Metaphorical Terms Research Articles

POLITICAL CARICATURE AS A KIND OF CREOLIZED TEXT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CRISIS OF UKRAINIAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE GREEK PRESS)

Using scientific works in the field of creolized text theory, an attempt was made to analyze the specific features of political caricature in Greek mass media discourse, as well as to identify the role of verbal and nonverbal components of creolized political caricature texts in conditions of hybrid warfare. The research department of 162 political caricatures of national and world political leaders and international events in the context of the crisis of Ukrainian-Russian relations served as the material of the presented work. Illustrations were selected from the Greek media, including newspapers, magazines, social networks, thematic blogs and websites. The subject of research in this work were structural, lexical-semantic, graphic and historical-cultural characteristics of the creolized text of political caricature in Greek and English. In order to achieve this goal, the authors of the article solved the following tasks: 1) define the concept of «creolized text» and give synonymous definitions; 2) identify the characteristics of political caricature as a genre / type of creolized text in political, media and artistic discourses; 3) analyze and describe the relationship between the structural components of the creolized text of a political caricature; 4) identify common stylistic devices of political caricature and give examples. The performed analysis of the works showed that the real world in the information space is transmitted through the prism of metaphor, irony, antithesis, animation, personification, metonymy, and synecdoche. The work highlights the leading anthropomorphic and zoomorphic images of famous political leaders, as well as strategies and tactics of their formation in terms of cognitive metaphor. Common tactics in political cartoons include tactic of «hanging» labels, tactic of contemptuously ironic belittling of any advantages of the target (strength, significance, quality, scale, etc.), and tactic of exaggeration of its disadvantages.

Translating Cognitive Metaphors from English into Arabic in Modern Media Discourse

Language is a human element which is developed according to cultural and ideological developments of humanity. Consequently, translation and linguistic studies develop too. Cognitive metaphor is one of the clearest examples that proves language development as it has proven how a linguistic element can transfer from being a rhetorical tool to being a communicative tool. In other words, in modern linguistics, cognitive metaphor is a communicative-linguistic element rather than a symbolic element The significance of the study is to shed light on the approaches and tools for translating cognitive metaphors in terms of modern media discourse. Media discourse is an interdisciplinary area that is associated with many fields and ideologies. That is why, in terms of modern metaphor, the study elaborates on the techniques and approaches of translating cognitive metaphor in media discourse as a tool of meaning and ideas rather than being a figure of speech. Here, the main question raised by the present study is how to translate cognitive metaphor in media discourse without losing the main features of media language in the target text. Consequently, the study introduces a complete account and guide for translating cognitive metaphors in media discourse. Thus, the present study aims at defining and analyzing the tools and approaches through which cognitive metaphors can be translated from English into Arabic in media discourse. Media discourse has become one of the unique forms of discourse that are integrated with other disciplines and areas such as politics, science, sports, and technology. That is why the present study is an attempt to elaborate the connection between media discourse and translation in terms of cognitive metaphor

A Cognitive Linguistics approach to the ‘less is more’ paradox of communication, with specific reference to public relations messages

In this article the spotlight falls on the challenge to public relations practitioners toachieve a ‘less is more’ approach – not less communication, but less ambiguity. Thisarticle focuses on the way in which Cognitive Linguistics tools can facilitate clarity inpublic relations messages, as illustrated in the analysis of a slogan.The relationshipbetween assumptions within this framework and issues in public relations is pointed outand illustrated. Within the Cognitive Linguistic analysis presented here, it is argued thatpublic relations messages can be analysed in terms of specific conceptual metaphors,and that ambiguity can be limited by proposed mental mechanisms. The analysis ties inwith the claim that much of our conceptualisation of experience is metaphorical, whichboth motivates and constrains our creativity.The advantages of an analysis within CognitiveGrammar are shown to reside in its potential to interpret linguistic expressionsmetaphorically and to account for stylistic phenomena.

