Tungsten Metal Research Articles

Combined exposure to multiple metals on cardiovascular disease in NHANES under five statistical models

BackgroundIt is well-documented that heavy metals are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, there is few studies exploring effect of metal mixture on CVD. Therefore, the primary objective of present study was to investigate the joint effect of heavy metals on CVD and to identify the most influential metals in the mixture. MethodsOriginal data for study subjects were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. In this study, adults with complete data on 12 kinds of urinary metals (antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, cobalt, cesium, molybdenum, mercury, lead, thallium, tungsten, and uranium), cardiovascular disease, and core covariates were enrolled. We applied five different statistical strategies to examine the CVD risk with metal exposure, including multivariate logistic regression, adaptive elastic net combined with Environmental Risk Score, Quantile g-computation, Weighted Quantile Sum regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression. ResultsHigher levels of cadmium, tungsten, cobalt, and antimony were significantly associated with Increased risk of CVD when covariates were adjusted for multivariate logistic regression. The results from multi-pollutant strategies all indicated that metal mixture was positively associated with the risk of CVD. Based on the results of multiple statistical strategies, it was determined that cadmium, tungsten, cobalt, and antimony exhibited the strongest positive correlations, whereas barium, lead, molybdenum, and thallium were most associated with negative correlations. ConclusionOverall, our study demonstrates that exposure to heavy metal mixture is linked to a higher risk of CVD. Meanwhile, this association may be driven primarily by cadmium, tungsten, cobalt, and antimony. Further prospective studies are warranted to validate or refute our primary findings as well as to identify other important heavy metals linked with CVD.

Investigations of Tungsten Inert Gas and Metal Active Gas Joints of SUS301L Stainless Steel: Electron Backscatter Diffraction Characterization and Fatigue Performance

Investigations of Tungsten Inert Gas and Metal Active Gas Joints of SUS301L Stainless Steel: Electron Backscatter Diffraction Characterization and Fatigue Performance

Allostatic Load as a Modifier of Associations Between Metals and Blood Pressure

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Disadvantaged populations are often co-exposed to high levels of metals and psychological stressors. While limited research suggests that stress may increase susceptibility to lead cardiotoxicity, the influence of stress on other metals remains unexplored. We examined whether allostatic load (AL), a measure of chronic stress, modifies associations between metals (cadmium, mercury, arsenic, antimony, cesium, cobalt, molybdenum, thallium, tungsten, uranium, or lead) and blood pressure (BP). METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional data on 11 blood and urinary metal biomarkers and systolic and diastolic BP in 5,022 adults (20+ years) participating in NHANES 2003-2010 using linear regression models. We assessed whether associations were modified by AL using interaction terms and stratified analyses. Because there is no scientific consensus on how to measure AL, we compared four different approaches to dichotomize participants into high and low AL based on seven stress biomarkers. Final models for each metal were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, education level, serum cotinine, urinary creatinine (to account for urinary dilution), and other confounding metals (e.g., lead). RESULTS: For diastolic BP, we observed no significant interactions between any metals and AL, but stratified analyses indicated that blood lead and urinary cobalt were significantly associated with higher BP in the high AL group only. These results were robust to the method used to define AL. For systolic BP, we observed the opposite trend: blood lead and urinary cobalt were associated with higher BP in the low AL group but not the high AL group, though results varied by AL definition. CONCLUSIONS: AL may modify the association between certain metals and BP in adults. As results may differ by method used to define AL, future research should use multiple approaches to operationalize AL until consensus is reached on the most appropriate definition. KEYWORDS: Metals, Stress, Blood Pressure, Allostatic Load

Predicting Langmuir model parameters for tungsten adsorption in heterogeneous soils using compositional signatures

