Measures Of Intelligence Research Articles

The influence of intelligence and sex on interpersonal skills and executive functions in children

ABSTRACT Interpersonal Skills (ISs) and Executive Functions (EFs) are two groups of skills which are extremely relevant for children’s cognitive, social and psychological development. As well as being interrelated, both can be modulated by other variables such as intelligence or sex. Many studies have tried to establish the relationship between them, but no definitive conclusions have been made to date. Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore the relationship between intelligence and sex in children with measures of ISs and EFs. The participants were 121 children between the ages of 7 and 13, divided into two groups: 76 children (52 boys and 24 girls) with average intelligence quotient (IQ) and 45 children (28 boys and 17 girls) with high IQ. All the participants were assessed using ISs, EFs and intelligence measures. The results showed children with high IQ were better at ISs and EFs. Regarding sex, boys of the High IQ group showed better skills than girls in working memory, inhibition and cause attribution in interpersonal conflicts. Finally, the implications for assessing and supporting the gifted population are discussed.

Do Different Types of Intelligence and Its Implicit Theories Vary Based on Gender and Grade Level?

The current study investigated correlations among gifted students’ academic performance; emotional, social, analytical, creative, and practical intelligence; and their implicit theories of intelligence. Furthermore, it studied the effect of gender and grade on these variables. The participants included 174 gifted fifth (41.4%) and sixth (58.6%) grade students, comprising 53.4% male and 46.6% female. The following analytical, creative, and practical intelligence tests were administered: Aurora Battery, the emotional intelligence scale, the implicit theories of intelligence scale, and an assessment scale of students’ performances. The results revealed significant correlations among academic performance, kinds of intelligence, and implicit theories of intelligence. There were no significant differences between the male and female students in these measures. There were, however, significant differences between the fifth and sixth grade students, with the sixth-grade students showing higher levels of all kinds of intelligence, except emotional intelligence. Moreover, the results indicated that the intelligence measures were non-significantly affected by either gender or gender–grade interaction. Overall, our results showed that most types of intelligence are related to giftedness, and that there were no gender differences among gifted students on measures of intelligence.

Anesthesia and Developing Brains: Unanswered Questions and Proposed Paths Forward.

Anesthetic agents disrupt neurodevelopment in animal models, but evidence in humans is mixed. The morphologic and behavioral changes observed across many species predicted that deficits should be seen in humans, but identifying a phenotype of injury in children has been challenging. It is increasingly clear that in children, a brief or single early anesthetic exposure is not associated with deficits in a range of neurodevelopmental outcomes including broad measures of intelligence. Deficits in other domains including behavior, however, are more consistently reported in humans and also reflect findings from nonhuman primates. The possibility that behavioral deficits are a phenotype, as well as the entire concept of anesthetic neurotoxicity in children, remains a source of intense debate. The purpose of this report is to describe consensus and disagreement among experts, summarize preclinical and clinical evidence, suggest pathways for future clinical research, and compare studies of anesthetic agents to other suspected neurotoxins.

Cognitive outcomes following pediatric epilepsy surgery

ObjectivesTo characterize outcomes following pediatric epilepsy surgery across a broad range of cognitive domains using empirical methods (i.e., reliable change indices: RCIs), compare these outcomes with those based on traditional methods (i.e., standard deviation: SD), and identify factors associated with postoperative cognitive declines and/or improvements. MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included 186 children who underwent surgical resection for treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy and who completed pre- and postoperative neuropsychological assessments. Postoperative testing occurred approximately 6.5 months after surgery and included measures of intelligence, attention/working memory, processing speed, language, executive functioning, visuospatial skills, memory, and academic achievement. Change scores for each patient were classified as decline, no change, or improvement using epilepsy-specific RCIs. Chi-square goodness of fit tests were used to compare the distribution of outcomes as classified with RCIs to those obtained using a traditional one SD cutoff. Multinomial regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with cognitive decline and/or improvement. ResultsWhile 18% of children demonstrated no postoperative declines or improvements in any cognitive domain, the majority demonstrated relatively focal changes (declines and/or improvements in 1–2 cognitive domains). Rates of postoperative decline and improvement across individual cognitive domains were variable and ranged from 4‐35% and 2–31%, respectively. Compared to RCIs, SD methodology often overestimated postoperative improvements and varied with respect to declines. Factors associated with RCI decline or improvement included preoperative performance, age at surgery, surgery site, and postoperative seizures. SignificanceResults suggest substantial variability in individual cognitive outcomes approximately 6.5 months following pediatric epilepsy surgery. The differences in change distributions obtained using epilepsy-specific RCIs versus SDs highlight the need for studies using empiric methodology to study postoperative cognitive change. Variables associated with postoperative cognitive change may be used to develop multivariable prediction models in future studies to aid clinical decision-making and patient counseling.

