Manifest Anxiety Scale Research Articles

Associations between psychological factors and the presence of deleterious oral habits in children and adolescents.

This study aimed to evaluate the associations between psychological factors and the presence of deleterious oral habits in children and adolescents. 147 students aged 8 to 14-years-old were divided in two groups concerning the presence and absence of DOH Habit group (HG) and Habit free group (HFG). Participants were asked about the presence of DOH using the domain III (Oral Habits) of the Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S). Symptoms of anxiety and depression were evaluated using the Brazilian Portuguese versions of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), respectively. Saliva was collected 30 min after waking and at night to determine the diurnal decline in salivary cortisol (DDSC). Data were analyzed using the Chi-squared, Mann-Whitney, Spearman's correlation and logistic regression. The prevalence of DOH was higher in females than males (65.1 vs 34.9; p < 0.05). The most frequent DOH was nail biting (58.7%). HG presented more depressive symptoms than HFG (p < 0.05). There was positive correlation between salivary cortisol levels and age (p < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis found association between symptoms of anxiety and the presence of DOH (OR = 2.35; p < 0.05). In conclusion, children and adolescents with DOH presented more symptoms of depression than their counterparts. Moreover, they were more likely to report symptoms of anxiety.

ABSTRACT 194

Background and aims: Childhood critical illness can have significant psychological repercussions. We developed the Children’s Critical Illness Impact Scale, a 23-item written self-report instrument to measure psychological distress in school-aged children post-pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) hospitalization. We subsequently developed the Young Children’s Critical Illness Impact Scale (Y-CCIIS), an illustrated version of the instrument for children aged 5 to 9 years. Aims: This study aimed to examine the psychometric propertied of the Y-CCIIS. Methods: Children (n=100) were recruited at PICU discharge from 4 Canadian hospitals, following ethics board approval. They completed the Y-CCIIS 2 months post-discharge, and again 2 weeks later to establish test-retest reliability. Convergent validation was established by administering the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) at 2 months. Factor analysis was conducted to examine the underlying structure of the Y-CCIIS. 44 children completed the Y-CCIIS 2 months post-ENT day surgery to establish construct validation. Results: Y-CCIIS means scores were significantly higher in the PICU group (t(142)=3.421, p=.001). Factor analysis supported a 3 factor solution: worries about getting sick/not getting better; feeling things have changed (externally & internally); feeling anxious and fearful when thinking about hospital. PICU children scored significantly higher than ENT children on all factors. The Y-CCIIS demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=0.78), and test-retest reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient=0.72). Convergent validation was supported by a moderate correlation between Y-CCIIS and RCMAS scores (Pearson’s correlation coefficient=0.54). Conclusions: Psychometrically sound instruments are essential to identify children requiring psychological support services post-PICU hospitalization. The Y-CCIIS is a promising self-report measure for young children.

A Closer Look at the Psychometric Properties of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale–Second Edition Among U.S. Elementary and Secondary School Students

The psychometric properties of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale–Second Edition (RCMAS-2) were examined in a sample of 1,003 U.S. elementary and secondary students in Grades 2 to 12. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were performed comparing the five-factor (target) model consisting of three anxiety (Physiological Anxiety, Social Anxiety, and Worry) factors and two defensiveness (Defensiveness 1 and 2) factors with a three-factor model (one anxiety factor and two defensiveness factors). The results of the CFAs conducted indicated that the five-factor model provided a better fit to the data than the three-factor model. Tests of measurement invariance were also performed and the results provided support for configural, metric, and partial scalar invariance of the RCMAS-2 scores across gender. Latent mean analyses were also conducted and the results of these analyses indicated that females scored significantly higher than males on the three anxiety factors. These findings provide support for the construct validity of the RCMAS-2 scores. Implications of the findings for mental health professionals who work with elementary and secondary school students are discussed.