• Soil taxonomic designations were statistically discriminated by compositional data. • Stacked ensemble models showed greater accuracies than unstacked models. • Multiple W chemical interactions evident across diverse range of soil “types”. Metallic tungsten (W) is a highly dense material of increasing importance to the U.S. Army as a strategic, non-radioactive replacement for depleted uranium. While there is a growing body of evidence regarding the mechanistic behavior of ionic W (formed after the spontaneous oxidation of metal) in the environment, predicting its environmental fate remains challenging, owing to the widespread geochemical heterogeneity of soils. Therefore, we developed W adsorption prediction models by creating different functional “compositions” of the chemical and physical characteristics for different soil “types” (a non-specific yet commonly used to term to designate different soils). A relatively small dataset consisting of twenty soils (possessing six different soil “types” from across the U.S.) were evaluated for W adsorption behavior. Physical and chemical soil data were separated into water-extracted (WE), bulk, and particle-size distribution (PSD) compositions, and center log-ratio (clr) transformed. Classification models built using extremely randomized trees (ERT) showed that the compositions' accuracies were WE > Bulk > PSD at the Order and Suborder levels. W's adsorption isotherms were constructed using batch equilibrium experiments and modeled against the Langmuir model, where S max = calculated adsorption maximum, K 1/L = inverse Langmuir affinity coefficient. Afterward, both the ERT and ensemble, or stacked, ERT models (by addition of Order and/or Suborder taxonomic labels as ensemble classifiers) were developed for predicting the S max and K 1/L parameters based on the different compositions. In general, model accuracies were substantially increased by the addition of the labels (stacked models). Feature importance calculations pointed to a wide range of potential chemical mechanisms simultaneously controlling W adsorption, laying the groundwork for more detailed in-situ elemental speciation studies. Overall, this work showcased a new technological capability allowing for accurately predicting W adsorption on a wide variety of morphological soil designations. Capsule: This work found that soil morphological designations greatly improved the accuracy of Langmuir adsorption predictions of CoDA-transformed characterization data.

Nanoporous WO3 grown on a 3D tungsten mesh by electrochemical anodization for enhanced photoelectrocatalytic degradation of tetracycline in a continuous flow reactor

• A nanoporous WO 3 /W electrode was obtained via mild anodization of W mesh. • Photo-electrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of tetracycline in continuous flow reactor. • PEC was 3x times more efficient than photocatalysis alone. • Continuous flow reactor design is scalable and highly efficient. The efficient removal of organic micropollutants remains a major challenge for conventional water treatment technology. Photocatalysis, while effective, has not been widely adopted due to cost and implementation challenges. Here, an effective alternative is proposed through the integration of photocatalytic and electrochemical degradation of tetracycline (TC) in a continuous flow reactor using a WO 3 /W mesh as photo-electrode. WO 3 nanoporous structures were grown on a tungsten (W) metal mesh via one step anodization in aqueous oxalic acid electrolyte (0.05 mol/L). The prepared materials were then used as 3D array photoanode in a continuous flow photo-electrocatalytic reactor. The combined influence of anodization time and post-treatment annealing temperature on the photo-electrochemical activity of the WO 3 /W mesh was examined through morphological and structural analysis. W mesh anodized for 4 h, and subsequently annealed at 450 °C have a homogenous nanoporous structure uniformly distributed and well adhering onto the W mesh, with average pore diameter of ∼ 80 nm and pore wall thickness of ∼ 250 nm. These materials are transparent, have high conductivity and WO 3 monoclinic phase. Under optimal conditions of recirculating flow rate of 230 mL min −1 and bias potential of + 1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl/KCl (3 mol/L), the photo-electrocatalytic degradation led to a TC removal of up to 90 % after 60 min of treatment, almost 3 times higher than photocatalysis only. The excellent results by integration of photocatalysis and electrochemical degradation in a flow reactor, combined with a scalable WO 3 /W mesh, offers a useful information for upscaling and designing for practical issues in water treatment (such as costs and efficiency).

Recent progress of photocatalysts based on tungsten and related metals for nitrogen reduction to ammonia

Photocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) to ammonia holds a great promise for substituting the traditional energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process, which entails sunlight as an inexhaustible resource and water as a hydrogen source under mild conditions. Remarkable progress has been achieved regarding the activation and solar conversion of N2 to NH3 with the rapid development of emerging photocatalysts, but it still suffers from low efficiency. A comprehensive review on photocatalysts covering tungsten and related metals as well as their broad ranges of alloys and compounds is lacking. This article aims to summarize recent advances in this regard, focusing on the strategies to enhance the photocatalytic performance of tungsten and related metal semiconductors for the NRR. The fundamentals of solar-to-NH3 photocatalysis, reaction pathways, and NH3 quantification methods are presented, and the concomitant challenges are also revealed. Finally, we cast insights into the future development of sustainable NH3 production, and highlight some potential directions for further research in this vibrant field.