Testing the differentiation of intelligence by neuroticism hypothesis

• tested the differentiation of intelligence by neuroticism hypothesis. • neuroticism did not appreciably change the structure of a general intelligence factor. The prediction that neuroticism (or emotional instability) will change the definition of an intelligence factor, or g, was tested in a large sample ( N = 2,716) of British managers who completed both personality and intelligence measures. Specifically, we examine if the structure of mental abilities changes across levels of personality (with a focus on the neuroticism/adjustment dimension). The results demonstrate that, similar to a recent report, there is some evidence supporting the suggestion that intelligence scales inter-correlate higher for less adjusted individuals, but that the effect is not strong enough to impact intelligence and personality research.

A measure of emotional intelligence for employees in microfinance institutions: Scale development and validation

A measure of emotional intelligence for employees in microfinance institutions: Scale development and validation

Emotional Intelligence in Air Transport: Case study of Flight Attendants in Thailand

Emotional Intelligence is vital in organizations. The measurement of Emotional Intelligence has been widely used in many ways. This research focused on the appropriate use of Emotional Intelligence in the Airline Business. The authors are interested in the implication of Emotional Intelligence of staff towards improving the service. Flight attendant is the focused group for the researchers to discover the emotional intelligence of service providers. The findings of the study demonstrated a relationship between emotional intelligence and customers satisfaction is significant. The author recommends skills that are vital for service providers in the air transport. The two characters are caring and respect. The air transport is an important sector for the contributions of the revenue for the country. Enhancing customer service with the tools of Emotional Intelligence would enhance the economic growth of the country.

Col Kirpal Singh Award

Introduction.Cognitive deficits in multiple domains are known to occur in patients with alcohol dependence and pose hindrance in management. Research in these deficits from India has been rare and course of these deficits is largely unknown.Aim:Our study aimed to find out the nature and extent of cognitive deficits using a Neuropsychological tool validated in the Indian population, and follow them up for 24 wks to ascertain change in the deficits.Materials and methods.The study was carried out at a psychiatry unit of a tertiary care centre in New Delhi, India. Eighty freshly diagnosed cases of alcohol dependence syndrome and 80 healthy controls were recruited for the study. PGI-BBD (Post graduate Institute – Battery of Brain Dysfunction) was administered on all patients and controls. The same was followed up at 2 wks, 6wks and 24 wks.Results.Compared to controls, the patients had significant dysfunction in all domains of PGI memory scale and verbal intelligence measures. However the dysfunction in the performance measures was not significant. These deficits improved significantly at 6 wks and 24 wks.Conclusion.There are significant cognitive deficits in patients with alcohol dependence syndrome and these deficits improve with abstinence. Keywords

Security Sector Reform for Effective Security and Intelligence Measures to Mitigate Challenges of Human Security in Nigeria

Security Sector Reform for Effective Security and Intelligence Measures to Mitigate Challenges of Human Security in Nigeria

Neurocognitive functioning in preschool children with sickle cell disease.

Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience neurodevelopmental delays; however, there is limited research with preschool-age children. This study examined neurocognitive risk and protective factors in preschoolers with SCD. Sixty-two patients with SCD (60% HbSS/HbSβ0 -thalassemia; 40% HbSC/HbSβ+ -thalassemia) between the ages of 3 and 6years (mean = 4.77years) received a neuropsychological evaluation as routine systematic surveillance. Patients were not selected for disease severity, prior central nervous system findings, or existing cognitive concerns. Thirty-four patients (82% HbSS/HbSβ0 -thalassemia) were prescribed hydroxyurea (HU) at the time of their neuropsychological evaluation. On average, these patients had been prescribed HU at 2.15 (standard deviation = 1.45)years of age. The average dose was 28.8mg/kg/day. Besides genotype, there were no group differences in medical or demographic factors based on HU treatment status. Patients with HbSS/HbSβ0 -thalassemia scored below normative expectations on measures of intelligence, verbal comprehension, and school readiness (false discovery rate-adjusted p-value [pFDR ]<.05). Age, sickle genotype, and HU treatment exposure were not associated with measured neurocognitive outcomes (pFDR >.05). Greater social vulnerability at the community level was associated with poorer performance on measures of intellectual functioning, verbal comprehension, visuomotor control, and school readiness, as well as parent report of executive dysfunction (pFDR <.05). Greater household socioeconomic status was positively associated with academic readiness. Preschoolers with severe SCD (HbSS/HbSβ0 -thalassemia) perform below age expectations on measures of intelligence and academic readiness. Sociodemographic factors were stronger drivers of neurocognitive performance than disease severity or disease-modifying treatment. Neurodevelopmental interventions targeting the home and broader community environment are needed.

