Ukrainian Media Research Articles

The Specifics of Religious Issues in Ukrainian Gender Electronic Mass Media

Aim. The purpose of this study was to analyze religious issues in gender and feminist electronic mass media in Ukraine, taking into account the specifics of their policy, audience, and communication strategy Methodology. The empirical methods were gathered by a grouping of sites and electronic media: the official sites, the convergent scanned print media, and the social network Facebook. Overall, the 21 electronic mass media were analyzed. The main method of this research is a discourse analysis of religious topics. The main identified topics are representation of religions, political issues, gender history of religion, female priesthood, dogma of religion, pedagogical and scientific topics, critique of religion/church, anti-gender and religion, LGBT issues, sexuality, body, and religion. Only a small amount of material and topics are dedicated to religion, which is marginalized in the Ukrainian media. Conclusions. Our main conclusion is that the more analytical analysis in the material, the more tolerant the authors are to religion, but not to religious organizations. The sensitive topics of sexual orientation, sexual violence, pedophilia, and abortion rights related to church activities, are raised in the feminist/gender mass media. Originality. The coverage of religious issues depends on the type of media that presents a particular gender discourse: the more radical Ukrainian media in their visions, the less critical and stereotypical the representation of religion. Most Ukrainian gender media reflect general trends in the representation of religion.

PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION AND COVERAGE OF THE EUROPEAN GREEN COURSE IN THE MEDIA AND SOCIAL NETWORKS OF UKRAINE

As a result of a study of the Ukrainian media field, it was found that the total number of all publications in the database for the period from 01.01.2019 to 30.06.2021 is about 60 million materials. It was interesting to compare the percentage of publications on environmental issues with other topics in the media. For example, the topic of combating COVID-19 for the period 2020-2021 forms 31% of the information field of Ukraine, which far exceeds all other topics of resonance. For comparison, a study was also conducted on the subject of culture, in a broad sense. The results indicate that all publications for 2019-2021 related to the cultural component do not gain even 1% of the total media field of Ukraine. Despite the general increase in the number of publications in the media field of Ukraine, environmental issues are also growing, keeping their relevance. At the same time, the average frequency and number of publications on environmental issues and Green Deal for the entire period from 2019 to June 2021 are - 2.3% of the media field of the Ukrainian media. At the same time, the results of the assessment of the quality of coverage of the environmental component in the media indicate that the media field of "ecology" is, in most cases, reporting on the event, ecology or decision of public authorities. The media do not form an agenda, but follow the information drives, and also clearly demonstrate the use of the media as a tool for disseminating information, sometimes openly manipulative. In addition, the share of publications involving environmental professionals is too low, which certainly calls into question the reliability and depth of environmental information content in Ukraine during the study period.

The activities of the ukrainian media during the russian-ukrainian war

The purpose of the article. The research is related to the analysis of the activities of the Ukrainian mass media during the Russian occupation and the coverage of their role in the information struggle from the beginning of the war until now. The research methodology includes the use of a descriptive method, the method of analysis and synthesis to identify the importance of mass media functioning in society. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty is in the fact that the article clarifies the main aspects of the activity of the Ukrainian mass media since the beginning of the full-scale Russian invasion of the territory of our country. In addition, it emphasizes the change in their information content, substantiates the strengthening of its patriotic direction, аnalyses the emergence of new means of expression that fill the language media practice with topical content. Conclusions. A detailed analysis of the activities of the Ukrainian media during the Russian occupation revealed the importance of media communication, which significantly increased during this period, which enables the increase of the information product as well as contributes to the increase in awareness of society in general. The topics and contents of the content have changed: the main focus is now on information about the course of war events, the reaction of the world community to them, the creation of new forms of television and radio broadcasts, the publication of patriotic works, changes in the content of advertising products, etc. The modifications, observed in the Ukrainian language, are also noted and perceived as a reaction to the terrible events of today: regrouping of vocabulary, emergence of new means of expression, consolidation of new language norms, etc. Modern mass media, performing informational and social functions, transform the traditional system of spiritual values of Ukrainian society into the global information space. Keywords: mass media, social networks, information content, neologisms, idiom, obscene language.