Enhanced flotation of Pb(II)-activated wolframite using a novel collector

ABSTRACT The flotation enrichment of fine-particle wolframite played a crucial role in production of strategic key metal tungsten. In this paper, N-[(3-hydroxyamino)-propoxy]-N-hexyl dithiocarbamate (HAHD) was designed to strengthen the flotation recovery of wolframite. The in situ AFM images clearly exhibited that the pre-activation of wolframite with Pb2+ ions significantly enhanced the self-assemble and aggregation of HAHD on its surface, and its surface hydrophobicity and floatability dramatically improved. The FTIR and XPS results recommended a chemisorption of HAHD to the Pb(II)-activated wolframite, and in the surface HAHD-Pb(II) complexes, both dithiocarbamate and hydroxamate groups chelated Pb(II) to deliver the four-membered and five-membered ring configurations. The double-site adsorption rendered a closed loop anchor of HAHD on the Pb(II)-activated wolframite surface, which essentially weakened the hydration of OH- ions toward Pb2+, Fe2+ or Mn2+ ions in/on wolframite interface. In addition, the hexyl group exhibits a strong hydrophobization, and the dithiocarbamate displays a selective affinity against alkaline earth metal minerals. These encouraged HAHD to be a strong-power and selective collector for wolframite versus calcite at its low dose.

PANI-WO3·2H2O Nanocomposite: Phase Interaction and Evaluation of Electronic Properties by Combined Experimental Techniques and Ab-Initio Calculation.

The development of conjugated polymer-based nanocomposites by adding metallic particles into the polymerization medium allows the proposition of novel materials presenting improved electrical and optical properties. Polyaniline Emeraldine-salt form (ES–PANI) has been extensively studied due to its controllable electrical conductivity and oxidation states. On the other hand, tungsten oxide (WO3) and its di-hydrated phases, such as WO3·2H2O, have been reported as important materials in photocatalysis and sensors. Herein, the WO3·2H2O phase was directly obtained during the in-situ polymerization of aniline hydrochloride from metallic tungsten (W), allowing the formation of hybrid nanocomposites based on its full oxidation into WO3·2H2O. The developed ES–PANI–WO3·2H2O nanocomposites were successfully characterized using experimental techniques combined with Density Functional Theory (DFT). The formation of WO3·2H2O was clearly verified after two hours of synthesis (PW2 nanocomposite), allowing the confirmation of purely physical interaction between matrix and reinforcement. As a result, increased electrical conductivity was verified in the PW2 nanocomposite: the DFT calculations revealed a charge transfer from the p-orbitals of the polymeric phase to the d-orbitals of the oxide phase, resulting in higher conductivity when compared to the pure ES–PANI.

Tungsten-Based Nanocatalysts: Research Progress and Future Prospects.

The high price of noble metal resources limits its commercial application and stimulates the potential for developing new catalysts that can replace noble metal catalysts. Tungsten-based catalysts have become the most important substitutes for noble metal catalysts because of their rich resources, friendly environment, rich valence and better adsorption enthalpy. However, some challenges still hinder the development of tungsten-based catalysts, such as limited catalytic activity, instability, difficult recovery, and so on. At present, the focus of tungsten-based catalyst research is to develop a satisfactory material with high catalytic performance, excellent stability and green environmental protection, mainly including tungsten atomic catalysts, tungsten metal nanocatalysts, tungsten-based compound nanocatalysts, and so on. In this work, we first present the research status of these tungsten-based catalysts with different sizes, existing forms, and chemical compositions, and further provide a basis for future perspectives on tungsten-based catalysts.