Anxiety/Depression And Academic Achievement In Adolescents In Prishtina

Numerous empirical studies suggest that psychological difficulties of children and adolescents are negatively correlated with academic achievement.The main purpose of the study is the recognition level of emotional problems-anxiety and depression to an adoleshent school sample in Prishtina and their relation with academic achievement. A sample of the school population (219 children aged from 10 years to 18),38.8% boys and 61.2% girls have completed instruments:Revised Children Manifest Anxiety Scale(RCMAS) and Depression Self-Rating Scale for children. 15% of cases have resulted in anxiety and 22.1% with depression. Results showed that anxiety and depression have no significant correlation with success at school while having significant positive correlation between them (r=.56,p

Depression and anxiety in adolescents with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury.

Little is known about depression and anxiety in adolescents with spinal cord injury (SCI). To examine how depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and usage of treatment differ by age and sex among adolescents with SCI. Youth 12 to 18 years old who had acquired SCI at least 1 year prior were recruited from 3 specialty hospitals. They completed the Children's Depression Inventory (ages 12-17 years) or Beck Depression Inventory-II (18 years), and Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (12-18 years). Analyses assessed differences between younger and older adolescents and between males and females. The 236 participants were an average age of 15.58 years (SD 1.98), 58% were male, and 60% Caucasian. Average age at injury was 10.57 years (SD 5.50), and 62% had paraplegia. For depression, 5.5% of adolescents ages 12 to 17 years exceeded the clinical cutoff and 12.7% of 18-year-old adolescents fell into a range of moderate or severe depression. For anxiety, 10.6% of adolescents ages 12 to 18 years exceeded the clinical cutoff. Univariate results revealed that older adolescents were more depressed than younger adolescents, and girls were more anxious than boys. An interaction between sex and age emerged, in that older adolescent girls were significantly more anxious than other youth. Older adolescents were also more likely to be taking medications for emotional, psychological, or behavioral reasons. Reports of suicidal ideation did not differ by adolescent age or sex. For these adolescents, depression differed with age, and anxiety differed based on age and sex. Implications for intervention include early identification and treatment for struggling adolescents.

The UK Resilience Programme: A school-based universal nonrandomized pragmatic controlled trial.

The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an 18-hr cognitive behavioral group intervention in reducing depressive symptoms (and associated outcomes) in a universal sample of students in mainstream schools in England. The intervention, the UK Resilience Programme (UKRP), was based on the Penn Resiliency Program for Children and Adolescents. Students (N = 2,844; 49% female; 67% White) were ages 11-12 at 16 schools. Classes of students were assigned arbitrarily into intervention (UKRP) or control (usual school provision) conditions based on class timetables. Outcome measures were the Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1992) (depressive symptoms, primary outcome); Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (C. R. Reynolds & Richmond, 1985) (anxiety); and child-reported Goodman (1997) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (behavior). Students were surveyed at baseline, postintervention, 1-year follow-up, and 2-year follow-up. At postintervention, UKRP students reported lower levels of depressive symptoms than control group students, but the effect was small (d = 0.093, 95% CI [-0.178, -0.007], p = .034) and did not persist to 1-year or 2-year follow-ups. There was no significant impact on symptoms of anxiety or behavior at any point. UKRP produced small, short-term impacts on depression symptoms and did not reduce anxiety or behavioral problems. These findings suggest that interventions may produce reduced impacts when rolled out and taught by regular school staff. We discuss the implications of these findings for policy and for future dissemination efforts.