Relationship between Personality Trait and Spiritual Intelligence among Trainee Teachers at the Institute of Teacher Education Malaysia

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of personality traits (Openness, Awareness, Extraversion, Acceptance and Emotional Stability) with spiritual intelligence among semester 6 trainee teachers in IPGK central zone in Malaysia. A total of 207 respondents were involved in this study (75 = male; 132 = female). The research tools used were measures of spiritual intelligence from the instruments of Rayburn & Richmond (1999); Goleman-Noriah (2005); Lee (2010); (Chin, 2015) and the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) (Goldberg, 1992). The findings of the study showed that there was a positive relationship between Extraversion personality traits (r = 0.152, p <0.05) and Openness (r = .140, p <0.05) with spiritual intelligence. Whereas for the personality trait dimensions of acceptance (r =- 0.043, p <0.05), awareness (r = 0.052, p <0.05) and emotional stability (r =- 0.006, p <0.05) showed no relationship with spiritual intelligence. This finding explains that with the possession of increasingly positive and quality personality traits making prospective teachers to also practice the personality behavior of a teacher is also at a high level. The implication is that trainee teachers who have personalities for the following four dimensions can consistently play a role in shouldering their responsibilities as teachers to meet the needs of the challenges of change that occur in today’s educational organizations.

What comprises social intelligence and can it predict knowledge sharing among diverse information professionals?

Limited studies have examined the factor structure of a social intelligence measure in multigroup settings and its relationships with information professionals' knowledge sharing experiences and rationales. Responses from a total of 240 information professionals employed at memory institutions in the US and Korea were analyzed. The findings showed that a parsimonious, re-specified model fit the three-factor structure of the Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale, with weak invariance across the demographic backgrounds of information professionals. The social awareness factor was notably different across culture and gender groups. The study also found that, while social intelligence is not associated with knowledge sharing experience or reasons for sharing knowledge, the reasons were associated with demographic background, particularly with culture and gender. The current study is unique in that it evaluated social intelligence via multigroup confirmatory factor analysis with data from information professionals, which has been called for but is yet rare in the literature.

Measuring Reading Progress in Second Grade

Abstract. Learning progress assessments (LPA) are increasingly used by teachers to inform instructional decisions. This study presents evidence for the reliability, validity, and measurement invariance of a newly developed LPA for reading in Grade 2 (quop-L2 – quop Lesetest für zweite Klassen) that assesses the development of reading comprehension in German at the word, sentence, and text levels based on short, equivalent computer-based tests at three-week intervals. All tests were sufficiently reliable. The proposed three-dimensional structure was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis based on data from N = 1,913 second-grade students. In a subsample of n = 354 students, correlations between quop-L2 and a standardized reading test, teacher judgments, measures of intelligence, and mathematics provided evidence for quop-L2’s convergent and discriminant validity. The equivalent tests were strictly invariant over time. Most importantly, results of structural equation models showed that progress in the quop-L2 assessment at the sentence and text levels was related to growth in standardized reading tests assessed at the beginning and end of the school year. Thus, results indicate that quop-L2 can reliably and validly assess students’ actual reading performance and progress.

An Investigation on Well-being and Emotional Intelligence among Young Adults

Subjective well-being is a psychological aspect of life satisfaction. An individual’s psychological well-being affects how a person thinks and feels. There are numerous factors which can influence the subjective well-being of an individual. One of the most important factors is emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence has been preoccupying a significant place in well-being literature. Goleman (1998) defines it as “emotional awareness and emotional management abilities give the ability to balance emotion and reason in order to maximise long-term enjoyment". It entails recognising one's own and others feelings, managing one's own emotions, and adapting to others emotions. The objective of this study was to examine the nature of the relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being among young adults who are following bachelor degrees from recognized national universities. The sample consists of 200 participants both male and female of age range 19 to 23 years mean age is 21, included in this study. Well-being Inventory and Multidimensional Measures of Emotional Intelligence were administered to measure the subjective well-being and emotional intelligence. Results showed that selfawareness, managing emotions, motivating oneself, handling relations dimension of emotional intelligence evidenced strong positive associations with well-being positive affect, well-being negative affect and well-being total dimensions of well-being. Stepwise regression analysis disclosed two predictors of well-being i.e. managing emotions and motivating oneself. These results have important implications with regard to our current understanding of the relationships between well-being and emotional intelligence.