Electrochemical Processing of Tungsten-Cobalt Pseudoalloys, Receiving Tungsten Powder for Modification of Aramid Tissue

Electrochemical research is focused on the tungsten extraction during acid electrochemical treatment of WC-Co pseudoalloy in chloride solutions. The target resulted products of the treatment are: tungsten oxide (VI), tungsten powder with a given particle size distribution (2…3 μm). Based on the analysis of kinetics, the mechanism of dissolution of the WC-Co pseudoalloy in a solution of 2.5 mol∙dm-3 HCl and with the addition of HF was proposed. It was found that a well-soluble higher tungsten chloride is formed on the surface of the pseudoalloy, which is eventually hydrolyzed in aqueous solution to form tungsten oxides. The dispersion control levers were investigated and the technological parameters of obtaining tungsten metal powder from low-temperature ionic alloys (NaCl-KCl-CsBr-NaF) were determined, which make it possible to obtain tungsten metal powder of a given particle size distribution. It is stated that the use of tungsten powder (W or WO3) for the modification of aramid fiber can significantly increase the heat resistance of aramid fabric and reduce its wear

Optimization of friction stir welding AA6082-T6 parameters using analysis of variance and grey relational analysis

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state welding process, which has a significant role in solid-state welding processes for nonferrous alloys. Conventional arc welding processes for aluminum alloys such as metal inert gas (MIG) and tungsten inert gas (TIG) are replaced by FSW. The effect of FSW parameters such as rotational and traverse speeds, tool geometry, plunge depth, tilt angle, etc., on weld quality were considered in several optimization studies. Hence, the effect of fixture position is included in this study. Multi-criteria decision-making (MDCM) techniques such as grey relational analysis (GRA) were used to determine the optimal condition among experimental runs designed by response surface methodology (RSM). The Taguchi method was widely applied with MCDM techniques. Therefore, the experiments were conducted according to response surface methodology. Input parameters were (14, 16 and 18) mm for shoulder diameter (SD), (0.0, 0.2 and 0.4) mm for plunge depth (PD), and (30, 60 and 90) mm for fixture position (FP), which is the distance between fixture bolts used to fix the welded plate. The results obtained by GRA were similar to the ANOVA optimizer, and the optimum process conditions are shoulder diameter of 14 mm, plunge depth of 0.2 mm, and fixture position of 60 mm.

Oxygen vacancy defect tungsten-oxide-quantum-dot-modified nitrogen-doped graphene with interfacial tiny primitives to boost oxygen reduction reaction

Ultrafine quantum-dot-modified nitrogen-doped graphene has attracted board interest and has become frontier research in metal-air batteries and fuel cells. In this study, oxygen vacancy defect tungsten oxide quantum dots (V o -WO 3 QDs) are embedded in nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) to form abundant heterogeneous interfacial electrocatalysts (V o -WO 3 QDs/NG), which exhibits advanced electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in an alkaline electrolyte. The optimized V o -WO 3 QDs/NG-5 (W content of 0.14 wt%) exhibits high onset potential (0.932 V vs. RHE) and decent half-wave potential (0.762 V vs. RHE) with high stability, which outperforms other reported tungsten metal oxide-based ORR electrocatalysts. The outstanding electrocatalytic performances of V o -WO 3 QDs/NG-5 are contributed by higher amount of oxygen vacancy and defects in V o -WO 3 QDs, as well as tunable interfacial electronic properties between the V o -WO 3 QDs and NG support. Furthermore, the density functional theory (DFT) is systematically conducted to determine the electronic properties and interface charge transmission for V o -WO 3 QDs/NG entity, providing important insight on the electrocatalysts in terms of band regulation and electron transport at the active interface between V o -WO 3 QDs and NG. Our finding paves an efficient pathway to design highly active hetero-structural and durable electrocatalysts for ORR applications based on defect-rich metal oxide QDs supported on nitrogen-doped graphene. Oxygen Vacancy Defect Tungsten oxide Quantum Dots Modified Three-dimensional Nitrogen-doped graphene with Interfacial Primitives Boosted Oxygen Reduction • Oxygen vacancy defect WO 3 quantum dots embedded N-doped Graphene enhanced ORR catalytic activity. • Interface electron transport are systematically simulated in heterojunctions using DFT system. • Vo-WO 3 QDs/NG-5 shows superior ORR catalytic activity and excellent cycle stability.

Nonthermal effects in H-doped tungsten at high electronic temperatures

In a fusion reactor, the plasma with very high temperature intensely and continuously emits high-energy photons, which irradiate the tungsten material of the first wall. The irradiation with high-energy photons causes nonthermal events in the tungsten material. In this paper, the structural features of H-doped tungsten metal at highly electronic excitation states are studied using density functional theory. It has been found that the system can not only undergo nonthermal expansion with increasing electronic excitation energy, but also a phase transition from body-centered cubic (BCC) phase to face-centered cubic (FCC) or hexagonal close-packed cubic (HCP) phase occurs spontaneously with a threshold value of excitation energy. The relationship between the excitation energy threshold associated with the phase transition and the concentration of doped impurity in tungsten is disclosed, which can be expressed using an empirical formula. In addition, the synergistic effect of electronic excitation and impurity atoms on the phase transition is revealed. Our results give a deep insight into the irradiation effect of the high-energy photons on the first-wall tungsten in a fusion reactor.