Edukacja medialna w Ukrainie

In today’s digital reality, media information skills are becoming the key ones for every member of society. Hence, media education is becoming increasingly important. Ukraine has already had some positive achievements in the development of media education. The purpose of this research is to analyze and systematize the experience of media education in Ukraine. There was used a set of research methods: a theoretical method for literature review, identification of criteria for analysis, method of selecting relevant information and interpreting results, method of systematization, and prognostic to outline further prospects for media education and learning in Ukraine. According to the criteria (historical, methodical, prognostic), the activities of five Ukrainian media education centers were singled out and described: the Institute of Social and Political Psychology, the Institute of Higher Education of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv), the Institute of Media Ecology (Lviv), the Academy of Press of Ukraine (Kyiv) and the College of Press and Television (Mykolaiv). The history of their creation, features of development, and implementation of scientific-educational-methodical support were analyzed, the directions of their further activity were outlined. It was found out that all the centers are similar in their media education mission. At the same time, their differences are manifested in the practical implementation of media education. Prospects for further research on media education and learning in the conditions of distance learning were identified.

Business Models of Local and Hyperlocal Media During Local Mass Media Reforms in Ukraine

The research relies on the world trends in the development of local and hyperlocal media and their business models to analyse the experience of Ukrainian local mass media in their search for sustainable funding. The financial sustainability of local and hyperlocal media projects is the key to expanding citizens’ access to high-quality news and information. The choice of a business model determines the media’s financial sustainability and efficiency, its philosophy, content and ways of content delivery. Crowdfunding and its types (membership model, club model, gift-crowdfunding) is considered one of the most effective business models for hyperlocal media. These models presuppose engaging audiences (communities) in media financing. The research into the key services, resources, information processes and flows, expenditure structure and revenue sources reveal that an effective business model for Ukrainian media aims to combine business values with consumers’ values and needs. The combination of these factors ensures sustainable development and independence of the editorial policy.

«VocabulariesofParallels»inUkrainianPoliticalCommunication:AnalogiesandPrecedentsintheAnalysisofConflict

The aimof the article is to clarify features ofsymbolic comparative resources used in the Ukrainian media to represent conflict and counter propaganda, and to consider how these contribute to decision-making. Historical parallels and intercultural analogies are considered as rhetorical means used bywriters in the Ukrainian mediain analyzing the challenges posed by the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict.Research methods and techniques: critical discourse analysis,«problem-oriented interdisciplinary approach»,which emphasizesidentity and power as factors that contribute to the formation of meaning. The research procedureinvolves the analysis of the linguistic and actual context of tropes, comparison of interpretations, and classification of intertextual patterns.Results: different types of analogies are exploited in media texts, the differentiation of which is based on several functional criteria: eitherthe «script of war»,argumentative purpose, or sources of transposition.Conclusions.1. Analogies in media texts are seen as interpretive frameworks that explain current conflict through references to scenarios of military, political,and cultural histories in the world, including the causes of hostilities and models of negotiation. 2. In media texts dealing with interstate conflict and related geopolitical issues, the analogy is approached as a unit of argumentation and belief that influences the choice, and shapes Ukraine's position in the information war. 3. Analogies used in the process of media persuasion serve the functions of symbolic identification, promotion of values, transfer of experience, and proposing strategies. 4. Collectively, the public debate in Ukraine, which addresses the challenges of resistance, is an example of intercultural intertextuality, revealing the basic principles of conflict resolution and protection of state sovereignty.Keywords:analogies,historicalparallels,discourse,conflict,frames,rhetoric,symbol,context.

Online Business Media of Ukraine: Typology and Specific Features

This article offers a new look at the specific characteristics and key typological factors of online business media in Ukraine. Knowledge of the typological structure and features of business media segmentation can be used in marketing plans and media planning. The empirical part of the article presents a comprehensive definition of the term “business journalism” in the social communication discourse of Ukraine, as well as the typology of online business media based on selected structural and functional and type-forming factors: economic and organizational, structural and functional, professional and technological. As a result of practical analysis and theoretical thinking, the article also proposes the definition of social functions of business media, which was previously overlooked by scientists.

