Measures Of Intelligence Research Articles

MCI performance classification improves with a brief vocabulary test

AbstractBackgroundScores on cognitive tests in the bottom 7% of normative distributions are consistent with the possible diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The identification of patients with MCI is improved by correcting for the influence of demographic factors such as Age, Education, and Gender (AEG), on performance. Here, we evaluated whether estimates of premorbid verbal IQ derived from a brief vocabulary test would further improve classification accuracy.MethodWe obtained vocabulary scores from 441 healthy adults (mean age = 65.1 ±14.4) using the 4‐min vocabulary subtest of the California Cognitive Assessment Battery (CCAB). The vocabulary subtest included 24 multiple choice items that adapted in difficulty based on the examinee responses using a 2:1 staircase with adjustable step sizes (Figure 1). Tests were telemedically administered in participants’ homes by an experienced proctor who monitored performance via a web‐based interface.ResultUnlike cognitive measures of fluid intelligence, vocabulary scores improved significantly with Age (r = 0.25, p < 0.001, Figure 2). Scores were also higher for participants with more education and female gender. Vocabulary z‐scores were therefore calculated after correcting for the influence of Age, Education, and Gender. Vocabulary z‐scores correlated significantly with total recall scores on the Bay Area Verbal Learning Test (BAVLT, n = 398 participants, r = 0.35, p < 0.001) and significantly improved model fit when added to AEG regressors (z = 2.1, p< 0.02 one tailed)L the AEG model accounted for 25.6% of BAVLT score variance, whereas the AEG+vocabulary (AEG+V) model accounted for 34.7% of variance. AEG and AEG+V models classified different participants in the MCI performance range: 44% of participants in the lowest 7% of scores in the AEG+V model fell within the normal range in the AEG model, while 32% of participants classified as MCI in the AEG model fell within the normal range on the AEG+V model (Figure 3).ConclusionThe current results suggest that a brief vocabulary test improves MCI classification accuracy among older participants.

Twilight of Rationality

Twilight of Rationality

The Influence of Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace Environment: A Literature Review

This study examines the influence of emotional intelligence in the working environment that will affect both employee and company performance. This area of study involves people, the environment in which they live and work, how they affect their environment, and the effect that environment has upon them. Emotional intelligence is tied to adaptation, which is the process by which a person adjusts to external conditions to diminish disruption and maximize benefits. It is a favorable human trait associated with several beneficial life outcomes. Many research models are utilized to measure and capture the ability to conceptualize emotional intelligence as potential performance, and they use performance-based measures of emotional intelligence to achieve good performance. The aim of this research is to reflect the comprehensive studies within this realm regarding the utility of emotional intelligence in an organizational context.

Occupational intelligence as a measure of occupational complexity

We examine the construct validity of occupational intelligence – the average intelligence of the individuals working in a certain occupation – as a measure of occupational complexity. We show that it is highly correlated with traditional occupational analysts' based measures of occupational complexity (DOT and O*NET based measures), and considerably less so with occupational pay – the average pay of the individuals working in each occupation. We also show that the interaction between individual intelligence and occupational intelligence in predicting pay is similar to the interaction between individual intelligence and traditional measures of occupational complexity. We discuss the advantages of using occupational intelligence as a measure of occupational complexity when compared to the two traditional analysts' based measures.

Age, Sex, Education, Emotional Intelligence, Cognitive Intelligence, and Management Level: A Study from Great Britain

Do non-, first-line, middle and senior managers differ in their cognitive ability and emotional intelligence? In this study we interested in the demographic and ability differences of people at different management levels. Over 6000 adults completed a multidimensional intelligence test (IQ) with five subscales and a measure of Trait Emotional Intelligence (EQ) with 15 subscales. First, we examined sex, age, educational and management level correlates of both EQ and IQ. Whilst there were many significant results, effect sizes were small. The focus of the paper was the regression using management level as the criterion variable and demography, EQ and, IQ as the predictor variables at facet and domain levels. Age and sex, particularly the former, accounted for nearly 30% of the variance, but both EQ and IQ added incremental variance. Facet level variance showed that specifically IQ number speed, and EQ sociability and emotionality (negatively) related to managerial level. Implications for general management and limitations are acknowledged.

