Manifest Anxiety Scale Research Articles

A Comparison of Quality of Life, Anxiety and Depression in Children with Cancer and Healthy Children, Kermanshah-Iran

Background Cancer is a major public health problem in many parts of the world. The present study aimed to compare the quality of life, anxiety and depression in in children with cancer and healthy children. Materials and Methods In this descriptive and causal-comparative study, the statistical population consisted of cancer patients visiting Mohammad Kermanshahi Hospital based in Kermanshah, Iran, in the summer of 2016. Moreover, 60 samples were selected through the convenience sampling. For data collection, three questionnaires were utilized: WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF), Children's Depression Scale (CDS), and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS). Furthermore, data were analyzed through the descriptive (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)) using the SPSS Statistics Software Version 23.0. Results The results of the present study demonstrated that there were significant differences between the cancer and healthy children in terms of all coping styles. The results also revealed that the mean scores of depression and anxiety of cancer children exceeded those of healthy children, while the mean score of cancer children’s quality of life was lower than that of healthy children. Conclusion According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that emotional-behavioral changes are the strongest and most stable elements that make a difference in cancer and healthy children. Hence, giving full consideration to Factors is of special importance.

Treatment of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in a cohort of young patients in a partial hospitalization program for eating disorders.

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a recently named condition to classify patients who present with restricted nutritional intake without body image distortion or fear of weight gain. We sought to compare treatment outcomes of patients with ARFID in a family-centered partial hospital program (PHP) to those with other eating disorders (ED). A retrospective chart review of 130 patients 7-17 years of age admitted to the program from 2008 to 2012 was performed. Intake and discharge data included: length of stay; percentage median body mass index (%MBMI); and scores on the Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) and Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS). Between and within group effects were measured for intake and discharge data. Patients with ARFID spent significantly fewer weeks in program than those with anorexia nervosa (AN) and experienced a similar increase in %MBMI as patients with AN and other specified/unspecified feeding and eating disorders. All patients exhibited significant improvements in psychopathology over the course of treatment as measured by scores on the ChEAT and RCMAS. Our findings suggest that patients with ARFID can be successfully treated in the same PHP as patients with other ED, with comparable improvements in weight and psychopathology over a shorter time period. Results are limited to patients with ARFID who exhibit an acute onset of severe food restriction. Future research should incorporate measures relevant to the diagnosis of ARFID and explore how patients with different ARFID subtypes may respond to various treatments.

An Analysis of a Novel, Short-Term Therapeutic Psychoeducational Program for Children and Adolescents with Chronic Neurological Illness and Their Parents; Feasibility and Efficacy.

The purpose of this intervention was to develop a therapeutic psycho-educational program that improves quality of life in children and adolescents who are experiencing chronic neurological illness, including epilepsy, and their parents, and to analyze the intervention's feasibility and efficacy and participants' satisfaction. Participants were eight children (n = 8) and adolescents and their parents; participating children were experiencing chronic neurological illness with psychological comorbidity; children with intellectual impairment were excluded (IQ < 80). The program was carried out weekly for four sessions. In each of the 4 weeks, children's session content addressed self, emotion, coping skills, and finishing up, respectively; and parents' session content targeted family dynamic and emotional intervention, coping skills, childcare and education, and finishing up, respectively. Clinical psychologists administered psychological assessments (viz., Child Behavior Checklist, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Parenting Stress Index, Beck Depression Inventory, Children's Depression Inventory, and Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale) at pre- and post-intervention, and administered satisfaction surveys following the intervention. Participants' opinions about the program's necessity, contents, and process, and participants' overall program satisfaction were analyzed. Parents and children reported high levels of satisfaction with the program. Externalizing behavioral problems, anxiety/depression, and emotional functioning from quality of life showed improvement after the intervention. Although not statistically significant, total child stress trended downward from pre- to post-intervention. A four-session structured therapeutic psycho-educational program for children and adolescents with chronic neurological illness and their parents was successfully implemented, showing good compliance and high satisfaction and efficacy.

Investigating the Relationship between Anxiety of School-age Children Undergoing Surgery and Parental State-trait Anxiety

Background: Surgery is a stressful experience for children, and preoperative anxiety in children could be affected by the level of parental anxiety. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between anxiety in school-age children before surgery and parental state-trait anxiety. Method: This descriptive study was performed on 81 children within the age group of 6-12 years admitted for elective surgical operation and 128 parents in Doctor Sheikh Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, 2016. Children's anxiety and parental anxiety were measured before the entrance of the patients to the operating room via Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, respectively. The data was analyzed in SPSS, version 16, using the relevant statistical tests. Results: The results of Pearson product-moment correlation test showed a positive correlation between children's anxiety and fathers' state anxiety and between children's anxiety and mothers' state anxiety (r=0.27, r=0.41; P=0.005, P=0.040, respectively). However, no statistically significant relationship was observed between children's anxiety and parents' trait anxiety, age of children, as well as parents' educational level, occupation, and level of trait anxiety. Implications for Practice: Considering the association between parents' state anxiety and children's anxiety, implementing preoperative interventions to prepare parents for surgery is recommended.