MECHANISMS OF FORMATION OF INFOMEDIA LITERACY IN STUDENTS OF PEDAGOGICAL SPECIALTIES

The article is focused is on the features of the concept of modern education and the formation of competencies in students of higher education institutions. The specifics of training a future specialist in accordance with the challenges of society are analyzed. The necessity of developing critical thinking and media literacy in general is substantiated. The relevance of the functioning of Ukrainian media literacy projects is outlined. Emphasis is placed on the positive experience of implementation of the selective discipline “Information Media Literacy” for students of pedagogical specialties at Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University.
 We highlighted the competencies that are formed in the process of learning the elective course “Infomedia Literacy” for higher education students in the specialties of “Primary Education”, “Psychology”, “Geography”. A detailed description of the lesson on the topic “Verification of online content” is presented. The purpose of the lesson is to carry out a reasoned critical review of multimedia content, verify the authenticity of images, and identify manipulative materials. We substantiated the necessity of the use of critical thinking and analysis of media content on the subject of stereotyping, discrimination, hate speech in the course of the lesson “Hate speech in the media”. Effective pedagogical activities aiming at formation of media immunity of future specialists are illustrated.

THE POLISH-UKRAINIAN RECONCILIATION ATTEMPTS ON THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE VOLHYNIAN MASS MURDERS OF 1943

The article deals with the Polish-Ukrainian public discussions on the Volhynian mass murders from February to July 2003 and the joint 60th-anniversary commemoration of this massacre, which happened July 11 in Pavlivka village, the Volhynian region in Ukraine. The research is written from the perspective of the conception of reconciliation. The main question is the extent to which this reconciliation was successful. The article is based on Polish and Ukrainian media materials, official statements, letters and appeals of different groups and public figures, and five unpublished interviews conducted by the author in January – June 2019. The methodological research frame is a theory of the politics of memory by Jan Kubik and Michael Bernhardt. The approach is helpful for the classification of mnemonic actors, who participated in the debates, and the research of various memories of Volhynian mass murders. The article stresses the importance of this discussion and the joint commemoration of victims. Leading politicians and intellectuals participated in the debate, especially in Ukraine. The scholars from both sides, who toke the position of mnemonic pluralists, played an important role. They tried to rethink the past of their country and the responsibility in the Polish-Ukrainian conflict. However, this rethinking was difficult for them. Appeals to reconciliation had a spiritual dimension. Therefore the church joined it, although quite carefully. The commemorative action in Pavlivka happened mainly because of state resources. It was inaccessible to a significant part of the Ukrainian public. However, even in this situation, the commemorative action in Pavlivka could contribute to overcoming the conflict of memories if both countries were more pluralistic in the following years.

IMPLICIT REFLECTIONS OF RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR IN ARABIC INTERNET MEMES

The reaction to the news of Russian invasion of Ukraine is expressed in the Arab world through various communicative means, including Internet memes. Language of social media is utilised to convey the non-official public opinion, both explicitly and implicitly. This paper deals with a complex study of the Arabic humorous discourse, in particular Ukraine war memes, involving their linguistic, sociolinguistic, and pragmatic peculiarities. The research is based on the works of R. Bassiouney [1], M. Bulatovic [2], M. R. Enverga [3], and others. Arabic narratives about the Russian war against Ukraine on social networks have been outlined in the Ukrainian mass media [4]. However, a more in-depth linguistic analysis is necessary to examine the language as a tool affecting the public opinion online.

Lingual presentation of coronavirus in Ukrainian religious media discourse

The coronavirus pandemic has caused changes not only in public life, but has affected language systems also. The lexical structure of languages has responded to the global pandemic with many innovations. According to the results of linguistic researches, the texts in mass media have become a productive environment for the creation of neologisms. These tendencies are also noticeable in the Ukrainian language system. Besides neologisms, the linguistic realities of the coronavirus pandemic have been verbalized in various discursive practices through metaphors, the most common of which are metaphors of war. The purpose of this study is to identify the features of the linguistic presentation of coronavirus disease and related realities in the texts of religious media. The texts of Ukrainian religious figures presented in the media were the source of this study. Pandemic, the virus are endowed with the features of a living person, the ability to move, think, tokens to denote them are combined with a large number of verbs, which are named active actions, cognitive processes etc. In the texts of religious media, like in other discourses, the realities of coronavirus disease are conceptualized through lexical units that are in any way connected with war: enemy, captivity, threat, to strike, to win the war etc., rarely attested metaphors of fire, disease, marine metaphors. The linguistic representation of the coronavirus in religious texts has its own specifics. In the religious consciousness, the coronavirus is perceived as a testing, a warning, an opportunity to rethink a behavior, a lifestyle, and the consequences caused by it are often positively assessed, because they allow strengthening spiritual values. Religious texts are characterized not only by a metaphorical representation of the coronavirus itself, but by the emergence of new metaphors based on the coronavirus vocabulary that verbalize human spiritual life: the virus of selfishness, the virus of indifference, antibodies of solidarity etc. Keywords: coronavirus language, metaphor, personification, religious discourse, religious media.