A General Cognitive Ability Factor for the UK Biobank.

UK Biobank participants do not have a high-quality measure of intelligence or polygenic scores (PGSs) of intelligence to simultaneously examine the genetic and neural underpinnings of intelligence. We created a standardized measure of general intelligence (gfactor) relative to the UK population and estimated its quality. After running a GWAS of g on UK Biobank participants with a g factorof good quality and without neuroimaging data (N = 187,288), we derived a g PGS for UK Biobank participants with neuroimaging data. For individuals with at least one cognitive test,the g factor from eight cognitive tests (N = 501,650) explained 29% of the variance in cognitive test performance. The PGS for British individuals with neuroimaging data (N = 27,174) explained 7.6% of the variance in g. We provided high-quality g factor estimates for most UK Biobank participants and g factor PGSs for UK Biobank participants with neuroimaging data.

Implementing ASH Guidelines: Clinical Utility of a Signaling Question for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease

Introduction: Disease-related cognitive deficits are common in sickle cell disease (SCD). ASH 2020 guidelines recommend that clinicians conduct surveillance using simplified signaling questions for concerns about neurodevelopmental disorders. More formal screening is recommended for patients with abnormal surveillance results. While the guidelines suggest possible signaling questions that could be used, there is a lack of empirical research into which questions yield reliable estimates of cognitive impairment. We examined the clinical utility of a caregiver-directed signaling question for identifying cognitive deficits as assessed by a performance-based measure of intelligence (IQ). Methods: Primary caregivers of children with SCD aged 7-16 years were asked to rate their child's academic performance as below grade level, on grade level, or above grade level relative to their peers. Children completed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V), a standardized assessment of IQ. The WISC-V produces standard score (Mean = 100, SD = 15) estimates of global intelligence (Full Scale IQ), verbal abilities (Verbal Comprehension Index or VCI), working memory (Working Memory Index or WMI), and processing speed (Processing Speed Index or PSI). One-way ANOVA was used to examine the degree to which WISC-V scores varied by caregiver-rated academic performance. Analyses were repeated separately for younger children (ages 7-11) and older children (ages 12-16). To determine the clinical utility of caregiver ratings of academic performance, academic performance was dichotomized (below grade level vs. at/above grade level) and WISC-V scores were dichotomized into low functioning (>1 SD below the mean) or normal functioning; sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value estimates were subsequently calculated. Results: Eighty-nine caregivers of children with SCD (Mean age = 10.42, SD = 2.92; 58% female; 75% HbSS or HbS-beta0 thalassemia) reported on their child's academic performance, with the majority described as on grade level (67%), followed by below grade level (21%) and above grade level (11%). Children had a mean IQ of 91.61 (SD = 14.09), VCI of 95.65 (SD = 14.02), WMI of 95.18 (SD = 13.93), and PSI of 87.70 (SD = 14.42). Thirty-four percent of children had a low IQ, 25% had a low VCI, 26% had a low WMI, and 37% had a low PSI. Caregiver-rated academic performance was associated with variance in IQ (F(2,86) = 11.75, p < .001), VCI (F(2,85) = 9.28, p < .001), WMI (F(2,86) = 10.74, p < .001), and PSI (F(2,86) = 10.07, p < .001), with those rated as below grade level reliably scoring lower than those rated as at or above grade level. Differences in median cognitive functioning relative to caregiver ratings of academic performance are depicted in Figure 1. When examining differences by age group (ages 7-11: 65%, n = 58; ages 12-16: 35%, n = 31), results indicated that ratings of academic performance were significantly associated with variance in IQ (F(2,55) = 11.91, p < .001), VCI (F(2,54) = 7.38, p = .001), WMI (F(2,55) = 13.17, p < .001), and PSI (F(2,55) = 8.90, p < .001) for younger children but not older children (all p's > .08). Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value results are presented in Table I. Conclusions: Cognitive functioning in children with SCD significantly varies by caregiver ratings of academic performance. Children classified by their caregiver as being "below grade level” had lower IQ, verbal abilities, working memory, and processing speed relative to those described as "on grade level” and "above grade level.” Ratings of being below grade level demonstrated good specificity for detecting cognitive impairment but low sensitivity. Asking caregivers of children with SCD to estimate their child's academic performance relative to peers is a simple way to conduct surveillance for cognitive deficits but will result in high rates of false negatives so additional screening tools are needed to identify all children with SCD who have cognitive deficits. Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

The Role of Pain Catastrophizing, Emotional Intelligence, and Pain Intensity in the Quality of Life of Cancer Patients with Chronic Pain.