CONCEPTUAL MAPPING MODEL ACROSS LANGUAGES: A TEST IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE

The conceptual metaphor, LOVE IS A JOURNEY, has been identified as a process of mapping based on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). However, Ahrens (2002) pointed out several problems that the CMT may encounter, especially in setting parameters to be experimentally tested. Ahrens (2002) proposed the Conceptual Mapping Model (CMM) to investigate metaphor expressions by identifying three mappings between the source domain and the target domain: entities, qualities, and functions. After an analysis, the reason for these mappings, called a mapping principle, is indicated. In particular, the CMM can predict the processing of conceptual metaphors in terms of conventional and novel metaphors. This study is intended to test whether the CMM can perform well across languages through the experimental rates of acceptability and interpretability for different types of metaphors. Fifty Vietnamese native speakers were recruited. Each participant judged (on a Likert scale of 1-7) the levels of acceptability and interpretability of three conceptual metaphors in Vietnamese: LIFE IS A BOOK, HAPPINESS IS LIGHT, and LOVE IS FIRE. Each conceptual metaphor consists of six types of sentences, including (a) Literal pair to B, (b) Conventional metaphor, (c) Literal pair to D, (d) Novel metaphor that follows the mapping principle, (e) Literal pair to F, and (f) Novel metaphor that does not follow the mapping principle. The results of t-tests show that in terms of both acceptability and interpretability, conventional metaphors are ranked higher than novel metaphors. The results also indicate that novel metaphors that follow the mapping principle are rated higher than those that do not. Therefore, the mapping principle can constrain the image schemas so that any image that does not belong to the schemas can affect the processing of metaphors.

Approaching Metaphorical Terms in Subject-specific Terminologies (Geologic and Geodetic): Semantic and Structural Aspects

Terminological metaphors appear as a result of terminologisation, the process when commonly used words acquire special meaning, specific to a certain area of science. The mechanism of metaphoric representation of subject-specific concepts is based on certain associations (form, shape, function, structure, etc.). Terminological metaphors constitute an essential part of professional vocabulary being the means that help to facilitate nomination and understanding of subject-specific concepts, objects and processes for both specialists and non-professionals. This paper examines metaphorical terms in the domain of two subject-specific terminologies – geodetic and geological. The main objective of the research is to analyze terminological units of metaphorical character extracted from dictionaries and related reference literature in geodesy and geology, to determine their structural and semantic peculiarities, as well as their productivity. Metaphors under study have been investigated in accordance with semantic, structural and morphological approaches. The quantative analysis and the method of calculations have been applied to establish the productivity of different semantic and structural models of the terms. It has been found out that anthropological metaphorical terms prevail in geodetic and geologic terminologies. The vocabulary under study comprises one-stem terms, compound terms and terminological word combinations of metaphorical character. The latter ones turned out to be dominant. The results of the data analysis indicate that the number of noun models exceeds in both terminological systems.

Up to Five Books of God: The Metaphorical and Theological Background of Herborn Encyclopaedism

ABSTRACT Early modern encyclopaedism is generally known as a pedagogical endeavour striving to achieve not only universal access to scientific information and universal education, but also universal science and knowledge. Its intellectual-historical genealogy and historical-theological background, however, deserve much more scholarly attention than they have received hitherto. This paper illuminates the intellectual sources of Herborn encyclopaedism in terms of some key cognitive metaphors from the field of Christian theology. I not only show some traces of Bonaventuran and Cusan philosophical theology in Herborn encyclopedism, but I also argue that this encyclopaedism must be contextualised according to theological loci, i.e. generation, incarnation of the Word, and deification (generatio, incarnatio Verbi, theosis).