Gardens of Tolerance: Ukrainian Women Artists Reflect the War in the Donbas

With ongoing war in the Donbas, war narratives and war images saturate public media in Ukraine, the discourse contaminated by ideological remnants of the Soviet World War II cult and by fake news. Art that deals with war wounds can subvert the familiar visual language of war propaganda, where the suffering of victims is a mere pretext for touting the inevitable triumph of the heroes. Currently in Ukraine, the most prolific art in this regard is produced by women-artists who address the trauma of war through painting and installations that offer highly personalized accounts. Often touching upon extreme circumstances, their art is about tolerance, both in terms of endurance and of the mutual understanding necessary for cohabitation. Alevtyna (Alevtina) Kakhidze’s ongoing performance creates an opportunity to comprehend the war in the Donbas from multiple perspectives, including that of a gardener. She associates the tending of plants with her mother who died on occupied territory, refusing to leave her garden. Mariia (Maria) Kulikovs'ka’s sculptures serve as shooting targets for separatists in the occupied centre of contemporary art in Donetsk. Vlada Ralko’s paintings of tortured bodies become a metaphor for scars garnered by a war that remains close to home. Paintings and sculptures by Maryna Skuharieva (Skugareva) and Anna Zviahintseva (Zvyagintseva) address the ruin of representation inflicted by war, and the conceptual performance by Liia (Lia) Dostlieva and Andrii Dostliev contemplates the healing process of war wounds. Neither making spectacle from the “pain of others” nor deeming it unrepresentable, this art seeks emphatic alternatives to traditional war narratives.

Religious Advertising in Ukraine: Political and Social Contexts

Religious advertising is a new phenomenon in the Ukrainian media space. Starting from 2019 to the time of writing, it has been right in the middle of political battles as a public platform that represents the idea of the Independent Ukrainian Church. Religious advertising with a strong political component has become part of the conflict discourse and is qualified by experts as manipulation. In religious advertising with its social convergence, the creative impulse is mainly formed with verbal means that shape a new cognitive style of gaining religious experience. The new features are represented in God's speech behavior, speech style, communicative situations with His participation, role distribution, genre preferences and the emotional background of communicative interactions. Ukrainian religious advertising strives to balance short-term political interests and long-term social interests along with eternal values.

Russian-Ukrainian war as a factor of the world food crisis

The article aimed to outline the risks to global food security as a result of Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine. The theoretical and informational basis of the study were the works of Ukrainian and European government officials, researchers and public figures in the field of agricultural economy and agriculture, as well as reports of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, regional state administrations, and open sources of media. The publications of leading Ukrainian and foreign specialized media outlets, as well as theses voiced by representatives of international organizations on the economic consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian war, have been analyzed. The main preconditions for the global food crisis as a result of full-scale Russian aggression against Ukraine have been highlighted. The forecasts for the food stability of our state for the next few years have been analyzed. The dynamics of world prices for grain and oil as a reaction of the world food and energy markets to the course of hostilities in Ukraine have been highlighted. The extremely important role of our country in the world food market has been emphasized and the situation with the food supply of Ukrainian origin to various countries of the European Union, Asia and Africa has been predicted. The regions and countries for which the escalation of the Russian-Ukrainian war will be the most disastrous have been outlined. The results of modelling different scenarios of food production by Ukrainian farmers due to different percentages of availability of sown areas of the state have been presented. The inevitability of a global food crisis has been argued, given the role of Ukraine and Russia in the world food market, as well as its direct dependence on the scale and duration of further hostilities and the outcome of the negotiation process between Ukraine and Russia. Intensification of energy problems and, consequently, environmental ones have been forecasted. Two possible ways of developing the situation for Western Europe and the United States have been outlined: increasing the use of fossil fuels and accelerating the climate crisis, or using the opportunity to « switch» the renewable economy and initiate accelerated development of clean renewable energy. The need to reform the world energy policy to strengthen the energy independence of states and minimize the intensification of the environmental crisis has been emphasized. It has been proposed to intensify the efforts of the world community in the development of renewable economy and clean energy to minimize the use of fossil fuels and ensure the stability of the energy systems of states.