Pain catastrophizing (PC) is a negative cognitive distortion to actual or anticipated pain. This study aims to investigate the relationship between pain catastrophizing, emotional intelligence, pain intensity, and quality of life (QoL) in cancer patients with chronic pain. Eighty-nine outpatients with chronic pain attending pain clinics and palliative care units were recruited. Participants were men (42.7%) and women (57.3%) with an average age of 56.44years (SD = 14.82). Self-report psychological measures were completed, including a measure of emotional intelligence, a standard measure of PC, a scale assessing pain intensity, and a scale measuring QoL. The PC scale was found to assess three correlated yet different dimensions of pain catastrophizing (helplessness, magnification, and rumination). Moreover, as expected, patients with PC scale scores ≥ 30 had lower scores in functional QoL dimensions and higher scores in the fatigue, pain, and insomnia symptom dimensions. Regression analyses demonstrated that PC (B = -0.391, p = 0.004), pain intensity (B = -1.133, p < 0.001), and education (B = 2.915, p = 0.017) remained the only significant variables related to QoL, when controlling for demographic and clinical confounders. Regarding mediating effects, PC and pain intensity were jointly found to be significant mediators in the relationship between emotional intelligence and QoL. Results are discussed in the context of the clinical implications regarding interventions designed to improve cancer patients' quality of life and offer new insight, understanding, and evaluation targets in the field of pain management.

Thirty Years of Psychological Wisdom Research: What We Know About the Correlates of an Ancient Concept

Psychologists have studied the ancient concept of wisdom for 3 decades. Nevertheless, apparent discrepancies in theories and empirical findings have left the nomological network of the construct unclear. Using multilevel meta-analyses, we summarized wisdom’s correlations with age, intelligence, the Big Five personality traits, narcissism, self-esteem, social desirability, and well-being. We furthermore examined whether these correlations were moderated by the general approach to conceptualizing and measuring wisdom (i.e., phenomenological wisdom as indexed by self-report vs. performative wisdom as indexed by performance ratings), by specific wisdom measures, and by variable-specific factors (e.g., age range, type of intelligence measures, and well-being type). Although phenomenological and performative approaches to conceptualizing and measuring wisdom had some unique correlates, both were correlated with openness, hedonic well-being, and eudaimonic well-being, especially the growth aspect of eudaimonic well-being. Differences between phenomenological and performative wisdom are discussed in terms of the differences between typical and maximal performance, self-ratings and observer ratings, and global and state wisdom. This article will help move the scientific study of wisdom forward by elucidating reliable wisdom correlates and by offering concrete suggestions for future empirical research based on the meta-analytic findings.

Respite. Quiet. A House of Dreams.

Respite. Quiet. A House of Dreams.

Waiting for a better possibility: delay of gratification in corvids and its relationship to other cognitive capacities.

Self-control, the ability to resist temptation and wait for better but delayed possibilities, is an important cognitive skill that underpins decision-making and planning. The capacity to exert self-control has been linked to intelligence in humans, chimpanzees and most recently cuttlefish. Here, we presented 10 Eurasian jays, Garrulus glandarius, with a delayed maintenance task, which measured the ability to choose a preferred outcome as well as the ability to sustain the delay prior to that outcome. Jays were able to wait for better possibilities, but maximum wait times varied across the subjects. We also presented them with five cognitive tasks that assessed spatial memory, spatial relationships and learning capacity. These tasks are commonly used as measures of general intelligence within an ecological context. Individual performance was correlated across the cognitive tasks, which suggests that there was a general intelligence factor underlying their performance. Performance in these tasks was correlated significantly with the jays' capacity to wait for better possibilities. This study demonstrates that self-control and intelligence are correlated in jays. The fact that this correlation exists in diverse species suggests that self-control is a fundamental feature of cognition. Our results are discussed in the context of convergent evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'Thinking about possibilities: mechanisms, ontogeny, functions and phylogeny'.