CONCEPTUAL SPACE OF AESTHETIC EVALUATION IN ENGLISH ROMANTIC LYRICS

Introduction. This article focuses on the axiologically tinged notional implications which are characteristic of English romantic poets’ cognitive style. These implications are revealed via a comprehensive analysis of aesthetic evaluation which is verbalized in poetic texts and by modeling the conceptual space of aesthetic evaluation THE BEAUTIFUL / THE UGLY.Purpose. The paper aims at revealing the axiologically marked meanings specific to the cognitive style of the English romantic poets by modeling the conceptual space of aesthetic evaluation THE BEAUTIFUL / THE UGLY in English romantic lyrics.Methods. The poliparadigmatic methodology of the research combines three approaches: linguocultural, linguopoetic and cognitive.Results. The paper suggests the identification of axiologically charged literary concepts, the construction of the conceptual space of aesthetic evaluation THE BEAUTIFUL / THE UGLY as a two-layer model (notionally-evaluative and figuratively-evaluative). Each layer is modelledin a particular way (as a frame, as a notional field or in terms of conceptual metaphor), which has made it possible to determine the notional implications characteristic of the all-human, ethnocultural and poets’ evaluative worldviews as embodied in English romantic lyrics.Conclusion. The aesthetic priorities of the English romantic poets – fear, God, life – and their close interconnection and interdependence are revealed, which makes it possible to determine the quintessence of the romantic poetic worldview: human life, in which the fear, determined by the will of God, prevails. The ambivalence in the evaluative attitude of romantic poets to life, as well as their understanding of God and fear as its determinants, is based on the moral norms of mankind and the culture of the English nation. The overall gloomy coloring of the author's evaluative worldview is determined by a sharp negative social aesthetic assessment,but the unconventional interpretation of life as good, a strong faith in the bright future, peace and progress testifies to the difference of poets’ world evaluation from the societal aesthetic assessment of the era of global transformation.

Structural pluralism and incivility: comparing patterns of moral foundations and incivility in responses to news posts

PurposeFocusing on the sociological clarification based on structural pluralism, this study explores the degree to which social media users who comment on the news posts of local newspapers use uncivil remarks and words that reflect their moral foundations.Design/methodology/approachThis computer-assisted data collection produces three types of datasets that include numerous social media comments. To explore the association between moral foundations and incivility, both quadratic association procedure (QAP) and multiple regression QAP (MRQAP) are implemented.FindingsThe findings suggest that social media users who comment on the news posts of urban-located newspapers tend to use more uncivil words compared to social media users who comment on the news posts of suburban and rural-based newspapers. Individuals who comment on the news posts of urban-based newspapers tend to show a wider range of moral foundation spectrums than those who comment on the posts of rural and suburban newspapers. Lastly, there are significant associations between moral-vice components and incivility in response to urban- and suburban-located newspapers' social media posts.Research limitations/implicationsThe employed bag-of-words may not completely capture incivility given that social media users can use nuanced and metaphoric terms instead of explicitly uncivil terms. Even though this study systematically selected local newspapers' social media accounts, the contextual factors of other newspapers in politically slanted communities could be different.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study provide meaningful and practical implications for journalists and news reporters. The inherent rudeness and aggressiveness of social media users can drive them to use uncivil and moral-harm words against a particular person or group.Social implicationsUnder the circumstance that fake news and politically slanted news content are widely distributed in the United States, social media users may easily express negative emotions toward news stories or the journalists who post the stories.Originality/valueStructural pluralism particularly specializes in explaining why and how the contextual factors of news stories differ depending on community complexity. Building on the reasoning of structural pluralism in the social media context, this study investigates the degree to which social media users who comment on the news posts of local newspapers employ uncivil remarks and moral foundation words.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-11-2020-0522.

Translatability and Equivalence in English Specialized Vocabulary of Image Taking

Photography is a relatively young form of fine art. Although the history of photography is only about 200 years old, its techniques and technology are developing rapidly and depend directly on scientific progress. Photography finds its application in all social spheres becoming a global phenomenon. As a form of visual communication, it fulfils applied, artistic, social, and communicative functions. The language of image making includes structural and semantic variations of terminological units, which translation requires a careful scientific and linguistic analysis. The present article studies challenges in translation of various types of English photography terms into Romanian (metaphorical terms, terminological combinations, anglicisms). When translating photography terms the interaction of the term with the context is of great importance to select the proper translation procedure and to find the best equivalent. The translation of metaphorical photography terms formed based on shape and color semantic transference involves the use of a direct equivalent or one of the lexical variants of polysemantic nature. The results of the investigation showed the predominance of borrowing (for English loan terms and abbreviations) and syntactic transformation translation techniques (for terminological combinations).

