Metaphorical Linguistic Expressions Research Articles

Figurative Conceptualizations of Nations, Countries, and Institutions in Newspaper Articles on Migration

The paper discusses figurative conceptualizations of nations, countries, and institutions as either a container, a person, a sinking ship, a fabric, or hell in media discourse on the European migrant crisis. Applying Steen et al.’s (2010) three-dimensional model of metaphor analysis, we analyze a specific set of metaphorical linguistic expressions, which are inextricably related in the segments of the real discourse on migration, to discuss their rhetorical power and communicative function. The aim of this paper is to describe and identify cases when these are used as perspective-changing devices to influence readers’ opinion on an important issue such as migration.

Metaphorical framing of children’s digital media addiction in media discourse

The paper investigates figurative construal of children’s excessive use of electronic devices in articles that tackle the issues of children’s media addiction, as well as concentration and attention span, which are considered to be affected by this excessive use of technology. In giving their opinion on the topic, authors of articles resort to the use conceptual metaphor – a cognitive device where more abstract concept (a target domain) is being understood through the use of another, more concrete concept (a source domain). Authentic language data reveal the use of metaphorical linguistic expressions such as ‘digital overdose’ and ‘electronic cocaine’, which send a disturbing message that children are ‘overdosing’. This detailed analysis aims to investigate: (a) the types of metaphor (according to Steen’s 2010 three-dimensional model of metaphor analysis) in articles on children’s media addiction; (b) whether ADDICTION metaphors are dominant and deliberate; (c) their communicative function – the rhetorical function intended by the authors, as well as their rhetorical effects on recipients (notably, parents);(d) the implications of their combination with other metaphors within a sentence or a paragraph; (e) the possibility of resorting to alternative metaphor use.

МЕТАФОРИЧКА КОНЦЕПТУАЛИЗАЦИЈА ПАМЋЕЊА КОД ГОВОРНИКА ЕНГЛЕСКОГ И СРПСКОГ ЈЕЗИКА

The present paper reports on the findings regarding the metaphorical conceptualization of memory as one of the higher mental processes that comprise the mind. The research is grounded in Conceptual Metaphor Theory, and the data is compiled from Serbian and English newspapers. By analyzing the metaphorical linguistic expressions, we seek to: a) determine the scope of source domains that structure the given cognitive process, b) formulate the underlying conceptual metaphors, and c) compare the results between the two languages in order to test the universality of memory metaphors. We hope that such approach would highlight the way speakers of each language conceptualize this domain. We have managed to identify several source domains and conceptual metaphors that have been overlooked in previous studies, which indicates that the dominant “minimal memory scenario”, which was believed to be comprised primarily of the spatial storage and search metaphors, is but one way of understanding memory.

Conceptual Metaphor “WOMEN ARE ANIMALS” In 20th-century Vietnamese Literature

From the perspective of Cognitive Linguistics, the paper analyzes the conceptual metaphor WOMEN ARE ANIMALS in 20th-century Vietnamese literary works. The theoretical framework for this study includes the Conceptual Metaphor Theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the Great Chain of Being model of Lakoff and Turner (1989), and the Metaphor Identification Procedure of Pragglejaz Group (2007). Through a survey of 50 short stories and novels written by famous Vietnamese authors, 6 low-level metaphors as well as the mapping mechanism from the source domain to the target domain, is discovered and explained. The findings reveal that women are mainly portrayed as wild animals, livestock, pets, or birds. Metaphorical linguistic expressions, then, convey a biased view towards the low and inferior role and position of women in the family and society. Negative ideological values in the representation of women are explored to show that women are considered to be small, weak, dependent on men, and serve as their recreation. Vietnamese people's thinking and cultural characteristics are also reflected in this metaphor.