Italian adaptation of the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT): A new tool for the assessment of theory of mind and social norm understanding.

The relevance of social cognition assessment has been formally described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5. However, social cognition tools evaluating different socio-cognitive components for Italian-speaking populations are lacking. The Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT) is a new social cognition measure that uses animations of everyday social interactions to assess (i) cognitive theory of mind, (ii) affective theory of mind, (iii) interpersonal social norm understanding, and (iv) intrapersonal social norm understanding. Previous studies have shown that the ESCoT is a sensitive measure of social cognition in healthy and clinical populations in the United Kingdom. This work aimed to adapt and validate the ESCoT in an Italian population of healthy adults. A translation-back-translation procedure was followed to create and refine the Italian version. Then, 94 healthy adults (47 females, mean age 35 ± 15.9) completed the ESCoT, a battery of conventional social cognition tests (Yoni; Reading the Mind in the Eyes Strange Stories, and Social Norm Questionnaire, SNQ) and measures of intelligence and executive functions. Reliability, convergent validity, and predictors of performance on the ESCoT were examined. Results demonstrated good reliability of the ESCoT and an association between the ESCoT scores and some traditional social cognition tests (Yoni cognitive subscale, SNQ). Hierarchical regression results showed that the ESCoT total score was associated with age. Also, the ESCoT subscore (intrapersonal social norm understanding) was associated with education. These findings support the ESCoT as a valid tool testing social norm understanding, a reliable measure of social cognition for an adult Italian population, and provides further evidence that the ESCoT is sensitive to age- and education-related changes in social cognition, and it is a task not affected by general cognitive functioning.

Development of social functioning in children with cerebral palsy: A longitudinal study.

To describe the development of social function in children with cerebral palsy (CP) classified in all levels of the Communication Function Classification System (CFCS). This prospective, longitudinal population-based cohort study recruited children with CP born in Queensland, Australia. Social functioning was measured using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) social function domain at 2 years, 2 years 6 months, 3 years, 4 years, and 5 years, and the PEDI Computer Adaptive Test (PEDI-CAT) social/cognitive domain at 8 to 12 years. Seventy-four children provided 356 observations. PEDI-CAT social/cognitive scaled scores at 8 to 12 years were (mean [SD] n) CFCS level I, 68.6 (2.7) 45; CFCS level II, 64.0 (3.4) 10; CFCS level III, 63.5 (3.7) 4; CFCS level IV, 56.8 (5.0) 9; CFCS level V, 47.2 (5.8) 6. Scores within expected range for age (not less than 2 SD below mean) at 8 to 12 years were achieved by 35 (78%) children in CFCS level I and four (14%) in CFCS levels II to V. Forty-nine per cent of children scored at least two standard deviations below the population mean on a proxy measure of fluid intelligence. Intellectual impairment was associated with lower PEDI-CAT social/cognitive scaled scores in univariable analysis (β=-8.3, 95%confidence interval - 10.91 to -5.63; p < 0.001) but had a smaller effect when modelled together with CFCS. Social function attained by 8 to 12 years of age was strongly related to level of communication function (CFCS). The small number of children classified in CFCS levels II to V necessitates caution when viewing these individual CFCS level trajectories. There is a strong relation between social functioning and Communication Function Classification System (CFCS) levels. At 8 to 12 years, 35 out of 45 children in CFCS level I met social functioning age expectations. Twenty-five out of 29 in CFCS levels II to V had social functioning below that expected for age. CFCS and age were more strongly associated with development of social functioning than Gross Motor Function Classification System or Manual Ability Classification System and age.

Disordered gambling in a longitudinal birth cohort: from childhood precursors to adult life outcomes.