Impact of Hypnotherapy in Mitigating the Symptoms of Anxiety

The purpose of this investigation was to assess impact of Hypnotherapy in mitigating the symptoms of anxiety. 50 Participants were selected through accidental sampling from Various Psychiatric clinics of Delhi (India). Educational, Economic and Age related factors treated as control variable. For the obtaining the score on Anxiety, SCAT (Sinha‘s Comprehension Anxiety Test) was used, which has 90 items, based on Yes/No response of participants for anxiety. The Reliability of SCAT is 0.85 (test retest) and Validity is.62 with Taylors manifest anxiety scale The purpose of this investigation was to assess impact of Hypnotherapy in mitigating the symptoms of anxiety. 50 Participants were selected through accidental sampling from Various Psychiatric clinics of Delhi (India). Educational, Economic and Age related factors treated as Educational, Economic and Age related factors treated as control variable. For the obtaining the score on Anxiety, SCAT (Sinha‘s Comprehension Anxiety Test) was used, which has 90 items, based on Yes/No response of participants for anxiety. The Reliability of SCAT is 0.85 (test retest) and Validity is.62 with Taylors manifest anxiety scale. Research was based on Pretest and Posttest research design. Statistically analysis was done by paired t test. Results indicate that the “t” value, 12.01, which is significant at 0.01 level of confidence, shows that Hypnotherapy mitigates the symptoms of Anxiety.

Difference in anxiety symptoms between children and their parents facing a first seizure or epilepsy

Many studies have shown that anxiety disorders are common in children with epilepsy. We explored symptoms of anxiety simultaneously in children and their parents. We conducted a cross-sectional study using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale in children and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adult in parents. We included 118 parents and 67 children, who were divided into three groups: (1) first seizure, (2) epilepsy, and (3) nonepileptic paroxysmal event. We found that the level of anxiety in parents and children differed. We observed a significant increase in the anxiety level of parents whose children have had a first seizure, while we found a significant increase in the anxiety level of children and adolescents followed for epilepsy. These findings suggest that there is no direct relationship in the anxiety of the parents and their child. Further studies are needed to understand this variation over time.

CHILDREN´S ANXIETY AND PARENTING STYLES IN FAMILY IN EIGHT-YEAR-OLDS

Anxiety is a recurrent topic in personality psychology of today. According to Z. Matějček’s (1991) estimation, the issue of anxiety assumes the third place as for the number of clients in children’s counselling service (behind the issue of intellectual capabilities and ADHD) in the Czech Republic. In children where it occurs to a higher degree, it can have a negative impact on their socialisation, achievements, development of self-confidence. The most influential factor in developing an anxious personality appears to be family environment. If the family fails to satisfy the child’s basic needs – feeling of security and confidence – the child’s development can be in jeopardy. The current research is concentrated on how the style of parenting in families (the so-called parenting styles) is related to anxiety in children at a younger school age. The aim of the research is to find out what relationship there is between the individual components of parenting in families (positive – negative component, component of requirements – freedom) and anxiety in eight-year-olds. These relationships were inquired into from mothers’ perspective by means of questionnaire surveys (Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale and Questionnaire for acquiring the parenting style in family). The data from 407 mothers of eight-year-old children have been analysed. An assumption that anxiety in children of younger school age is significantly influenced by parenting styles in family has been confirmed. The most anxious children appear to be children raised in families with a negative parental emotional involvement towards the child and at the same time with discordant control. They were also some differences in the importance of individual components of parenting by fathers and mothers for anxious orientation of the child identified. Key words: anxiety, anxious children, parenting styles.

Psychosocial outcomes among youth with spinal cord injury by neurological impairment