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF PASHTO LOVE METAPHORS

The traditional theories considered metaphor a rhetorical device only and claim that the purpose of metaphor is only beatification of language and the usage in poetic shaping and of words. But CMT (Conceptual Metaphor Theory) challenged this view and on the contrary they claim that metaphor is conceptual and that it is understanding one thing in terms of another. According to this theory, Metaphor is unavoidable inherent part of our conceptual system, reasoning, and speech that makes the world around us understandable and comprehendible for us. Conceptual metaphor theory is applied here in this research to identify, interpret and analyze the conceptual metaphors for love in Pashto language and culture. This research also establishes the entailment and mappings of these metaphorical linguistic expressions in different contexts and categorizes the Metaphorical linguistic expression for love in Pashto language into Structural, Orientational and Ontological metaphors. Keywords: Metaphor, Conceptual, Love, Pashto, Entailment, CMT.

The experiential basis of the concept of morality in German and Hungarian

The concept of morality is deeply rooted in the consciousness of a people, yet it is difficult for ordinary people to grasp. We rarely talk openly about morality, yet our concept of morality is reflected in our language. In this study, the mentioned concept is approached from the theorems of cognitive linguistics. I would like to highlight a segment of my multilevel research in German and Hungarian language corpora, the empirical basis of the moral concept. The experiential basis of our moral conception can be said to be potentially universal, however, potentially universal conceptualization can take specific forms due to the sociocultural characteristics of the context. The study is intended to present the characteristic features of this process in the Hungarian and German cultural context. The research was conducted on two corpora, each containing 3,000 statements. The Hungarian language sample was compiled from the Hungarian National Corpus (hereinafter HNC) operated by the Institute of Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. To compile the German sample, the National Corpus of Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (DWDS) was used. The identified metaphorical linguistic expressions were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results highlighted that there are shifts in emphasis in the two languages regarding conceptual metaphors, but no significant differences can be detected. Keywords: cognitive linguistics, metaphorical conceptualization, cultural context, morality, experiential basis.

THE EXAMINATION OF CONCEPT OF «MORALITY» IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE FROM A COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE

The presented paper deals with the concept of morality in a political context. The aforementioned concept was examined within a cognitive linguistic framework and from a cognitive pragmatic perspective. After familiarising ourselves with the literary sources concerning the present topic, newspaper articles relating to politics and published on Transcarpathian Hungarian news portals were analysed. The aim of the analysis was to demonstrate the role of context in conceptualisation. In the course of the research, the authors were also curious about whether or not the concept of morality is understood differently in our everyday lives and when talking about politics, and which related concepts appear when talking about morality in a political context. In order to give answer to questions, fifteen newspaper articles on political topics were put under investigation. The articles involved ideas such as criticising and blaming the Ukrainian society and Hungarian minorities as well as power and social relations. In the course of the research, passages of the articles regarding concepts of morality were identified. As a second step, metaphorical linguistic expressions were systematized and compared with previous research findings to shed light on the relationship between conceptualization and context. The theoretical background of the research was mainly based on the works of George Lakoff, Mark Johnson, ‪Zoltan Kovecses, Albert Widdowson. In order to identify which linguistic expressions were metonymic and/or metaphorical, the Metaphor Identification Procedure VU was followed, which is an improved method of the metaphor identification procedure developed by the Pragglejaz group (2007). The results of the study confirmed Lakoff's (2002) theory that people’s conceptions of morality are related to patterns of political thinking. In addition, the views of cognitive pragmatics that moving from context to language, its influence on our conceptualisation can be demonstrated were also supported.

Konceptualizacija koronavirusa u online novinskim člancima na bosanskom/hrvatskom/srpskom / Conceptualization of Coronavirus in Online Articles in Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian

The COVID-19 pandemic that broke out in Wuhan in late 2019 has had far-reaching consequences for the whole world. The world, both literally and metaphorically, stumbled into a war against COVID-19. War metaphors and metaphorical linguistic expressions such as naći se na prvoj liniji, boriti se, nevidljivi neprijatelj have flooded the media. The war metaphor has become an inevitable concept in the discourse of world officials and served them as a part of the scenario by which they legitimized and optimized the measures implemented to protect people and their lives. The paper analyses metaphorical linguistic expressions associated with coronavirus disease. Since the metaphor is not only a linguistic but also a cognitive phenomenon, these metaphorical linguistic expressions indicate the existence of the conceptual metaphor. Thus, it deals with an analysis on two levels: linguistic and cognitive. The research corpus consists of three corpora: (1) in Bosnian, (2) in Croatian and (3) in Serbian language. The first consists of online articles from Večernji list, the second from online articles from Dnevni avaz and Oslobođenje and the third from online articles from Nezavisne novine. The aim of the paper is to determine the dominant conceptualization of coronavirus disease in the above-mentioned articles. The approach to the analysis is cognitive and the method of analysis is the conceptual metaphor theory. In order to check metaphorical linguistic expressions, we will use the MIPVU procedure devised by a group of authors from the Vrije University (Steen et al. 2010: 25-26). For research purposes, we formulated three research questions the results of which have been in accordance with the expectations. In two corpora listed above, the dominant conceptualization of coronavirus is that of an enemy, while in one corpus the dominant conceptualization of coronavirus disease is that of a force.

Safety net, gateway, market, sport, and war: Exploring how emergency physicians conceptualize and ascribe meaning to emergency care

BackgroundMetaphorical expressions and conceptualisations are widely used in medical discourse to convey complex and abstract concepts. Our study uses a novel way to examine the spontaneous use of metaphors by emergency physicians as they articulate their experiences of practicing emergency care. These co-constructions shed light on the values and beliefs that shape their emergency care practice. MethodsWe invited 25 Taiwanese emergency physicians to participate in one-to-one semi-structured interviews. ResultsDrawing on social constructionism theory, systematic metaphor analysis method and Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) we identified metaphorical linguistic expressions in their talk, grouping them into five-overarching conceptual metaphors. We argue that these metaphors underpin emergency physicians’ experiences of practicing emergency medical care: Safety Net, Gateway, Market, War, and Sport. DiscussionThe Safety Net, Gateway, and Market conceptualisations highlight physician-patient relationships and the social mission, resource allocation, and consumerism aspects of emergency care practice. The Sport and War conceptualisations highlight the physician–physician relationship and the demanding, team-based nature of emergency care practice. ConclusionWe propose that the choice of metaphorical conceptualisation deployed by emergency physicians has implications on their embodiment of professional identities. This discussion of using metaphors to study professional identities contributes to the literature concerned with finding creative and innovative ways to research identities. Future studies may utilize metaphors to gain a comprehensive understanding of physicians’ professional identities in other specialties.

Tracing Metaphor Transformations in Translation of Fiction by Type and Density

Heavily neglected by language scholars and ascribed poetics value only, metaphor was reinvented by Lakoff and Johnsons’ iconic study in the 1980s, which showed its pervasiveness in language and thought. Paradoxically, though, the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, especially in its early variants, alienated metaphor research from poetics. The latter has slowly been finding its feet in conceptual metaphor studies, especially with the help of newly developed fields of linguistic research such as corpus studies, which allow for obtaining of ample material for cross-cultural analysis. This paper is an example of such an analysis and aims by identifying the conceptual metaphors behind the metaphorical linguistic expressions in key texts from five of the greatest stylists of the English language, and by comparing them to their translations into Bulgarian, to find out whether metaphor is lost or transformed in any way. The main methodological tool used in the current paper is parallel text analysis. Our findings regarding literature in translation, suggest that the target texts (the translated ones) are not inferior in terms of metaphor type and density to the original ones and are appropriate for close reading.

THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF LIFE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE PROPAGANDA SLOGANS

This paper sets out to examine the conceptualization of life, one of the most complicated concepts that require a number of domains to get mapped, in 600 English and Vietnamse propaganda slogans addressing social policies and purposeful activities in life, mostly collected from street banners and the Internet. The research is based on the principles of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003) and Metaphor Identification Procedure (Pragglejaz group, 2007; Steen, 1999, 2009). The study aims at finding the conceptual preferences that English-speaking people and Vietnamese people have for life and trying to justify the similarities and differences in the way life is conceptualized in the two languages from social and cultural perspectives. The results suggest that metaphors of life are frequently used in both English and Vietnamese slogans on an almost equal basis. Specifically, life is conceptualized as A LIVING ORGANISM, AN OBJECT, PATH-SCHEMA, BUILDING AND WAR/STRUGGLE and some other isolated domains. Though most source domains are fundamentally similar, the distribution and frequency of use, the number of metaphorical linguistic expressions and even the minor cases reveal a great deal of cultural variation, which is mostly connected with the history of Vietnam and Western countries, and the lifestyles of their people.