ПРОПАГУВАННЯ ВАКЦИНАЦІЇ ВІД COVID-19 У ПРОФІЛЯХ ПРОГРАМИ «ТСН» В INSTAGRAM ТА FACEBOOK

<p><strong><em>The objective of this research</em></strong><em> is to analyze the special features of the information campaign on Covid-19 vaccination in the ‘TSN’ TV program’s profiles on Instagram and Facebook.</em></p><p><strong><em>Methods of the research.</em></strong><em> In the process of the research, we used the method of analysis to characterize the information about the necessity of the Covid-19 vaccination published in the Instagram and Facebook profiles of the «TSN» TV program. The method of analogies and comparison was used to compare the information about Covid-19 vaccination given on the analyzed accounts of the ‘TSN’TV program. The posts related to Covid-19 vaccination published in the Facebook and Instagram profiles of the «TSN» TV program were selected for the research by the method of content analysis. By using the method of generalization we managed to make logical conclusions and characterize the special features of presentation by the «TSN» TV program of the information about the necessity of Covid-19 vaccination in the Facebook and Instagram profiles. </em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> Having analyzed the Instagram and Facebook profiles of the «TSN» TV program we can assert that the topic of Covid-19 vaccination is not among the top ones. The analyzed accounts are focused on general information and cases rate in different regions of Ukraine while posts about the necessity of Covid-19 vaccination are published quite rarely. </em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty.</em></strong><em> Since vaccination is the only possible method to prevent or mitigate the progression of Covid-19 it is important to enhance people’s confidence in vaccination. Nowadays, social networks, Instagram and Facebook in particular, are efficient channels for sharing information among the public about all nuances of vaccination and its effect on the progression of the coronavirus pandemic. In such difficult for humanity times, the media must develop a clear strategy for sharing information about the necessity of the Covid-19 vaccination on these social platforms. To develop the set of such skills it is important to regularly study the methods that the national media use on Instagram and Facebook for the promotion of the necessity of mass vaccination.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical relevance.</em></strong><em> The results obtained can be used in the process of complex research of information campaigns of Ukrainian media on Instagram and Facebook, as well as for the development of a clear strategy of the Ukrainian mass media’s work when sharing information about coronavirus pandemic and Covid-19 vaccination in particular. </em></p><p><strong><em>Key words: </em></strong><em>Instagram, Facebook, media, Covid-19, account, post.</em></p>

КНИЖКОВА ПРЕСА «ДРУГ ЧИТАЧА»: ВІД ГАЗЕТИ РАДЯНСЬКОГО ВЗІРЦЯ ДО СУЧАСНОГО МЕРЕЖЕВОГО РЕСУРСУ

<p><strong><em>The purpose of the study</em></strong><em> is to identify and characterize the trends in the formation of functional, genre-thematic features of the Ukrainian book press «Friend of the Reader», published at the turn of XX–XXI centuries, and its promotional potential.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology</em></strong><em>. The study used a set of methods, including: historical – to determine the nature of the transformation of the press as an object of study in Ukrainian journalism, to reconstruct the Ukrainian history of the formation of the press of this type (book press); contextual – to determine the influence of socio-political, cultural, market factors on the formation of the system of thematic and rubric complexes of the newspaper «Friend of the reader»; content analysis with elements of discursive analysis – to establish the interdependence between the typological characteristics and the rubrication organization of the press, their content; to outline and interpret an array of texts of different genres and different topics, on the basis of which the main trends in the formation of the then literary and publishing process and the book market in general are considered; comparative – for the analysis of the years of the book newspaper «Friend of the reader» of different years; descriptive-analytical – to identify the factors characteristic of the journalistic way of reflecting on the defining phenomena and processes of the then book market; system – to determine the place of the analyzed magazine in the system of book periodicals, book periodicals in the system of the then Ukrainian press in general, their role in forming the foundation for modern thematically specialized media.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results. </em></strong><em>Observations and conclusions presented in the scientific publication deepen the understanding of the principles of functioning of press mass media of book topics in Ukrainian society, can serve as a theoretical basis for studying the general picture of the formation of modern Ukrainian cultural periodicals. Of particular interest is the study of the newspaper «Reader’s Friend» in the context of not a specialized press, and a magazine designed for a wide range of readers with a specific thematic focus, with a focus on cultural and educational function.</em></p><p><em>The affiliation of the newspaper «Friend of the Reader» to the book press is substantiated (grounds: specialization in complex book topics as one of the areas of cultural and educational journalism; appeal to a wide readership (non-professionals and professionals) with a strong focus on a particular type of information product (bibliophiles).</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty.</em></strong><em> In the article within the terminological system of journalism we introduce the concept of «book press» as a set of specialized print media (press releases), the defining criterion of specialization of which is chosen thematic focus, in contrast to common in journalism interpretation of «specialized press» as a professional field. «Book» means press releases (in particular, on the example of the newspaper «Friend of the Reader»), specializing in covering a wide range of issues related to the functioning of the book in society.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical significance</em></strong><em>. The tendencies common for the outlined array of press releases are revealed: movement towards massification, as a result – expansion of readership, transition to pop format, combination of socio-communicative functions aimed at meeting the needs of different focus groups (information, literary, cultural, educational, relaxation); the intensification of advertising and promotional functions in the conditions of formation of the Ukrainian mass media market is indicated. The results of the study can be used for further research and in the educational process in the training of future journalists, advertisers, specialists in the field of social communications.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> book press, press media, professional magazine, cultural journalism, readership, target audience.</em></p>

ТЕЛЕБАЧЕННЯ В УМОВАХ ДИДЖИТАЛІЗАЦІЇ

<p><strong><em>The aim </em></strong><em>of the study </em><em>is to interpret the processes of digitalization of Ukrainian television.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology.</em></strong><em> To study the development of television in the context of digitalization, research methods such as observation, analysis, comparison, description, and a systematic approach were used.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> The information society is a new level in the history of human civilization. Digitalization has contributed not only to the emergence and optimization of life processes, but also to the emergence of a new generation of millennials. The new generation is more receptive to the new digital world than older people (people born before the 1990s) who have had to master the new computer age. But people born after the twentieth century perceived the transition to the technological era almost intuitively. Modern humanity develops itself and teaches itself to adapt to new living conditions. We are still in the process of transformation, now the world is still moving to a completely digital lifestyle.</em></p><p><em>The article analyzes the interpretation of the processes of digitalization of Ukrainian television. In particular, attention is focused on the concept of digitalization in scientific discourse and the changes that have taken place on Ukrainian television through digitalization. The author reviews the platforms and methods currently used by TV channels. The idea of tendencies and prospects of digitalization development on Ukrainian TV channels is postulated.</em></p><p><em>Digitalization has led to the transformation of traditional media and contributed to the emergence of new media that exist only on the Internet. So far, traditional media and Internet media coexist, but digitalization is progressing and already has its achievements. The changes caused by digitalisation are already irreversible.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical significance.</em></strong><em> Research can be useful for current and future journalists, to improve skills. And also for scientists who study the topic of transformation of the Ukrainian media.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> digitalization, television, journalism, transformation, convergence, media, media, progress, internet.</em></p>

The Problem of Gender Balance in the Ukrainian Media in a Full-Scale War

According to the results of The Global Media Monitoring Project, gender balance is an urgent problem for the absolute majority of the world's media. This problem is particularly acute for Ukrainian mass media that continue to operate in wartime conditions. The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of women's representation in the content of Ukrainian national and hyperlocal media in the conditions of a full-scale war. The method to achieve a research aim is a comparative analysis of all-Ukrainian monitoring of national and hyperlocal media data for the second quarter of 2022. The data analysis showed that the monitoring results differ in quantitative and qualitative indicators. Thus, the opinions of female experts were cited in 16% of all cases in national media, 35% – in hyperlocal; heroines were mentioned in national media in 22% of cases, in hyperlocal – 34%. Despite certain differences in the data caused by different research approaches and methods, the results of both monitorings indicate a gender imbalance in domestic media in favor of men. This is partly a consequence of the decades-long situation in the Ukrainian media sphere characterized by a lack of women representation in content, especially in news, and partly due to the full-scale war. At the same time, domestic and foreign researchers note positive changes regarding the destruction of gender stereotypes, the transformation of gender roles, and the formation of new narratives in the coverage of the war in the Ukrainian media. This requires study of the problem and is a promising area for further research.

The Language Issue of the National Minorities of Transcarpatia in the Ukrainian Media 2019–2021

Introduction. The language issue is very important for Ukraine as a state but it is often speculated on. The adopted laws «On education» (2017) and «On ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian language as a state» (2019) caused a stir in the media, and representatives of some national minorities declared a threat to the functioning of their languages. The purpose of this article is to analyze the peculiarities of coverage of the issue of the languages of the national minorities of Transcarpathia in the Ukrainian media after the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Ensuring the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as a State Language». Relevance of the study. The article analyzes the content of publications about the languages of national minorities after the adoption of the 2019 law, calculated the dynamics of the number of such publications in online media, determined the relationship to the largest national communities in the region, and also compared the results with Google Trends indicators. Methodology. The method of content analysis, statistical analysis, and comparative method was used in the article to analyze 110 publications about the languages of the national minorities of Transcarpathia (2019–2021). Results. The analyzed publications confirm the constant interest of journalists in the issue of the language of the national minorities of Transcarpathia. Most of the publications concern the Hungarian community (76 %), but only a small part concerns the Romanian (4%), Slovak and Roma (2 % each), and German (1 %). In 15% of the publications, several national communities’ problems are covered simultaneously. The study results confirm that representatives of the Hungarian community in Transcarpathia and officials of Hungary are the most active in highlighting the issue of the language of national minorities. Conclusions. The analyzed media rarely covers the positions of different parties, so it is necessary to increase the «internal» pluralism of opinions in publications, to support publications in which this issue is discussed impartially. In the future, it is necessary to study the issue of publications about national minorities in the Ukrainian media during the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and in view of the fulfillment of the requirements for Ukraine’s membership in the European Union.

Key newsmakers’ appearance dynamics in Ukrainian online mass-media news before and after the full-scale Russian invasion

The subject of the study is the dynamics of the presence of key newsmakers in the news of the leading independent online media in Ukraine in order to understand the features of the digital media environment and the specifics of its transformation during the full-scale invasion. The development of modern media is caused by the “hybrid media system” (Chadwick, 2013). Under the influence of digitalization, social networks, and new media, mass media have been changing. The media are no longer the first to produce news, their dependence on the government and leaders’ opinions is increasing, and instead the government can communicate with society without media. In addition, the amount of attention that audiences are willing to pay to news is decreasing, and mass media is no longer addressing the mass audience, but rather different audiences, which in the digital environment discuss their own interests and needs. However, the peculiarities of the media environment in the times of the full-scale invasion have not been studied yet. The purpose of the research is to analyse the dynamics of the presence of key newsmakers in online mass media and to identify the features of the transformation of the Ukrainian digital media environment during the full-scale invasion by the Russian Federation. The research methodology provides an automated algorithm for monitoring content in media (Python programming language). The object of the study is the headlines of the leading quality Ukrainian media: “Ukrainska Pravda” (50200 headlines) and “Dzerkalo Tyzhnia” (41328) for October 2021 — October 2022. As the result of the study, it was established that before the full-scale invasion there were practically no permanent popular newsmakers, which would be ready to generate messages for mass media. Mainly the media covered “covid” and the statements of the newsmakers about it. After February 24, in the first period, Zelenskyi appeared in the spotlight, and his popularity increased significantly. Other official sources appeared as well: the General Staff and the regional administrations — to control the agenda both at the national and regional levels. Over time attention to Zelenskyi decreased and the need for war analytics was observed. Along with official sources, there was also a single independent one. The perspective of the research is to compare the presence of key newsmakers in online media and social media.