ObjectiveExamine psychosocial outcomes of youth with spinal cord injury (SCI) as a function of neurological level (paraplegia/tetraplegia) and severity (American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS)).DesignSurvey research.SettingThree pediatric SCI specialty centers in the USA.ParticipantsYouth with SCI ages 5–18 with neurological impairment classifications of: tetraplegia AIS ABC (tetraplegia ABC), paraplegia AIS ABC (paraplegia ABC), or AIS D.Outcome MeasuresChildren's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, and Children's Depression Inventory.ResultsThree hundred and forty youth participated; 57% were male; 60% were Caucasian, 21% Hispanic, 7% African-American, 2% Native American, and 3% reported “other”. Their mean age was 8.15 years (standard deviation (SD) = 5.84) at injury and 13.18 years (SD = 3.87) at interview. Ninety-six youth (28%) had tetraplegia ABC injuries, 191 (56%) paraplegia ABC injuries, and 53 (16%) AIS D injuries. Neurological impairment was significantly related to participation and quality of life (QOL). Specifically, youth with paraplegia ABC and AIS D injuries participated in more activities than youth with tetraplegia ABC (P = 0.002; P = 0.018, respectively) and youth with paraplegia ABC participated more often than youth with tetraplegia ABC (P = 0.006). Youth with paraplegia ABC reported higher social QOL than youth with tetraplegia ABC (P = 0.001) and AIS D injuries (P = 0.002). Groups did not differ regarding mental health.ConclusionInterventions should target youth with tetraplegia ABC, as they may need support in terms of participation, and both youth with tetraplegia ABC and AIS D injuries in terms of social integration.

General distress, hopelessness—suicidal ideation and worrying in adolescence: Concurrent and predictive validity of a symptom-level bifactor model for clinical diagnoses

BackgroundClinical disorders often share common symptoms and aetiological factors. Bifactor models acknowledge the role of an underlying general distress component and more specific sub-domains of psychopathology which specify the unique components of disorders over and above a general factor. MethodsA bifactor model jointly calibrated data on subjective distress from The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. The bifactor model encompassed a general distress factor, and specific factors for (a) hopelessness—suicidal ideation, (b) generalised worrying and (c) restlessness—fatigue at age 14 which were related to lifetime clinical diagnoses established by interviews at ages 14 (concurrent validity) and current diagnoses at 17 years (predictive validity) in a British population sample of 1159 adolescents. ResultsDiagnostic interviews confirmed the validity of a symptom-level bifactor model. The underlying general distress factor was a powerful but non-specific predictor of affective, anxiety and behaviour disorders. The specific factors for hopelessness—suicidal ideation and generalised worrying contributed to predictive specificity. Hopelessness—suicidal ideation predicted concurrent and future affective disorder; generalised worrying predicted concurrent and future anxiety, specifically concurrent generalised anxiety disorders. Generalised worrying was negatively associated with behaviour disorders. LimitationsThe analyses of gender differences and the prediction of specific disorders was limited due to a low frequency of disorders other than depression. ConclusionsThe bifactor model was able to differentiate concurrent and predict future clinical diagnoses. This can inform the development of targeted as well as non-specific interventions for prevention and treatment of different disorders.

Assessment of Anxiety and Depression in Adolescents with Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Case-Control Study

Study ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between primary dysmenorrhea and symptoms of depression and anxiety among adolescent female students in Tbilisi, Georgia. DesignA case-control study. SettingTbilisi, Georgia. ParticipantsFour hundred twenty-four postmenarcheal girls aged 14-20 years (a subset of a larger study involving 2561 girls). MethodsThe data was gathered in 2011 by the use of a questionnaire prepared for the purpose of this study, completed anonymously. Menstrual pattern, depression and anxiety level were evaluated in both groups; continuous and categorical variables were compared by Pearson chi-square test. Depressive symptoms were determined by a self-reporting scale (Beck Depression Inventory); anxiety was determined using Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Main Outcome MeasuresDifferences in mental health between two groups. ResultsPatients with primary dysmenorrhea (PD) had significantly higher scores of depression than the control subjects: moderate depression, 15.9% in PD patients vs 6.2% in control subjects and severe depression, 1.8% vs 0% (P < .003, LR 0.001). High anxiety (TMAS) was also more prevalent in adolescents with primary dysmenorrhea (44% vs 9.9%; P < .001, LR < 0.001). STAI scores were also significantly higher in these patients than in healthy women (68.9% vs 25.0%; P < .001, LR < 0.001). ConclusionPrimary dysmenorrhea is strongly linked with positive scores for depression and anxiety. Because of this association, attention should be given to effective mental health screening in these patients; psychological support may be necessary during their treatment and follow-up.