Metaphor and the Portrayal of the Cause(s) of Sin and Evil in the Gospel of Matthew by Judith V. Stackr

Reviewed by: Metaphor and the Portrayal of the Cause(s) of Sin and Evil in the Gospel of Matthew by Judith V. Stackr J. R. C. Cousland judith v. stack, Metaphor and the Portrayal of the Cause(s) of Sin and Evil in the Gospel of Matthew (BIS 182; Leiden: Brill, 2020). Pp. x + 219. €105/ $126. Matthew's Gospel offers a rich harvest for those wishing to glean insights into how Jesus and the Gospel make use of metaphor, and Judith Stack's monograph on metaphors for sin and evil in Matthew offers a fruitful rumination on that topic. Her volume is particularly welcome because, despite the prominent role that metaphor assumes in the Gospel of Matthew, it has still not received the scholarly attention that it merits. Moreover, even though the book's ostensible focus is on metaphors for sin, S. engages with a surprising number of the features that characterize Jesus's (and Matthew's) distinctive voice. The volume opens with an introductory chapter devoted to defining metaphor, which is then followed by a selective but substantial assessment of how sin and evil are characterized in various Second Temple texts, including 1 Enoch, Jubilees, 4 Ezra, 2 Baruch, Sirach, and selected passages from Qumran. She concludes that these writings cumulatively offer "a wide variety of perspectives and metaphors for understanding and portraying the source or sources of sin in humans" (p. 103). The second half of the book addresses the metaphors associated with sin and evil in Matthew. S. begins with a brief review of the earlier monographs by Benno Przybylski (Righteousness in Matthew and His World of Thought [SNTSMS 41; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980]) and Roger Mohrlang (Matthew and Paul: A Comparison of Ethical Perspectives [SNTSMS 48; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980]), [End Page 511] before moving to an exegesis of the terminology associated with sin (the hamart- root, planaō, skandalizō, and skandalon). S. determines that hamartia and hamartanō adhere to the conventional usage of the LXX and further notes that hamartia's metaphorical sense of "missing the mark" is absent here: instead of being unintentional, the word(s) connote a deliberate act. By contrast, planaō and skandalizō tend to signify instances where sin is not deliberate or where the source of sin lies outside the sinner. Somewhat controversially, S. affirms that, when individuals reject Jesus, it is Jesus who is the cause of their stumbling. Stack then embarks on an examination of the various metaphors relating to the causes of sin. They involve (1) body parts (e.g., "If your right hand causes you to sin …" [5:30]); (2) metaphors of illness ("those who are well have no need of a physician" [9:12]); and (3) the heart ("adultery … in his heart" [5:28]). These three groups of metaphors describe increasing levels of sin at work within individuals—moving from a sinful body part working against the whole, to a morbid state of sin in the body, to a sinful heart, connoting the person as a whole, especially in relation to their decision-making faculties. The following chapter considers genetic and familial metaphors for sin, which include metaphors of (1) trees and fruit ("every sound tree bears good fruit" [7:17]); (2) animals ("brood of vipers" [12:34]); and (3) family ("an evil and adulterous generation" [12:39; 16:4]). S. sees these various metaphors as expressive of the ontological dualism of good and evil—a feature that is prominent also in Second Temple literature. The final chapter deals with satanic activity, which provides the Gospel's most explicit etiology for sin in the interpretation of the parable of the wheat and the tares. Based on these assessments, S. concludes that sin and evil in Matthew are expressed in terms of metaphor. The wide-ranging metaphors exhibit "a diversity that spans a spectrum from those that indicate essentially external causes to those that … [are] inherent to who the person is" (p. 201). This diversity, moreover, is consistent with the wealth of images to be found in the Second Temple literature examined in the first half of the book. For those interested in metaphor, S.'s initial chapter provides a helpful treatment of the question...