Despite its introduction into the diagnostic nomenclature over four decades ago, there remain large knowledge gaps about disordered gambling. The primary aims of the present study were to document the long-term course, childhood precursors, and adult life outcomes associated with disordered gambling. Participants enrolled in the population-representative Dunedin Study were prospectively followed from birth through age 45. Disordered gambling was assessed six times from age 18; composite measures of childhood social class, general intelligence, and low self-control were based on assessments obtained from birth through age 15; adult socioeconomic, financial, and legal outcomes were obtained through age 45. Lifetime disordered gambling was predicted from the three childhood precursors and the adult outcomes were predicted from lifetime disordered gambling. Past-year disordered gambling usually occurred at only a single time point and recurrence was relatively uncommon. Lower childhood social class, general intelligence, and self-control significantly predicted lifetime disordered gambling in adulthood. In turn, lifetime disordered gambling in adulthood significantly predicted occupational, educational, and financial problems in adulthood (ds = 0.23-0.41). These associations were markedly reduced and sometimes rendered nonsignificant after adjusting for childhood precursors (ds = 0.04-0.32). Socioeconomic, financial, and legal outcomes in adulthood are not merely consequences of disordered gambling, but also are predicted from childhood precursors. Deflecting the trajectories of young people at risk for developing disordered gambling may help to ameliorate not just the development of later disordered gambling, but also other associated adverse outcomes.

Eccentric distance zone analysis system: New regional evaluation of cephalic fixator tip location for predicting cut-out in geriatric intertrochanteric fractures with internal fixation.

The aim of this study was to investigate an eccentric distance (ED) zone analysis system for regional evaluation of the cephalic fixator tip based on the ED of the cephalic fixator tip referenced to the radius of its own femoral head to predict cut-out in intertrochanteric fractures (ITF) with internal fixation. First, we assumed all the femoral heads were regular spheres with the radius (R FD) of "3" for a complete match of the Cleveland zone system and calculated the ED of the cephalic fixator tip by measuring the distances from the cephalic fixator tip to the geometric central axis in the femoral neck and head on both anteroposterior (AP) view and lateral view radiographs. Second, we defined the maximum transverse section of the femoral head into three zones named ED Zone A with ED less than "1," Zone B with ED ranging in "1-2," and Zone C with ED ranging in "2-3" in turns by concentric circles (circles A, B, and C) with the radius of 1/3, 2/3, and 3/3 times of R FD, respectively. Third, we evaluated the ED zones according to the ED and location of the cephalic fixator tip in the eligible 123 ITF patients with single-screw cephalomedullary nail (SCMN) fixation and then analyzed the correlation between the cut-out rate and the ED zones. The cut-out rates in ED Zones A, B, and C were 4.17%, 38.46%, and 100%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that ED Zone A had at least a 14 times lower rate of cut-out compared with ED Zone B. The cephalic fixator tip located in ED Zone A has a lower cut-out rate than that in Cleveland Zone 5. The cut-out rate in ED Zone A is significantly lower than that in the region inside Cleveland Zone 5 but outside ED Zone A. ED zone analysis system is a reliable regional evaluation of the cephalic fixator tip position for predicting cut-out in geriatric ITF patients with SCMN fixations and potentially an artificial intelligence measurement during surgery. For decreasing the cut-out rate, the cephalic fixator tip should be located in ED Zone A.

A comparative study on culture-specific and cross-cultural aspects of intercultural relations in Hungary, Serbia, Czech Republic, and Germany.

The ability, will, and belief that it is possible to deal effectively with members of other cultural/ethnic groups are still gaining importance all over the world. However, the majority of studies on intercultural relations focus on Western Europe and the USA, applying constructs and theories that replicate a western-centered worldview. As a consequence, it is unclear whether established measures for intergroup attitudes and intercultural competence may be applied in Eastern European countries and to what extent they display comparable ideas, thoughts, and feelings. The current study thus explores cross-cultural commonalities and differences in established measures of ethnic identity, prejudice, acculturation strategies, intercultural intelligence, and multicultural personality. Therefore, we compare the scale structure, difficulty, and sensitivity in samples from Germany and the Eastern European countries Hungary, Serbia, and the Czech Republic (etic-perspective), as well as the culture-specific conceptions of said concepts (emic-perspective). Results show that the investigated scales do not work comparably across German and Eastern European samples. Differences might be rooted in variations of underlying thinking patterns and connotations of single expressions. Those variations are likely to be related to the constant individual societal and historical developments of cultures, shaping the way individuals think and talk about cultural diversity. Future studies are encouraged to consider culture-specific and generalizable aspects of constructs when conducting cross-cultural research on intercultural relations.