PREVALENCE AND PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITIESOF NOCTURNAL ENURESIS IN A SAMPLE OF BASIC EDUCATION STUDENTS IN SHARKIA GOVERNORATE

Background: Nocturnal enuresis and its psychiatric comorbidities are important psychosocial problem. Aim of the work: The aim is to study the prevalence and psychiatric comorbidities of nocturnal enuresis in 11 to13 years’ old children in Sharkia governorate.Subject and Method:A random sample of school students aged 11 to 13 years old in Sharkia Governorate (N. 603) applied a strucured questionair searching for nocturnal enuresis. The cases having nocturnal enuresis (N.50) and non enuretic control group (51) applied Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, Children Depression Inventory, Abuse and neglect scale for children. Results: The overall prevalence was 8.29% (50/603), depression, anxiety and child abuse are significantly associated with nocturnal enuresis. Conclusion: Our results with enuresis prevalence was comparable to other epidemiologic studies from various countries. Depression, anxiety and child abuse are more prevalent in enurtic child. Keywords: nocturnal enuresis, prevalence, psychiatric co morbidities.

Risk factors of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with headache: A cross-sectional study

IntroductionDespite numerous studies on the association between headache and psychological difficulties in children, the results remain inconclusive. ObjectiveThis cross-sectional study was conducted to clarify the links between anxiety-depression and headache in children. We evaluated the levels of anxious and depressive symptoms and the influence of risk factors: age, sex, headache diagnosis, frequency and history to identify and treat headache sufferers most at risk. MethodData were collected from a clinical sample of 368 children aged 8 to 17years. First, a structured interview using the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II) was used to diagnose 88 patients with migraine (M), 32 with tension-type headache (TTH), and 248 with a combination syndrome (M+TTH). Second, levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed with the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (R-CMAS) and the Multiscore Depression Inventory for Children (MDI-C). ResultsAn ANOVA analysis showed that the mean scores for anxiety and depressive symptom levels were significantly higher among older patients and that only the M+TTH diagnosis was significantly associated with anxiety. Children with clinically significant levels of anxiety symptoms were more prevalent in our sample than in the general population (13% versus 5%). Anxiety and depression were not associated with child sex, headache frequency and history. ConclusionWe propose systematic screening for anxiety in children presenting with headache, particularly adolescents and patients with a combination diagnosis.

Validation of the Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale–College Version Scores in a Sample of U.S. College Students

Two studies examined the psychometric properties of the Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale–College Version (AMAS-C) scores among U.S. college students. In Study 1, 300 college students were administered the AMAS-C. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) indicated that the five-factor model (four anxiety factors and one lie factor) with a higher order factor provided the best fit to the data. In Study 2, 177 college students were administered the AMAS-C and external measures and correlational analyses indicated support for the convergent and discriminant validity of the AMAS-C scores. Implications of the findings of the studies for mental health professionals who work with college students are discussed.

English

Training the Indonesian Air Force flyers takes a lot of time and fund. The cramped training schedule, demand of discipline and achievement, and intense stress from the fear of dying from plane accidents give the flyer students an even bigger stress that could potentially lead to anxiousness. In the selection of flyer candidates in the field, the most important aspect to be noticed is the body readiness of the candidates, whereas the mental health is frequently left unchecked. There was a case in a training session where a flyer student experienced a bad mental and academic achievement that, after being traced, resulted from poor mental health test, although the military body readiness test was good. It left the country with a loss from having to discharge the student. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between the military body readiness level and the anxiousness tendency of a flyer apprentice. This was an observational study with cross-sectional design. The research subjects was the flyer students of the Indonesian National Air Force Army in Adisutjipto Airbase Yogyakarta. The sample was taken from all of the subjects which fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The measurement of the anxiousness used the TMAS (Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale), whereas the military body readiness value was taken directly in the field test. Moreover, psychological stress was also measured using Instrument of Psychosocial Stressor Assessment (IPSP). The results were analyzed using Chi-Square test and multiple regression analysis. It was found that there was no significantly relationship between the military body readiness value and the anxiousness tendency of the flyer student in the flyer academy of the Indonesian National Air Force Army in Adisutjipto Airbase Yogyakarta (p&gt;0,05). The psychological stress factor has a role in creating the anxiousness tendency of the flyer students.