Metaphorische Begriffe in der lettischen Übersetzungslandschaft

The focus of the present paper is the treatment of metaphorical terms in the Latvian term formation and translation practice, and the approaches to seeking Latvian equivalents for English metaphorical terms. The work undertaken in the development of bilingual dictionaries has brought to the fore the potential conflict between metaphorical terms and the strict prescriptivist rules that exist in Latvian term formation, that no ambiguity is permissible and metaphoricity should be ousted. Yet cognitive linguistics has unveiled the capacity of abstract thought and abstract reasoning in the formation of metaphorical terminology and that metaphor is at the basis of meaning formation. There are several approaches to seeking Latvian equivalents for English metaphorical terms yet in translation and interpreting practice loan translation still prevails. Over the recent years there has been evidence of a more determined return to metaphorical terms in Latvian as a significant element in the organization of the conceptual system of the language. Time will show, which trend will prevail though at present it seems that metaphorical terms in Latvian have come to stay.

Metaphorical experience

AbstractThis article examines whether metaphorical experiences are better characterized in terms of contiguity or cross-domain mappings. My claim is that many facets of concrete experience are infused with metaphoricity as part of our ordinary understanding of these events. Many source domains in conceptual metaphors may also be interpreted via different metaphorical ideas. If both source and target domains in metaphorical concepts may be characterized in metaphorical terms, then the relationship between them may be related via contiguity or metonymy rather than cross-domain mappings. For this reason, metaphorical concepts and language may originate in the contiguous, and at times almost isomorphic, relationships between concrete actions and larger metaphorical ideas.

Types of Metaphor and Problems of Translation

This article proposes a framework of studying metaphorical terms in the sphere of economics, in the context of translation difficulties lying in the base of their different perception in English and in Russian. In order to make an accurate translation, it is very important to identify the types of transformations used in the translation of English metaphorical terms in the field of economics, into the Uzbek language. The following tasks should be fulfilled in the process of research:(1) to identify semantic and pragmatic characteristics of metaphorical economic terms; (2) to define types of transformations used in translation of metaphorical economic terms.

Aesthetic development of children

Background: The dynamics between conceptualizing art-making and responding to aesthetic phenomena in relation to aesthetic development of children (ADC) are unclear. This study aimed to investigate what facilitates the transition between conceptualizing art-making and responding to aesthetic phenomena in terms of metaphors of life and nature in ADC. Methods: We adopted an ethical methodology prioritizing movement and respecting children’s autonomy toward positive emotions. The participants were eight Japanese children (age range: 7−15 years; 6 girls, 2 boys). They were in the same painting class to ensure nearly identical aesthetic conditions. Results: Four states according to children’s ages were observed in their perceptions of metaphors of life and nature in conscious and unconscious ways in the iterative dynamics between conceptualizing art-making and responding to aesthetic phenomena. Conclusion: Two important findings from systems-oriented perspectives are that emotional communication in art can be theorized, and that the four states of the aesthetic development of children seem to be related to children's age-specific tension-flow rhythms. By making the process of art therapy for ADC, we can expect art therapy and art-based research to be more developmentally appropriate for children.

QtAC: An R-package for analyzing complex systems development in the framework of the adaptive cycle metaphor

We present the QtAC R-package, which enables the analysis and assessment of general complex systems in terms of the adaptive cycle metaphor. According to the metaphor, complex systems typically develop through alternating phases of consolidation and reorganization, being defined by the systemic properties of potential, connectedness, and resilience. QtAC builds on a recently published universal method of quantifying the adaptive cycle. Based on time series of abundance data, networks of information transfer are estimated, yielding insight into the internal interaction structure of the system and the functional role of its components. Potential, connectedness, and resilience are computed on basis of the information networks, defining the system’s course through the cycle. We illustrate the application of QtAC via an exemplary case study on grassland communities.

INVESTIGATING THE AESTHETIC EFFECT IN THE ARABIC TRANSLATIONS OF GIBRAN’S THE PROPHET

This study aims at investigating the extent to which the aesthetic effect (AE) in Gibran’s The Prophet has been maintained among Arab recipients in four translations of this masterpiece, namely Okasha (2000), Nuaimy (2013), Al-ābid (2017), and Antonius (2017). To this end, the source text (ST) AE laden segments and their target text (TT) counterparts are compared in terms of lexical selection, sentence structure, and metaphors employed. Data of the study comprised typical illustrative examples randomly selected for analysis according to Yan Fu’s (2012, cited in Zhang 2013) triple translation criteria of faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance in combination with Nida’s (1964) functional equivalence. Findings of the study revealed that the selected translations exhibit different levels of adequacy in terms of expressing the AE in the TT. Specifically, Okasha’s translation seems more creatively adequate in producing in the TT the approximate AE of the ST, whereas the other translations are sometimes less adequate or even inadequate in this respect.