Concepts of Life and Death in Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’

No Dane of flesh and bone has been written so devoutly about as Hamlet, which is why he has lived the fate of only a few literary heroes who exist independently of texts and theatre. The tragic hero has become a metaphor in himself, which is why I will attempt to read and interpret Hamlet through the prism of conceptual metaphor theory. My prime interest will be invested in metaphorical representations of life and death perceived as target domains in the process of mapping. It is preoccupation with these abstract notions that gives somber color to the play, defines its mood of nihilism and disillusionment. Hamlet is the play with a high number of references to life, death, the afterlife, and human purpose so that metaphorical linguistic expressions that deal with these themes become corpus for the analysis in this paper. Conceptual metaphor analysis will reveal profound meanings of the selected lines, which are to be found beneath the level of language and syntax, in the sphere where conceptualization of the abstract occurs. Conceptual metaphor analysis may also help us get closer to Shakespeare the man since his unlimited consciousness is, at least to some extent, translated into Hamlet.

Gender, Ideology and Conceptual Metaphors: Women and the Source Domain of the Hunt

As a cognitive process, metaphorical reasoning is inevitable, but not necessarily innocent or neutral. It is well known that the conceptual domains of love and sex have received substantial attention within cognitive linguistics. However, a source domain that merits further exploration from a gender ideology perspective is that of the hunt. For this reason, following an approach that links cognitive linguistics with critical discourse analysis this article examines the conceptualisation of love, seduction and the search for a partner/husband through hunting metaphors, focusing on the discursive representation of women and the hunt. In the texts studied the conceptual metaphors love/seduction/the search for a partner or husband is a hunt are activated through metaphorical linguistic expressions with terms such as hunt, chase, pursue, catch, capture, trap etc. Regarding ideology, metaphors are powerful transmitters of folk beliefs and dominant conceptions of femininity and masculinity. Gender values that show man as the privileged sex as well as sexist ideologies supportive of male dominance and female submissiveness have been found to underlie the texts under consideration.

The English Verb See in Fiction Writing: A Cognitive Semantic Analysis

The study aims at unraveling the conceptual metaphor underlying the English verb of visual perception see in fiction writing. It has two research questions: 1) What are the conceptual metaphors underlying the linguistic expressions of the English verb of visual perception see in fiction writing and 2) What are the theoretical implications of MIND-AS-BODY theory on the motivation of conceptual metaphors underlying the English verb of visual perception see. This study adopts a qualitative approach and is situated within the field of cognitive semantics. A corpus of English fiction writing between the period of 2010 and 2017 was compiled from different sources comprising one million words. Specifically, a sample consisting of 1,000 examples of the English verb of visual perception see was randomly extracted from the corpus using the AntConc 3.5.0 concordancer. The Metaphor Identification Procedures (MIP) were used to identify the metaphorical linguistic expressions in the corpus, and Lakoff and Johnson's (2003) as well as Sweetser's (1990) analytical frameworks were adopted for data analysis. The data analysis revealed various conceptual metaphors underlying the English verb see. These conceptual metaphors are related to the domains of knowledge, intellections, and understanding which support Sweetser's claim regarding the primacy of vision in motivating metaphors of cognition in human speech and thought. Thus, this study contributes to the literature on verbs of perception, particularly verbs of visual perception, as it is the first to address the conceptual metaphors underlying the verb see in English using a real authentic corpus of fiction writing.