A new method for microscale cyclic crack growth characterization from notched microcantilevers and application to single crystalline tungsten and a metallic glass

The lifetime of most metals is limited by cyclic loads, ending in fatigue failure. The progressive growth of cracks ends up in catastrophic failure. An advanced method is presented for the determination of cyclic crack growth on the microscale using a nanoindenter, which allows the characterization of > 10,000 loading cycles. It uses focused ion beam fabricated notched microcantilevers. The method has been validated by cyclic bending metallic glass and tungsten microcantilevers. The experiments reveal a stable crack growth during the lifetime of both samples. The metallic glass shows less plasticity due to the absence of dislocations, but shows shearing caused by the deformation. The crack growth rates determined in the tests follow Paris’ power law relationship. The results are reliable, reproducible and comparable with macroscopic setups. Due to the flexibility of the method, it is suitable for the characterization of specific microstructural features, like single phases, grain boundaries or different grain orientations.Graphical abstract

Development of Chemical Procedures for Isotope Harvesting: Separation of Trace Hafnium from Tungsten

ABSTRACT The separation of trace hafnium from bulk tungsten alloys is of interest for isotope harvesting at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and the Facility for Rare Ion Beams because 172Hf, the parent of 172Lu, accumulates in tungsten alloy beam blockers at these facilities. In this work, a procedure for the separation of trace hafnium from a bulk tungsten alloy (454 g) was established using tracer isotopes (175Hf, 88Zr, 173Lu, and 88Y). The procedure employed dissolution in an HF–HNO3 solution followed by a calcium fluoride precipitation, and then extraction chromatography was used for more selective separation steps. Two stages of column separations using LN resin (HDEHP based) and TRU resin (CMPO based) were performed. Gamma-ray spectroscopy and mass spectrometry were used to analyze the final hafnium sample and follow the steps in the chemical processing. The final recovery of hafnium was high (90 ± 8)%, and the mass of tungsten and other transition metals was reduced to near background levels (as determined by ICP-MS of the blank acid solutions). Zirconium follows hafnium quantitatively in this procedure; there was no detectable 173Lu in the final hafnium sample.

Highly efficient energy and mass transfer in bcc metals by supersonic 2-crowdions

During irradiation, bombardment with energetic particles, or plasma treatment, structural transformations occur in materials, in which point defects play a very important role. Highly mobile crowdions contribute to the transfer of mass and energy in the crystal lattice. Static and slowly moving crowdions are well studied, in contrast to crowdions moving at a speed exceeding the speed of sound. Here, for the first time, dynamics of supersonic N-crowdions (N=1,2) is investigated in bcc metals (tungsten and vanadium) with the help of molecular dynamics simulations. N-crowdions are excited by imparting sufficiently high initial velocities to N neighboring atoms located in the same close-packed atomic row along this row. Both supersonic 1- and 2-crowdions carry one interstitial atom each. Modeling shows that much less energy is required to excite a 2-crowdion compared to a 1-crowdion. Energy dissipation for a 2-crowdion is much slower than for a 1-crowdion suggesting that the supersonic 2-crowdion is an efficient mass transfer mechanism in bcc metals. The distance traveled by supersonic 1- and 2-crowdions in W is much greater than that in V. The supersonic crowdion in W transforms into a moving subsonic crowdion, and in V it transforms into a standing subsonic crowdion carrying a localized high-amplitude oscillation mode. These differences can be explained by the features of interatomic interactions in W and V.