Artificial Intelligence in the American Healthcare Industry: Looking Forward to 2030

Artificial Intelligence in the American Healthcare Industry: Looking Forward to 2030

Advancing competitive advantage in manufacturing firms through competitive intelligence

This study investigated the relationship between Competitive Intelligence Practices and Competitive Advantage in Manufacturing Industry: A study of selected Aluminum Firms in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are to ascertain the effect of the selected measures of Competitive Intelligence, namely; Strategic Intelligence (SI) and Innovative Intelligence (II) on Competitive Advantage (CA). The responses from the respondents were collected with the aid of five (5) Likert scale questionnaires and descriptive survey research. A total of one hundred and sixty-nine (169) questionnaires were administered, out of the one hundred and sixty-nine (169) questionnaires administered to staff of selected registered Aluminium Firms. One hundred and forty-six (146) were retrieved and properly filled. These one hundred and forty-six (146) respondents represent 86.39 per cent of the total questionnaire administered, which shows that one hundred and forty-six (146) respondents are sufficient for the study. Thus, the sample used for the study was the one hundred and forty-six (146) respondents from the staff of Aluminium Industries used. The questionnaire was coded with the aid of an excel spread sheet, the respondent's profile was analyzed with manual simple percentage, and the research questions were analyzed with the aid of descriptive statistics, correlation matrix and multiple regression statistical tools with the aid of SPSS version 23 as the basis of testing hypotheses. The findings revealed that Strategic Intelligence (SI) and Innovative Intelligence (II) have a significant relationship with Competitive Advantage (CA). From the findings of the study, it can be concluded that overall the competitive intelligence practices had a positive significant effect on the competitive advantage in selected Aluminum Firms. Thereby the study recommends that there should be adequate investment in the competitive intelligence process, facilities, and activities by the manufacturing firms to be innovative in their product, services and competitive dispositions.

유치원교사의 놀이성이 놀이지원역량에 미치는 영향에서 대인관계지능의 매개효과

This study verified the mediating effect of interpersonal intelligence in the effect of playfulness of early childhood teachers on play support competencies. The subjects of this study were 128 early childhood teachers working in national, public, and private kindergartens. As the research tools, the playfulness scale for adults, the play support competency measurement tool for early childhood teachers, and the interpersonal intelligence measurement tool were analyzed by structural equation model. The results of the study are as follows. First, the playfulness of early childhood teachers does not directly affect play support competencies. As a sub-factor of playfulness, among cheerfulness, spontaneity, and creativity, if early childhood teachers impulsiveness were high, the teachers play support competencies were rather low. Second, the playfulness of early childhood teachers fully mediates interpersonal intelligence and has a positive effect on play support competencies. The necessity of strengthening the play support competency through support for improving the interpersonal intelligence of early childhood teachers was discussed, and suggested to improve the play support competencies of early childhood teachers in kindergartens.

Priming and personality predictors of social reasoning: Contrasting theory of mind, trust, HEXACO, and emotional intelligence

Different theories of human reasoning produce alternative hypotheses about how personality and individual differences should relate to reasoning abilities. The present research documents a previously unclear significant relationship between theory of mind ability (measured via the mind in the eyes test) and conditional reasoning performance, which is differentially stronger for social rules rather than for descriptive, non-social contexts (Study 1, N = 316). A second study (N = 289) additionally documented associations between reasoning and both interpersonal trust (low reciprocation wariness) and Honesty-Humility. Secondarily, Study 2 also replicated a carryover effect for reasoning tasks, previously suggested as due to repetition priming. In Study 3 (N = 334), participants took a battery of trait measures that included the above significant predictors of social reasoning, additional measures of theory of mind ability, of interpersonal trust, and a measure of emotional intelligence. Reasoning again differed across contexts, documented priming/carryover effects between social/non-social reasoning tasks, and was significantly predicted by interpersonal trust and theory of mind. Differentially stronger correlations for social contents, relative to non-social contents, indicate some specificity in reasoning processes rather than entirely domain-specific reasoning.