Image metaphors of Trianon

AbstractThis paper studies the visual representation of the Treaty of Trianon by identifying the most common image metaphors related to it.1Three hypotheses are articulated. (1) Visual metaphors about Trianon are based on the same underlying conceptual metaphors as the corresponding metaphorical linguistic expressions. However, it is proposed that figures tend to be construed of mixed metaphors in order to convey a more condensed and complex message. In case of mixed metaphors, more source domains are applied to conceptualize the same target domain. (2) There exists a cultural cognition (Sharifian 2011) about Trianon, which is shared by the contemporary Hungarian community and which is represented in different modes of communication, namely in language and in images. The members of the community are able to understand and (re-)produce the linguistic and image metaphors about Trianon, because their conceptual system about Trianon is structured by similar conceptual metaphors. (3) Furthermore, based on linguistic dataPutz (2019), it is assumed that the figures represent the perspective of the post-1920 Hungarian nation exclusively.2The data is based on a Google search conducted on January 15, 2019, which referenced figures of Trianon with a.huinternet domain. Among the hundreds of thousands of search results, the first 150 figures were selected and ordered into six categories. Among this set of figures, the analysis focused on illustrations based on maps of pre- and post-1920 Hungary. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of eight figures, based on a three-step procedure, which is motivated bySteen et al.’s (2017)protocol.

A Cognitive Semantic Analysis of Arabic Verb of Visual Perception رأى (ra’a) in Fiction Writing

This study focuses on whether the metaphors of visual perception are really as universal as has been argued in the literature as research in non-Western languages has demonstrated that the metaphors are not universal. Thus, this study aims at unraveling the conceptual metaphors underlying the linguistic expressions of the Arabic verb of visual perception ىأر (ra’a) in fiction writing. This study adopts a qualitative approach and is situated within the field of cognitive semantics. A corpus of Arabic fiction writing, comprising 1 million words, between the period of 2010 and 2017 was compiled from different sources. Specifically, a sample consisting of 1,000 examples of the Arabic verb of visual perception ىأر was randomly extracted from the corpus using Ghawwas_V4.6 concordancer. The metaphor identification procedures (MIPs) were used to identify the metaphorical linguistic expressions in the corpus, and Lakoff and Johnson’s and Sweetser’s analytical frameworks were adopted for data analysis. The data analysis revealed many conceptual metaphors of knowledge and understanding underlying the metaphorical linguistic expression of the verb ىأر in Arabic. The findings of this study support Sweetser’s claim regarding the universality of conceptual metaphors related to the verbs of visual perception in motivating metaphors of knowledge and intellection. Thus, this study contributes to the literature on verbs of perception, particularly verbs of visual perception, as it is the first to address the conceptual metaphors underlying the verb ىأر in Arabic using real authentic corpus of fiction writing.

Metaphorical and metonymic conceptualization in body part idioms in English and Hungarian

Introduction. In modern linguistics, the study of metaphorical and metonymic conceptualization in the phraseology of different structural languages is relevant. The main purpose of the article is to study the similarities and differences in metonymic and metaphorical conceptualization, through body part idioms in English and Hungarian. The conceptual mechanisms of somatic phraseological units in the English language and their Hungarian equivalents were studied. Materials and Methods. The article is based on Corpus of the English body part phraseological units from the Соllins Соbuild Dictionary of Idioms, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 605 idioms were singled out by continuous sampling. The most adequate translation equivalents of the English metaphorical linguistic expressions are taken from Anglo-Hungarian idiom dictionaries and from Brief General Dictionaries. The descriptive method and elements of the comparative-historical method were used in the work. Results and Discussion. By analyzing phraseological units of body parts and their Hungarian equivalents, the author divided them into thematic groups according to the body part criteria, namely English body part idioms with such components as ‘body’, ‘bone’, ‘flesh’, ‘muscles’, ‘chest’, ‘eyebrows’, ‘ear’, ‘nose’, ‘mouth’, ‘throat’, ‘neck’, ‘knee’, ‘toe’, and their Hungarian equivalents represented by various metaphorical and metonymic models. Conclusion. The research showed significant similarity between the English and the Hungarian languages. The languages are characterized by similar conceptual metaphors, metonymies and a variety of traditional/cultural background. The analysis of body part idioms has revealed similarities at the generic level, whereas differences tend to exist at the specific level. Different ways of conceptualization can be expressed in several ways in English and Hungarian. Linguistic differences may relate to literary meanings of expressions, the choice of specific conceptual mechanisms, and the expression of the same or different conceptual metaphors and metonymies.