Examination and measurement of coping among adolescents with spinal cord injury

Cross-sectional survey. To describe coping strategy use in adolescents with spinal cord injury (SCI), to explore the underlying factor structure of a measure of coping among adolescents with SCI and to assess relationships between coping and psychosocial outcomes. Multiple pediatric SCI centers in the United States. One hundred and eighty-two participants aged 13-17 years who experienced an SCI completed measures including the Kidcope, Children's Depression Inventory, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Participants reported that cognitive restructuring and resignation are the most used coping strategies, whereas social support, emotional regulation (calming) and cognitive restructuring are the most effective coping strategies. An exploratory factor analysis revealed that a three-factor solution provided the most parsimonious model for the relationships between the different coping strategies. However, only one of the three factors had acceptable internal consistency. This factor comprised escape-oriented coping strategies or an avoidant approach to coping with the sequelae of SCI. After controlling for demographic/injury-related factors, higher scores on the escape-oriented factor were associated with the lower quality of life and higher levels of depression and anxiety symptomatology. Escape-oriented coping is associated with maladaptive psychosocial outcomes in adolescents with SCI. These adolescents report that active coping strategies are most effective in reducing SCI-related distress. Coping strategy use may mediate psychosocial outcomes in adolescents with SCI and represent an intervention target in adolescents who overly rely on escape-oriented coping.

Reduced autobiographical memory specificity in bereaved Afghan adolescents

This study investigated the effect of bereavement (father death due to war in Afghanistan) on autobiographical memory specificity in Afghan adolescents living in Iran. Participants consisted of bereaved (n=70) and non-bereaved (n=33) Afghan adolescents. The measures included Farsi versions of the Autobiographical Memory Test, Mood and Feeling Questionnaire, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, and Impact of Event Scale. Results indicated that the bereaved group retrieved a significantly lower proportion of specific memories and a significantly greater proportion of extended and categoric memories than the non-bereaved group. Additionally, depression symptoms and reduced autobiographical memory specificity were significantly correlated. These findings suggest that bereaved adolescents have impaired autobiographical memory specificity.

AB1181 Psychological problems in saudi children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis is related to physical disability and disease status

ObjectivesThis study aimed at investigating the psychological functioning of Saudi children with poly-articular joint disease and its association with disease activity and disability.MethodsOne hundred and twenty Saudi children aged 6-16...

Cancer-related traumatic stress reactions in siblings of children with cancer.

The purpose of this study was to explore cancer-related posttraumatic stress (PTS) reactions in siblings of children with cancer including prevalence, common symptoms, comorbidity with anxiety and depression, and gender- and age-related patterns. A total of 125 children (63 girls) between the ages of 8 and 17 (M = 12.4; SD = 2.9 years) with a brother or sister with cancer, diagnosed 4 to 38 months prior to the study (M = 1.3 years; SD = 6.7 months), completed the Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS), Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, and Child Depression Inventory-Short Form. Over half of the sample (60%) scored in the moderate to severe range for PTS and 22% fulfilled full criteria for PTSD based upon CPSS responses. Nearly 75% reported "Feeling upset when you think about or hear about the cancer," and "Trying not to think about, talk about, or have feelings about the cancer." Over 60% reported arousal symptoms. PTS symptoms reportedly interfered with functioning for 75% of the sample and co-occurred with anxiety and depressive symptoms. Gender and age-related patterns were not found. Siblings of children with cancer experience cancer-related PTS reactions and greater attention should be paid to ameliorating their cancer-related distress with empirically based treatments.