. Three variants of tillage systems were studied: 1) 20– 22 cm depth moldboard ploughing – control; 2) 10–12 cm depth shallow ploughing; 3) 6–8 cm depth surface ploughing. The system of fertilization involved application of mineral fertilizers N128P90K120 kg/ha of crop rotation area, including the following options for straw: 1) without straw; 2) straw + destructor + N10 kg (ammonium nitrate) per 1 ton of precrop straw; 3) straw + N10 (ammonium nitrate) per 1 ton of pre-crop straw. It has been found out that the reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer of soil on average over the years of research within the period of germination and harvesting (corn, spring barley, winter wheat) in non-moldboard cultivation systems increased by 177.8, 147.1, 99.4 and 74.7, 65.9, 85.4 mm respectively compared with the moldboard ploughing system where moisture reserves were 150.8, 132.8, 73.5 and 55.5, 48.6, 52.6 mm. Under the system of fertilization which provided for the application of straw + N10 and straw + destructor + N10 kg, the reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer were 3.6 and 9.0 mm in the germination period and 10.2 and 14.4 mm in the harvesting period bigger than in the experiment without using straw. The 20–22 cm moldboard ploughing and the 10–12 cm shallow ploughing tillage systems provided higher crop yields compared to the 6–8 cm surface tillage system, which made it possible to obtain 6.91 and 6.50 of winter wheat yields, respectively, 5.37 and 5.13 of spring barley, 11.47 and 11.74 of corn and 3.08 and 3.19 t/ha of winter rape. Resulting from the application of surface tillage system by depth of 6–8 cm, the yield of winter wheat decreased by 1.45, that of spring barley by 1.69, corn by 3.66 and winter rape by 0.31 t/ha. Fertilizer systems based on the use of straw and straw + destructor provided an increase in grain yield respectively: winter wheat by 0.45–0.36 t/ha; corn by 0.60–0.46 t/ha; spring barley by 0.32–0.22 t/ha compared to the option without straw. Key words: productive moisture, crop, straw, tillage, crop rotation, yield.

Stocks of organic carbon and nitrogen in dark serozems of the Chirchik river basin in Tashkent region of Uzbekistan

The reserves of SOC and TN were investigated in the profile of dark serozems of the river basinChirchik, Tashkent region of Uzbekistan, in connection with the exposure of slopes and use in agriculture. The highest stocks of SOC and TN (79.2 and 10.3 t/ha) are noted in the 1-meter layer of natural soil on the northern slope that is more abundant in moisture, relatively low temperature and thicker vegetation cover. And in a meter layer of a similar soil on the southern slope, the SOC and TN reserves were significantly lower and amounted to 75.5 and 9.7 t/ha. The use of these soils in agriculture led to significant losses of SOC and TN in the meter layer and in the soil profile as a whole. In the soil of the northern slope of agricultural use, the SOC and TN reserves were 76.7 t/ha and 10.3 t/ha, which is significantly lower compared to natural soil. Also, in the soil of agricultural use on the southern slope, the value of SOC and TN reserves in the meter layer of soil was 68 and 9 t/ha that is significantly lower than that in the natural soil of the slope developed in the same exposure. Thus, slope exposure and agricultural land use were the main factors affecting SOC and TN stocks in the profile of the studied soils.