Do metaphors make opinions?

Abstract Introduction: A frame makes specific information about a topic more salient. Metaphors can be used as frames to influence people’s opinions on controversial political topics as well as on health-related topics. This study aims to determine the influence of metaphorical frames on the opinion towards surrogacy and examines whether specific aspects of surrogacy are more prone to the influence than others. Method: 236 participants were assigned to one of three groups with different metaphorical frames for surrogacy and thereafter completed the Attitude Towards Surrogacy Questionnaire. To investigate if participants’ opinions on surrogacy were influenced by the frame used for surrogacy, three ANOVAS were conducted. Result: The main effect of the ANOVAS revealed that opinion towards payment of the surrogate mothers, but not the attitude towards surrogacy in general, was influenced by the metaphorical frame used for surrogacy. Discussion: The results support the idea that a metaphorical frame can evoke reactance regarding the payment of surrogate mothers. Participants might resist the frame of the metaphorical term for surrogacy as an unemotional business act, by favouring less monetary compensation of the surrogate mother, when the metaphorical frame implies that surrogates only help intended parents for the monetary compensation.

Lessons of the Cold War

Lessons of the Cold War

METAPHORIZATION OF GENERALLY USED VOCABULARY IN THE ENGLISH PROFESSIONAL LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE

The article considers the issues concerning semantic reinterpretation of lexical units as one of the methods of medical term formation. The authors analyze the underlying reasons for metaphorization, ways of adapting common lexis to perform terminological functions, and illustrate the mechanism for transferring words into the category of units of the medical terminology system. Analysis of strategies of metaphoric transfer of meaning enables reconstructing the naive picture of the world, which is mapped onto the English metaphoric medical terms and based on common lexis. The most productive groups of motivational features appeared to be associated with the transfer of meaning by the similarity of form (1280 terms, 48.3%), action and its result (541 terms, 18.8%), features of human behavior and condition (392 terms, 13.6%), substances, food and their structure (270 terms, 9.4%). The prevalence of such motivational features can be explained by the naive picture of the world, represented in metaphoric terminology, namely, the objects and phenomena closest to man are subject to reinterpretation. Groups of motivational characteristics are primarily divided into the following categories: object/substance and its features (shape, color, quality, function, position in space, sound), person/group of people (feeling, behavior, action and its result). The set of motivational features of metaphoric term formation reflects a particular image of the world where all necessary components of the human body are present, i.e., man and nature, which have specific features, perform certain functions, and correspond to the main object in medical science. Metaphoric terms are constructed not so much mediated by scientific development of reality but based on associations obtained in the process of sensory-empirical knowledge of the world, as evidenced by the above examples.

Elf, wróżka, kameleon… Metaforyczno-symboliczny portret polskiej Safo zwerbalizowany w książce Marioli Pryzwan Lilka. Pawlikowska Jasnorzewska we wspomnieniach i listach

Human personality is The complexity of human personality is confirmed in its psychological, pedagogical and lexicographical definitions. This complexity is clearly seen Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska’s personality. The aim of this publication is to describe the personality traits of Maria Pawlikowska‑Jasnorzewska, a playwright, painter, a descendant of the Kossak family and one of Poland’s greatest poets. The metaphorical terms used to refer to Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska include: colorful butterfly, bracken, hummingbird, lioness, salamander, rose, exotic flower, fortune-teller, or a fairy, to name but a few, and are all characterized by symbolic meaning. This was discussed in Mariola Pryzwan’s biographical work complementary to the existing portraits of Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska – the woman and the artist, whose subtlety and softness were paradoxically coupled with her strong sense of realism were reflected in her unrivalled literary works.