Isolation of an Elusive Phosphametallacyclobutadiene and Its Role in Reversible Carbon−Carbon Bond Cleavage

AbstractThe reactivity of phosphaalkynes, the isolobal and isoelectronic congeners to alkynes, with metal alkylidyne complexes is explored in this work. Treating the tungsten alkylidyne [tBuOCO]W≡CtBu(THF)2 (1) with phosphaalkyne (10) results in the formation of [O2C(tBuC=)W{η2‐(P,C)−P≡C−Ad}(THF)] (13‐tBuTHF) and [O2C(AdC=)W{η2‐(P,C)−P≡C−tBu}(THF)] (13‐AdTHF); derived from the formal reductive migratory insertion of the alkylidyne moiety into a W−Carene bond. Analogous to alkyne metathesis, a stable phosphametallacyclobutadiene complex [tBuOCO]W[κ2‐C(tBu)PC(Ad)] (14) forms upon loss of THF from the coordination sphere of either 13‐tBuTHF or 13‐AdTHF. Remarkably, the C−C bonds reversibly form/cleave with the addition or removal of THF from the coordination sphere of the formal tungsten(VI) metal center, permitting unprecedented control over the transformation of a tetraanionic pincer to a trianionic pincer and back. Computational analysis offers thermodynamic and electronic reasoning for the reversible equilibrium between 13‐tBu/AdTHF and 14.

Isolation of an Elusive Phosphametallacyclobutadiene and Its Role in Reversible Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage.

The reactivity of phosphaalkynes, the isolobal and isoelectronic congeners to alkynes, with metal alkylidyne complexes is explored in this work. Treating the tungsten alkylidyne [t BuOCO]W≡Ct Bu(THF)2 (1) with phosphaalkyne (10) results in the formation of [O2 C(t BuC=)W{η2 -(P,C)-P≡C-Ad}(THF)] (13-t BuTHF ) and [O2 C(AdC=)W{η2 -(P,C)-P≡C-t Bu}(THF)] (13-AdTHF ); derived from the formal reductive migratory insertion of the alkylidyne moiety into a W-Carene bond. Analogous to alkyne metathesis, a stable phosphametallacyclobutadiene complex [t BuOCO]W[κ2 -C(t Bu)PC(Ad)] (14) forms upon loss of THF from the coordination sphere of either 13-t BuTHF or 13-AdTHF . Remarkably, the C-C bonds reversibly form/cleave with the addition or removal of THF from the coordination sphere of the formal tungsten(VI) metal center, permitting unprecedented control over the transformation of a tetraanionic pincer to a trianionic pincer and back. Computational analysis offers thermodynamic and electronic reasoning for the reversible equilibrium between 13-t Bu/AdTHF and 14.

DC Characteristics and Dynamic Properties of Multi-Channel Nanosheet MOSFETs with and without Tungsten Metal Sidewall for Sub-3-nm Technological Nodes

Electrical characteristics of the multi-channel nanosheet (NS) metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) with (w/) and without (w/o) the low-resistivity (5.6 × 10–6 Ω-cm) tungsten metal sidewall (MSW) are studied by using an experimentally validated three-dimensional device simulation for sub-3-nm technological nodes. The explored 18-channel n- and p-type NS devices w/ MSW possess a 30-mV/V improvement in the drain-induced barrier lowing, more than 200%-increase in the on-current, about 160%-increase in the gate capacitance, and a 48%-reduction in the delay time, compared with the devices w/o MSW. Our study shows the significance of MSW in vertically stacked multi-channel NS MOSFETs.

Effect of Nb, Ti, and W ion implantation on surface properties and cell compatibility of silicon carbide

Silicon carbide is considered as a bio‐inert semiconductor material; consequently, it has been proposed for potential applications in human body implantation. In this study, we study the effect of implanting different metal ions on the surface properties of silicon carbide single crystal. The valence states of the elements and the surface roughness of implanted SiC were studied using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscope, respectively. Osteoblastic MG‐63 cells were utilized to characterize the cytocompatibility of ion implanted SiC. The results show that after Nb ion implantation on the SiC surface, it mainly exists in the form of Nb–C bond, Nb–O bond, and a small amount of metallic niobium. The titanium implanted on SiC primarily forms Ti‐C bond and Ti‐O bond. The tungsten implanted on SiC mostly presents as metallic tungsten and W–O bond. The roughness of silicon carbide single crystal is improved by ion implantation of all three metal ions. Ion implantation of titanium and niobium can improve the cell compatibility and hydrophilicity of silicon carbide, whereas ion implantation of tungsten reduces the cell compatibility and hydrophilicity of silicon carbide.