MOTOR GAMES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE PRIMARY SCHOOL

Achieving success is influenced in a significant percentage by the difficulties of adaptation, motivation, but also by the skills with which the student is endowed. Practice has shown that most of the time, the stronger the motivation and the activity is appreciated and rewarded, the more intense the learning. An important means for motivating students is the game, which is an excellent means of experimentation and continuous improvement of children's sensory-motor resources, thus giving free rein to the imagination structuring new movements, which they repeat in various combinations, thus contributing to the progressive development of thinking, memory and creativityWe can say that the true measure of intelligence is not only given by IQ, but also EQ which seems to have a major contribution. It translates into self-control, despite difficulties, and the ability to "read" the feelings of others as well as one's own. The game gets people used to accept defeats, but also victories with dignity. These qualities learned on the sports field will be successfully transposed into social and professional life and into life. One could enumerate a multitude of moral qualities that are cultivated through play: the spirit of sacrifice, perseverance, courage, which can be developed even by using the simplest games. A series of games develop visual acuity, hearing, intelligence, observation. There are no physical or intellectual qualities that cannot be developed through games.

An Intelligent End–Edge–Cloud Architecture for Visual IoT-Assisted Healthcare Systems

Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) has played a powerful role in healthcare. However, the rapid growth of healthcare devices has produced many heterogeneous data and most of them are visual. It brings great difficulties to the calculation, cache, and transmission of data. The geographical dispersion and the dynamicity of nodes also challenge the development of healthcare IoT (HIoT). In this article, we propose an intelligent end–edge–cloud architecture for visual IoT-assisted healthcare systems (intelligent V-HIoT) to improve the end-to-end performance of next-generation smart healthcare. First, we systemically analyze the characteristics of human–machine–things in end side from the perspective of data processing, then define the end intelligence, solving the problem of intelligence measurement of heterogeneous devices. Second, we propose an efficiency intelligence measurement model in the edge side and cloud side, which provides a theoretical basis for the dynamic management of edge nodes. Third, we present an end–edge–cloud framework that optimizes the efficiency of data processing and node deployment. The intelligence level of HIoT is maximized as well as intelligent management of nodes is implemented. To verify the effectiveness, we perform the experiments for different approaches. The simulation results demonstrate that the intelligent V-HIoT significantly outperforms existing approaches because the proposed method can achieve maximum intelligence level of both in many heterogeneous devices and an emergency medical situation.

The Legacy of Atkins v. Virginia and Its Impact on Fuston v. State.

In Atkins v. Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the execution of defendants with an intellectual disability is "cruel and unusual punishment" prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. In a 6 to 3 decision, the Court noted the increasing number of states that blocked the executions of persons with an intellectual disability, reflecting the country's growing consensus that defendants with an intellectual disability are less culpable for their crimes than those without such a disability. Since this milestone decision, several subsequent cases have referenced this opinion. This article reviews other cases in which the execution of persons with an intellectual disability has been called into question, concluding with the Atkins-related appeal in Fuston v. State In that case, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals considered Oklahoma statutes regarding the bright-line cutoff by which defendants meet criteria for intellectual disability, as applied to the multiple intelligence measures that were administered to Mr. Fuston. The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals determined that Mr. Fuston did not meet the criteria for intellectual disability because of his performance on a single IQ measure administered when he was 12 years old, instead of the totality of his performance on subsequent intelligence measures. Mr. Fuston was also denied 14 other, unrelated propositions on appeal, and the state reaffirmed his death sentence. Implications and recommendations for forensic practice are discussed.

Multimodal assessment of locus coeruleus integrity is associated with late‐life memory performance