Kako govorimo i mislimo o rodu: konceptualne metafore u srpskom jeziku

The influence of human experience on observations about different physical and non-physical entities has been ignored and even denied for a long time within the framework of Western philosophy, which has been occupied with the question of language, among other things. Mark Johnson and George Lakoff's cognitive approach to language, which developed in the 1980s, has shown that ways in which people interact with their environment have a strong effect on the ways of understanding concepts. Such understandings, if not entirely then in a fair degree, are realized by metaphors that therefore cease to be primary and only defined as a stylistic device. Taking into account that gender and/or its contextual background are often overlooked in many analyses of conceptual metaphors, this paper endeavours to examine the abstractness of the concepts woman and man through the research in The Corpus of Contemporary Serbian. If the human understanding of abstract concepts comes, at least partially, through metaphors, and woman and man as a subcategory of the concept human are abstract, then man and woman must also be represented through one of the possible forms of the metaphor - metaphorical linguistic expressions. At the same time, the social context in which we are talking and thinking about women and men is marked by contemporary patriarchy and heteronormativity, and this is by no means negligible in its closer definition. Woman and man do not exist, or it is unimportant if they exist beyond human construction and imaginative conceptualization. The fact that something is a construct does not mean that it is without real and dangerous consequences.

METAPHORS IN COFFEE ADVERTISING SLOGANS

Conceptual metaphors are noticeable in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. They can be found in many life aspects such as advertisements. Through advertising slogans of products, especially coffee, metaphors are used. This paper aims are to: identify and analyze both the conceptual metaphors and the creative metaphorical linguistic expressions used in coffee advertising slogans and the possible reasons why a certain source domain is chosen for coffee target domain. The findings of this paper are that conceptual metaphors are used extensively in coffee advertising slogans to arouse customers’ interest. Good and creative coffee advertising slogans depend on well-chosen conceptual metaphors. This expands some new conceptual metaphors in our everyday life.Since advertising slogans contain brief and short sentences, even not in a full sentence, there could be more than one possible interpretation for each slogan. Different people may have different interpretation. No matter the understanding achieved, the advertising slogans main focus is to deliver a positive message and to promote the products.

CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN SHAKESPEARE’S TRAGEDIES OTHELLO, HAMLET, KING LEAR AND MACBETH – LIFE AND DEATH (KONCEPTUALNA METAFORA U ŠEKSPIROVIM TRAGEDIJAMA OTELO, HAMLET, KRALJ LIR I MAKBET – ŽIVOT I SMRT)

This work analyzes conceptual metaphors in metaphorical linguistic expressions which are extracted from Shakespeare’s four major plays Othello, Hamlet, King Lear and Macbeth. Metaphorical linguistic expressions selected from the plays refer to abstract concepts of life and death, which preoccupied Shakespeare in his tragedies. In order to understand the four plays mentioned and individual lines in them, it is very importnat to gain insight into how Shakespeare’s characters, Shakespeare himself and man in general reason about existential questions and questions of purpose which have always been the subject of our contemplation. By identifying and analyzing conceptual metaphors in the base of metaphorical linguistic expressions that talk about life and death, we will be able to illustrate the process of mapping that goes on between the source and target domains. The mapping process will clearly indicate how it is that we understand and reason about abstract concepts of life and death while relying on concrete and physical concepts from our vicinity. Conceptual metaphors given in small caps such as life is theatre or death is sleep mean that expressions exactly like these are not to be found in Shakespeare’s plays. They are a mechanism that we all have and use to understand thoughts of immense philosophical power and psychological depth. This same mechanism is also used by the greatest of writers and poets in the expression of their literary genious. Key Words: conceptual metaphor, life, death, etaphorical linguistic expression, mapping, source domain, target domain, Shakespeare, Othello, Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth