Means Of Self-defense Research Articles

Modalities of protection of the rights of individuals according to the administrative-procedural order and in legal-administrative procedures

The object of the research was to consider the methods of protection of people's rights according to the administrative-procedural order and also in administrative judicial proceedings. A number of normative legal acts regulating the use of tools for the protection of subjective public rights were considered. Attention has been drawn to the following methods of protection of people's rights, according to the administrative-procedural order and in administrative judicial proceedings: administrative procedure; administrative mediation; administrative appeal; subjecting guilty public administration officials to special disciplinary liability; compensation for damage caused by unlawful actions (inaction) of public administration entities; means of self-defense and legal means of protest. The methodological basis of the research was presented as comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, method of interpretation, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. It was concluded that in the scientific literature it is very often the case that protection methods are not used, but tools, means and forms. The authors also examine the methods of protection of rights, freedoms and interests of individuals in the sphere of public administration.

Konsep Makanan Halal dan Haram dalam Perspektif Islam dan Kristen

Religion is a value system, and as such, it creates its own conflicts and challenges for experts and their adherents to arrive at values that are agreed upon by all parties. Humans need religion to fulfill their material needs, such as physical, biological and social needs, as well as their spiritual needs in order to function in society. As a result, God expects people to work hard to earn their gift sand food in a morally acceptable way. Humans always need food, which is one of their basic needs. Food processing must be good and right so that it is beneficial to the body. Anything made from biological sources or water, whether or not it has been processed, and intended to be consumed as food or drink, is considered food or food product. To limit human impulses as a means of self-defense, religion acts as a binder that also controls food.

Views on the social aspects of the emergence of martial arts as the basis of the development of combat sports - the basis of students’ special physical training for self-defense

The subject of this work is specific aspects of the formation of the psychological, intellectual, and physical readiness of a civilian for adversity and adequate actions in risk situations in the context of systematic preparation for self-defense. The purpose of the study was to clarify the views of the authors on the peculiarities of the development of martial arts and the adaptation of their elements into the system of combat sports as part of special physical training for self-defense. The content of the work complements the range of views on the conditions and content of physical training of students in the process of studying the educational discipline "basics of self-defense" and objectively draws attention to the topic of the origin and development of martial arts as the basis for an in-depth study of the forms, methods and means of self-defense and the creation of motivational components for mastering their wide spectrum of possibilities. The article presents the historical stages of the birth of martial arts as a social necessity to maintain military affairs at a high level.
 The work substantiates the relevance of studies of students’ training in the formation of readiness for self-defense in moments of rapid emergence of negative problems associated with an extreme situation, the need for active defense against criminal actions. The views of the authors of scientific and pedagogical literature on the sociological features of the emergence of martial arts, the implementation of their methodical foundations in the context of training for combat sports and, as a result, special physical training for self-defense, are considered. The outline of the essence of the scientific novelty of the research is to direct attention to the study of social and historical prerequisites for the emergence of existing methods of self-defense and the vision of their deterministic options for development in the conditions of martial law. The conclusions emphasize the need to introduce aspects of the study of the causes and consequences of the emergence of certain forms, methods and means of ensuring special personal safety in terms of active physical defense into the educational material "the basis of self-defense".

Multimedia Elements in the Motion Tracking Effect of Taekwondo Martial Arts Learning Media

Taekwondo is a modern martial art originating from traditional Korean martial arts. That is the art or type of self-discipline or Pencak silat that uses bare hands and feet. The basics of taekwondo consist of offensive and defensive movement techniques that use the body to confront the enemy. Taekwondo focuses more on kicks than punches. Kicking techniques are generally more complex than the hands, but kicking techniques are the main because their strength is greater than the strength of the hand. With proper and correct training methods, the quality of kicks can be significantly improved. In taekwondo, it is not just a means of self-defense. With the development of today's technology, it may be more effective to provide taekwondo training materials. Video media has the advantage of being easy to learn. Watching videos to learn movement techniques does not have to be during practice. It can be done anywhere. In addition, you can play the video repeatedly and slow down to see the train technology. From the opinion of experts, it can be concluded that the media is a sub tool used to convey information to students as recipients of information designed to increase student interest in learning. In the research and development carried out, Taekwondo training is packaged in VCD format as a medium to be displayed via an LCD projector during learning.

Правовые гарантии добровольцев в военных конфликтах

The author examines the legal features of the activities of volunteers in military conflicts. The article considers the definition of a volunteer (combatant) in international practice in the context of military operations. The author proposes mechanisms of implementation of voluntary activity in the context of international law. International law recognizes the legitimacy of the use of force as a means of self-defense, the use of collective security measures, as well as national liberation war as a means arising from the principle of self-determination of peoples. In Russian legislation, it is necessary to adjust the activities of volunteers participating in military conflicts on their territory.

The conflict in Abkhazia and South Ossetia: lessons we didn’t learn

The article examines the violation of the principles of international law, in particular the principles of territorial integrity and inviolability of state borders, on the example of the conflict in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of practical aspects of these principles. The study established the legal significance of the international legal conflict between Russia and Georgia, as well as its impact on the formation of territorial disputes within the Eurasian continent.
 It is emphasized that the conflict in Abkhazia and South Ossetia cannot be called «humanitarian intervention to help the ethnic population.» The paper confirms that the very fact of the introduction of regular troops into Georgia could already be regarded as an act of aggression. In addition, Russia’s refusal to withdraw peacekeepers from Georgian territory due to violations and thus the impossibility of fulfilling the terms of bilateral agreements can also be interpreted as the occupation of Georgian territory.
 Based on the analysis of regulations in the form of resolutions and bilateral agreements, it was possible to trace the origins and legal basis of this conflict. In fact, the Sochi and Moscow agreements concluded in 1992 and 1994, respectively, legitimized the presence of Russian peacekeeping troops in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The article also focuses on the use of weapons by Georgia and provides an analysis in the context of Article 51 of the UN Charter. Based on this, the latter should be interpreted as a means of self-defense, which is one of the two legitimate applications of the concept of jus ad bellum in the XXI century.
 The actions, more fair, inaction, of the international community in the process of resolving the conflict in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which as a result influenced the formation of territorial strife and colonialist aspirations on the part of the Russian Federation, are substantiated. It has been suggested that the reluctance of world leaders and international organizations to take decisive action to resolve the Russian-Georgian war has become a catalyst for Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2014 and in 2022 as well.

INFEKTIVITAS MIKORIZA TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guinennsis Jack.) YANG TERSERANG GANODERMA

Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is an important plantation crop in Indonesia as a producer of vegetable oil and several other derivative products. Palm oil (CPO) production is 47.18 million tons and PKO 4.6 million tons (GAPKI 2019). One of the main obstacles in palm oil cultivation is the presence of biotic stress in the form of Stem Root Disease (BPB) caused by the fungus Ganoderma boninense Pat. is the most harmful disease. In several palm oil plantations in Indonesia, this disease has caused the death of up to 80% or more of the entire population of oil palm plantations. Several factors that influence the development of BPB disease in the field are plant age, soil type, nutrient status and replanting technique. The characteristics of Ganoderma include soil borne, necrotropic and have various means of self-defense, therefore, BPB disease control must be carried out in an integrated manner between the use of resistant palm oil plants, the use of superior biological control agents and technical culture measures. One of the prevention alternatives that can be done is by utilizing soil microbes that can be in symbiosis with palm oil roots, such as Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). Mycorrhizae play a role in improving soil health, are environmentally friendly and able to improve soil nutrient status and agricultural products. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on the infectivity of mycorrhizae on healthy plants and plants that are attacked by Ganoderma. Keywords : Ganoderma, Infectivity, Oil palm

Forced Defense in Indonesia: Striking a Balance between Proportionality and Subsidiarity

This study aimed to assess the compliance of the decision made by the Kepanjen District Court Number 1 /Pid.Sus-Child/2020/Pn Kpn with the provisions of criminal law book of article 49 paragraph 1 and paragraph 2, which govern forced defense as a means of self-defense. Using the normative method, the study examined legal literature to establish the truth of the matter. The study found that a forced defense must adhere to the principles of proportionality and subsidiarity to be considered legitimate. The conclusion drawn from this study is that the decision of the Kepanjen District Court must be evaluated based on these two requirements to establish the legal truth of the matter.
 Highlights:
 
 Proportional and subsidiarity requirements are essential for a forced defense to be considered legitimate.
 Excessive actions that go beyond the threat faced may not be considered a forced defense.
 The actions of the victim must be considered in evaluating the legitimacy of a forced defense.

Daya Ikat Putusan Mahkamah Internasional: Analisis Penyerangan Militer dan Paramiliter Amerika Terhadap Nikaragua

The problem raised in this paper is that the use of military and paramilitary forces carried out by America violates state sovereignty and international law regarding state relations (America and Nicaragua). State sovereignty gives the right of responsibility to protect the sovereignty of its people, respect and fulfill the rights of its citizens and cooperate in the international community. However, in this dispute, state sovereignty is violated by internal members of the country, especially by members of the American military and paramilitaries. Although America believes the use of force by military and paramilitary members as a means of self-defense. This study was conducted by examining relevant decisions and facts from international law, customary international law, general principles of law, international treaties, conventions, declarations and decisions of international Court of Justice (ICJ). The Nicaragua case is a legal dispute that falls under the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice in which Nicaragua has adopted methods in accordance with international legal procedures but the United States has rejected the decision of the International Court of Justice.

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks and Defence Mechanism

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks is one of the major threats to Internet sites and one of the major security problems Internet faces today. The nature of threats caused by Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks on networks. With little or no warning, a DDoS attack could easily destroy its victim's communication and network resources in a short period of time. This paper outlines the problem of DDoS attacks and developing a classification of DDoS attacks and DDoS defense mechanisms. Important features of each attack and defense system category are described and advantages and disadvantages of each proposed scheme are outlined. The goal of the paper is to set a certain order of existence methods of attack and defense mechanisms, for the better understanding DDoS attacks can be achieved with more effective methods and means of self-defense can be developed.

Marvin Nathaniel Hagler Was Simply Marvelous

Marvin Nathaniel Hagler Was Simply Marvelous Judson L. Jeffries Arguably the greatest middleweight boxer of the modern era, Marvelous Marvin Hagler, just shy of 5’10” and weighing 160lbs, was a one-man wrecking crew. Among the greatest pugilists of all time, few fighters boast as impressive a won-lost record as Hagler. Over a 14-year career, Hagler had a total of 67 fights, winning 62 of them against only three losses. Fifty-two were by knockout. Two were draws— one in 1974 against Sugar Ray Seales and in 1979 against Vito Antufermo. Seales was the only American fighter to win Olympic gold in 1972, by the way. Hagler would avenge the loss to Seales in 1979, with a first round TKO. He did likewise to Antufermo in 1981, taking the tough as nails Italian American to school over the course of four rounds. Simply put, there was no fighter to whom Hagler lost or suffered a draw that did not incur Hagler’s wrath years later. Hagler fought any and everyone in a division that included such boxers as Thomas Hearns, Roberto Duran, John Mugabi, and Mustafa Hamsho. The first round in the Hagler-Hearns fight in 1985 was something to behold and remains arguably the most exhilarating first round in the history of professional boxing. Badly blooded by Hearns’s stiff left jab, and afraid that Richard Steele might stop the fight, Hagler exhibited a sense of urgency, mauling Hearns in the third round, resulting in his 15th consecutive win, thus retaining the WBA, WBC, IBF, and the Ring Magazine middleweight titles. Named fighter of the decade (1980s) by Boxing Illustrated Magazine and twice fighter of the year by Ring Magazine as well as the Boxing Writers Association of America, Hagler reigned as the undisputed middleweight champion of the world from 1980 to 1987. Unfortunately, what many causal boxing fans remember, or at least heard about, is Hagler’s split-decision loss to Sugar Ray Leonard. In the spring of 1987, Leonard had come out of retirement for the fight. Few experts believed Leonard would go the distance with Hagler. A college student at the time, I vividly remember the fight. I liked both fighters, immensely. I thought Leonard won the fight but found the scoring a bit curious. One judge had it 115–133 for Leonard while [End Page 154] another judge scored it 115–113 for Hagler, and the third judge, who obviously watched an entirely different fight than the rest of the boxing world, scored it 118–110 for Leonard. An East Coast kid, Hagler was born in Newark, NJ, but later moved to Brockton, MA, with his family after the 1967 Newark uprising destroyed his old neighborhood. Hagler, like many kids, sought boxing as a means of self-defense. While many people are quick to characterize Hagler’s fights as 12, three-minute rounds of unadulterated violence, that depiction is both superficial and unlearned. Hagler was both a technician as well as a boxer and a brawler. There were few athletes in any sport who were equally adept at using both hands. He excelled at being ambidextrous. Hagler often confused his opponents, switching from a conventional/orthodox stance to southpaw throughout a given round. One minute he was a slick, quick-fisted boxer/puncher and the next a flat-footed, stalking, brawler. His style was the epitome of the sweet science. Every respectable boxing magazine rates Hagler as one of the all-time greats, regardless of weight class. During a 14-year career, Hagler was knocked down only once and even that knockdown remains a topic of conversation today. Hagler is a Hall-of-Famer. Marvelous Marvin Hagler died on Saturday, March 13, 2021, at the age of 66. [End Page 155] Copyright © 2021 Trustees of Indiana University and The Ohio State University

У каждого своя Сибирь. Годы войны и депортации в монологах Л. Т. Дорджиева и Е. С. Басановой

Introduction. The publication highlights a special period in the history of Kalmykia still insufficiently studied by anthropologists ― that of the Great Patriotic War and nation’s deportation to Siberia (1943–1956) ― introducing memories and narratives thereof. It consists of an introduction, two interviews, commentaries, and a bibliography. The presented narratives belong to individuals who had met the trials of deportation with different life experiences: front-line soldier, Lieutenant L. T. Dordzhiev ― and Elista schoolgirl, daughter of the front-line soldier E. S. Basanova. Goals. The paper seeks to identify and clarify the meanings of everyday practices, details of life that were vital for the generation of our fathers and mothers, so that they remain understandable to the generation of children and grandchildren. Another goal is to understand what construction patterns in deportation narratives can be traced, what images and plots are significant, what verbal formulas and stable expressions are used by storytellers in spontaneous narration, and what assessments of past events and what expressions they give. Materials and Methods. Both the interviews will be explored through narrative analysis. The materials are presented in the form of transcribed spontaneous interviews received by the author from L. Dordzhiev in 2005, and from E. Basanova in 2018. Textological analysis and the method of text deconstruction were employed. Results. The front-line experience of L. Dordzhiev is interesting enough not only for his individual but for his collectivist strategy too, as well as for his participation in Operation Lentil (Russ. Chechevitsa). Male strategies of resistance to a repressive regime show legal literacy and the ability to speak Bolshevik (S. Kotkin) as means of self-defense, as well as a willingness to defend their dignity physically. The woman’s interview shows how the generation of Kalmyk children indoctrinated by Soviet ideology had to live with the values of Soviet society and loyalty to Kalmyk identity. Both the interviews are concrete examples of private memories of the war and deportation years ― first-person memories. The interview texts will be of interest to all researchers of the Kalmyk Deportation and memory of this period. The discursive strategies of these two narratives speak of their positive nature (J. Alexander).

РОССИЯ В 1917 Г.: РЕВОЛЮЦИОННАЯ МОДА

The article examines the influence of the Russian revolution on clothing and fashion. The objective factor that dictated the manner of dressing was the progressive poverty and lack of the most necessary things. The Russian industry, including the production of clothing and shoes, was focused primarily on meeting the needs of the army. The needs of the civilian population lacked raw materials and, as a result, impoverishment, albeit to varying degrees, affected all social groups. The revolution added to this several more circumstances, already ideological in nature. Firstly, the emphasized egalitarianism in appearance, the conscious rejection of any external differences. At the same time, the manner of dressing, characteristic of the social bottom, became a reference for imitation. This can be considered a kind of mimicry, a means of self-defense in conditions when the order in the country dictated the street. Emphasized asceticism, deliberately cultivated negligence were characteristic of most members of the political class, regardless of which side of the barricades they were on. A side manifestation of this trend was the widespread paramilitary style, reflecting the fear of soldier anarchy that swept the country. At the same time, it is the military uniform and its most important element – epaulettes, that will be one of the first reasons for confronting the emerging of white and red Russia. In the civil war and subsequent years, these trends will generally continue, although they will undergo some changes. In general, these characteristics of clothing as a sign element will remain until the end of the Soviet era.

UJI ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAN FRAKSI SPONS TERHADAP Escherichia coli DAN Staphylococcus aureus SERTA POTENSINYA TERHADAP AKTIVITAS ANTI-UV

Sponge organisms produce bioactive compounds that are toxic as a means of self-defense. The compound is known to have the potential as an antibacterial and anti-UV which can absorb sunlight with the potential to be used as a material for making sunscreen. The purpose of this study was to obtain antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and anti-UV activity from crude extracts and sponges fractions. The antibacterial test done by agar diffusion method (Kirby and Bauer diffusion disc) and the crude extract and the active fraction of antibacterial compounds were tested in a UV spectrophotometer to see its anti-UV activity. As a result, 4 species of sponges were extracted and partitioned into water fractions, methanol fractions, and n-hexane fractions. All samples were tested for antibacterial activity and the results showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus by Plakortis sp. in crude extract (9 mm) and water fraction (8.6 mm), Agelas sp. in crude extract (7 mm) and in E. coli bacteria shown by Plakortis sp. in crude extract (12.6 mm) and water fraction (9 mm), Liosina sp. in the water fraction (7.6 mm), Haliclona sp. in the water fraction (8 mm) and Agelassp. in crude extract (10.3 mm). Crude extracts and water fractions were tested using a UV spectrophotometer for anti-UV testing, the results showed that crude extract and all the water fractions of four species sponge could absorb UV-B (λ 290-320 nm) and UV-A (λ 320-400 nm).Keywords: sponges, antibacterial, partition, anti-UV

Martial Arts among the Bangsamoro Muslim: History, Tradition, Culture, and Religion

In Islam, there are four fundamental factors of social development and change – personality, tradition, accident, and people. The Qur’an says: “Verily never will God change the condition of a people until they change it themselves [with their souls]. (Q-13:11). Therefore, the researcher’s aim is assessing the integration of slamic values in the teaching of martial arts in the youth for them be good followers of Islam thru inculcation in their minds and their behavior the real sense of a true Muslim. Essentially, this study is descriptive, which aimed mainly to serve as an exposition on the Religion, Traditional Culture, and History of the Muslims in the Philippines and their implication relevance to martial arts. The various data collected through in-depth study, interview and observation showed that Islam prepares people to be a fruitful citizen in the society. It also aimed for the total development of man not only in the religious aspect. Thus, Martial arts play a vital role in Islam not just as a means of self-defense, but as a system of ethics. Man and fighting are by nature intimately related; in fact, history shows that they are inseparable. Locally, the Bangsamoro has a very rich historical foundation in martial arts that is directly derivable from the roots of Islamic propagation. And as man became civilized, hand-to-hand fighting also became specialized and humanized and, gradually.

Applying Nietzsche’s Concept of “Self-Creation” to Tennessee Williams’s The Glass Menagerie : A Postmodern Study

The main tenet of Postmodernism is its insistence on the multipolarity of reality; postmodernists maintain that there is no definite, transcendental truth to be discovered and followed by individuals, instead there are plurality of truths made by people based on their needs and desires. According to Nietzsche existing realities, good and bad, are governmentʼs constructs and are created as tools to impose power on people and suppress peopleʼs creativity and potentiality. Nietzscheʼs solution in this chaotic world is “Self-Creation” which means individuals should live up to their own standards, not societyʼs. Williamsʼs characters are fragile and maladjusted wanderers who due to their inability to encounter facts and solve their problems take shelter in a cocoon of fantasy as a means of self-defense, to protect themselves instead of creating their own characters. The researcherʼs aim is to prove the cause of the protagonistʼs downfall was her traditional way of thinking, such as every woman needs a man to protect her, though in a postmodern world in which anything goes, everything is acceptable and as valid as the other things, there is no absolute truth.

On Renzo's Attempt to Ground State Legitimacy in a Right to Self-Defense

Massimo Renzo has recently offered a theory of legitimacy that attempts to ground the state’s right to rule on the assumption that people in the state of nature pose an to each other and can therefore, in self-defense, be forced to enter the state, that is, to become subject to its authority. I argue that depending on how unjust threat is interpreted in Renzo’s self-defense argument for the authority of the state, either his premise that who pose an to others can be justifiably coerced in self-defense, at least when they are morally responsible for posing the threat, or his premise that independents pose an to those living next to them in the state of nature, or both of them are wrong. I further argue that his premise that would-be independents pose an by refusing to enter the state is also mistaken. Refusing to enter the state, that is, refusing to be subject to the authority of the state, is no at all, and hence coercing people into entering the state is no means of self-defense and incapable of enhancing security. Renzo’s deduction of state authority from the right to self-defense fails.

"I will walk away on my own, phantom-footed": Judith Ortiz Cofer's Invocation of the Constant Move

Cultural production in the diaspora foregrounds themes of movement, border crossing, and the struggle over what and where home should be. To venture onto the road (or onto the airplane) and to grapple with the concept of home are key experiences for Puerto Rican Americans. For Jorge Duany, Puerto Rican realities are constructed to a large degree by the experience of el vaiven, or the back-and-forth movement “of people [that] creates a porous border zone” (“Nation on the Move” 19). Traveling over the western Atlantic in a pattern of pendular migrations is a striking example of the “spreading of seed,” as the Greek roots of the word diaspora suggest (Otero 276). Among the artistic responses to this experience is a nostalgic and ultimately conservative placing of a past home in a present space. Texts by some writers of the early Nuyorican movement, such as Piri Thomas or the poets published in Miguel Algarin and Miguel Pinero’s Nuyorican Poetry: An Anthology of Puerto Rican Words and Feelings (1975), relocate the island home to New York City as a means of self-defense and self-affirmation. Other authors, rejecting the idea of a newfound physical home, contend that the notion of a home for the exiled is only possible in literature. In recent texts, a new interpretation of the idea of home in diaspora has emerged: instead of, on the one hand, a transferred, idealized, or suspended home between the present and the past, or on the other hand, a home bound to a written text, authors propose the model of home as movement. The notion of dwelling, they suggest, does not necessarily have to be associated with the concepts of stasis and origin; instead, it may also be constituted through travel. A case in point is the writing of Puerto Rican American author Judith Ortiz Cofer. This essay charts the presentation and signification of movement in several of her works; it focuses on Ortiz Cofer’s elaboration of the act of walking in order to argue that it is through such physical and individual exercise that her characters create mobile spaces of residence. Although the notion of home is present in diverse ways in Ortiz Cofer’s texts, the description of a home in motion has become a key motif in her more recent work, especially in her poetry. Such an account of dwelling in travel is different from what has become one of the central critical concepts in this field, Gilles Deleuze’s and Felix Guattari’s notion of nomadology. According to the two philosophers, nomadology entails a radical deterritorialization (Qu’est-ce 186). The nomadic subject travels through spaces of no horizon, without “any . . . generic axis or deep structure” (“Rhizome” 101). Language, in their view, does not connect spaces; it is a decentering force itself. In contrast, the notion of home is not abandoned in Ortiz Cofer’s writing but remains a central point of reference—although in a decidedly new fashion, echoing

Art Therapy impact on the lives of the elderly study

The old man has different characteristics than those which have ages. To experience a variety of different environments and has tendencies because. Therefore, all the old uniform to the progress of art therapy is not possible and when you feel the need for self-treatment is effective participation hayeoyaman looks. Art therapy through the medium of art to express the inner feelings that are kept on the image of the elderly because of the feelings that naturally help revealing, emotion plays a role in mitigating the crisis. Art therapy in the treatment of non-verbal means of means of self-defense, so receives less control is reduced. In addition, the opportunity to use art media sensation itself reduced stimulation of the elderly a sense of the way so you are valued as a very useful educational program.

1st, 2nd Amendments and Absolute Immunity from Suit

Public service without term limits undermines the intent of the 1st Amendment to the extent that power forms coalitions more than ideas. Absolute immunity from suit cuts the protections of the 2nd Amendment. Citizens are then at the mercy of inept or malicious actions under color of law, without any acceptable means of self-defense.