AbstractBackgroundAbnormally phosphorylated tau, an indicator of Alzheimer’s disease, accumulates in the first decades of life in the locus coeruleus, the brain’s main norepinephrine supply. Recent advances in brainstem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggest an association between in‐vivo locus coeruleus integrity and Alzheimer’s‐related neuropathology. However, while MR sequences have demonstrated their sensitivity for the locus coeruleus, a complete understanding of the underlying contrast mechanisms is still lacking.MethodTo investigate whether common locus coeruleus imaging approaches measure the same construct, younger and older participants of the Berlin Aging Study‐II (n ∼ 320) underwent 3T‐MRI. The imaging protocol included three scans sensitive for the locus coeruleus—a Fast‐Spin‐Echo [FSE] sequence focused on the brainstem, and a Magnetization‐Transfer sequence, acquired once with a dedicated magnetic saturation pulse [MT] and once without, resulting in a proton‐density like image [noMT]. Participants moreover completed a comprehensive cognitive battery, including tests of fluid intelligence, episodic and working memory, to assess whether different imaging protocols relate to similar aspects of late‐life cognition.Locus coeruleus MR‐intensity ratios, a non‐invasive proxy for neuronal density, were semi‐automatically extracted from FSE, MT, and noMT scans in standard space. We integrated locus coeruleus ratios across imaging modalities to derive a latent, multimodal factor expressing locus coeruleus integrity. Similarly, we used a previously established cognitive factor structure to integrate performance across multiple cognitive tasks to retrieve latent measures of fluid intelligence, episodic and working memory.ResultLocus coeruleus‐related hyperintensities were reliably detected across imaging modalities (see Figure 1). Crucially, locus coeruleus ratios derived from different imaging modalities were strongly interrelated in younger and older adults (see Figure 2), indicating a common construct. However, age‐group differences in locus coeruleus ratios were modality‐specific, warranting caution in cross‐study comparisons. Merging neural and cognitive models, we found that higher locus coeruleus ratios were related to better episodic memory performance in later life. This association was observed for multimodal locus coeruleus integrity and was replicated for each imaging modality (see Figure 3).ConclusionOur findings support the utility of brainstem MRI as proxy for locus coeruleus integrity and highlight a role of the noradrenergic system in late‐life memory decline.

Revisiting and refining relations between nonsymbolic ratio processing and symbolic math achievement

In their 2016 Psych Science article, Matthews, Lewis and Hubbard (2016, https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615617799) leveled a challenge against the prevailing theory that fractions—as opposed to whole numbers—are incompatible with humans’ primitive nonsymbolic number sense. Their ratio processing system (RPS) account holds that humans possess a primitive system that confers the ability to process nonysmbolic ratio magnitudes. Perhaps the most striking finding from Matthews et al. was that ratio processing ability predicted symbolic fractions knowledge and algebraic competence. The purpose of the current study was to replicate Matthews et al.’s novel results and to extend the study by including a control measure of fluid intelligence and an additional nonsymbolic magnitude format as predictors of multiple symbolic math outcomes. Ninety-nine college students completed three comparison tasks deciding which of two nonsymbolic ratios was numerically larger along with three simple magnitude comparison tasks in corresponding formats that served as controls. The formats included were lines, circles, and dots. We found that RPS acuity predicted fractions knowledge for three university math placement exam subtests when controlling for simple magnitude acuities and inhibitory control. However, this predictive power of the RPS measure appeared to stem primarily from acuity of the line-ratio format, and that predictive power was attenuated with the inclusion of fluid intelligence. These findings may help refine theories positing the RPS as a domain-specific foundation for building fractional knowledge and related higher mathematics.

Changes in executive function in pediatric brain tumor survivors.

Pediatric oncology survivors are at risk for executive function (EF) and working memory (WM) deficits, which can be measured via performance-based measures or rating scales. Previous studies have shown these measurement methods to be weakly correlated. This study aimed to describe parent-rated EF and performance-based WM (PBWM) in pediatric brain tumor (BT) survivors, examine change in EF and PBWM across time, and investigate the relationship between parent-rated WM and PBWM. The sample included 56 patients diagnosed with a BT in childhood (Mage =6.94years; SD=4.05) seen twice for clinical neuropsychological evaluation. PBWM was examined via the auditory WM scale from a Wechsler intelligence measure or Differential Ability Scales-II. Parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF)/BRIEF-P/BRIEF-2 as a measure of global EF (Global Executive Composite [GEC]), metacognitive skills (Metacognitive Index/Cognitive Regulation Index [MI/CRI]), behavioral regulation (Behavior Regulation Index [BRI]), and emotional regulation (Emotion Regulation Index [ERI]). GEC, MI/CRI, and ERI at Time 1 were significantly above the mean (p<.01); BRI and PBWM did not differ from the normative mean. All measures were significantly higher than the normative mean at Time 2 (p<.05). PBWM was both clinically and statistically elevated (p<.001). There was a significant change across time in PBWM (p<.05), but not GEC, MI/CRI, ERI, or BRI. PBWM was weakly correlated with the BRIEF WM subscale at Time 1 and Time 2 (all p>.05). Multiple measures of EF should be considered when providing diagnoses and recommendations for pediatric BT survivors. Furthermore, given declines across time, findings document need for continued monitoring and reassessment of survivors as they get further out from treatment.