Self-esteem links with anxiety and depression at one community adolescent sample

IntroductionAnxiety and depression is becoming an increasingly important public health issue. The adolescents’ population is among affected seriously.ObjectivesThe objectives of the study was to investigate the level of anxiety, depression and self-esteem among adolescents and explore links between.MethodologyParticipants were 99 adolescents randomly selected in school, aged between 12 to 19 years (M = 14.88; SD = 2.09); in terms of gender composition, there were girls 41.1% and boys 58.9%. The measures used included the Albanian versions of depression self-rating scale for children, the revised children's manifest anxiety scale, and the rosenberg self-esteem scale. All data has been analysed by SPSS 21 and Excel 2007.ResultsResults showed that clinical significant levels reported 10.3% of participants for anxiety and 22.4% for depression. With low self-esteem scored 16.3% of participants. Self-esteem is significantly negatively correlated only with depression (r = -.433, P &lt; .00). Mann-Whitney Test didn’t found significant differences in anxiety based on self-esteem levels. Mann-Whitney Test found significant differences in depression levels based on levels of self-esteem (Mdlowself-esteem = 15; n = 16; Mdnormalself-esteem = 10; n = 81) as adolescents with low self-esteem had significantly higher depression as compared to adolescents with normal self-esteem (z = -2.876, P &lt; .004).ConclusionsFindings suggested that self-esteem and depression links are present but not links self-esteem and anxiety. It is important to investigate these relationships in future research aimed identification/interventions programs.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Investigating the Effect of OrangeAroma on Anxiety in School-Age Children with Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial

This study aimed to determine the effect of orange essence aromatherapy on anxiety in school-age children with diabetes, as anxiety reduction would be expected to have a positive impact on health in this population. This clinical trial enrolled 60 children with diabetes, who were randomized to either the experimental or the control group (30 in each group). For the children in the experimental group, two drops of orange essence were poured on to a strip of gauze inside an open box, which was then held at a 5-cm distance from the child's nose. The children were then asked to breathe deeply for a span of 2 minutes. The control group received only routine care for diabetes. Data were collected using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventoryand the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19 to perform descriptive and analytical statistical tests. No significant difference was observed between children's anxiety inthe experimental and control groups (P>.05) prior to the use of orange essence aromatherapy. After the therapeutic intervention, the anxiety of the experimental group significantly decreased compared to that before the intervention (P<.05). Orange aromatherapy, which is nonpharmacological and non-invasive, may be a useful complementary medical treatment for the management of anxiety in children with diabetes.

Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale–Second Edition Scores Among Chinese Secondary School Students

The purpose of this study was to adapt the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale–Second Edition (RCMAS-2) into Mandarin and to examine its psychometric properties among Chinese adolescents. The participants included 436 Chinese students in Grades 7 to 12 who were administered the Chinese version of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS-2-C). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were performed to examine the factor structure of the RCMAS-2-C. Results indicated a modified four-factor model (Worry and Social Anxiety factors combined, Physiological Anxiety, Defensiveness I, and Defensiveness II factors) provided an adequate model fit to the data. Categorical omegas were computed and ranged from .68 to .90 for the RCMAS-2 scale scores. Convergent evidence of validity for the RCMAS-2-C anxiety scores was also found. Implications of the findings of the study for clinicians and researchers are discussed.

Traumatic stress and psychological functioning in a South African adolescent community sample.

BackgroundTraumatic stress may arise from various incidents often leading to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The lifetime prevalence of PTSD is estimated at 1% – 2% in Western Europe, 6% – 9% in North America and at just over 10% in countries exposed to long-term violence. In South Africa, the lifetime prevalence for PTSD in the general population is estimated at 2.3%.AimTo examine the prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptomatology and related psychological functioning in a community sample of adolescents.SettingLow-socioeconomic communities in KwaZulu-Natal.MethodsHome interviews with adolescents and their maternal caregivers were used to collect the data using standardised instruments. Adolescents completed the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children; Children’s Depression Inventory; Children’s Somatization Inventory; and Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale. The Child Behaviour Checklist was completed by the caregivers. The sample comprised Grade 7 (n = 256) and Grade 10 (n = 68) learners. Sixty-five percent of the sample was female, and ages ranged from 9 to 18 (M = 13.11, s.d. = 1.54).ResultsAlmost 6% of the sample endorsed PTSD and an additional 4% of the participants had clinically significant traumatic stress symptomatology. There was a significant, large, positive correlation between posttraumatic stress and anxiety, and medium positive correlations between posttraumatic stress and depression and somatic symptoms.ConclusionPosttraumatic stress symptomatology can be debilitating, often co-occurring with symptoms of depression, anxiety and somatic complications. This may lead to long-term academic, social and emotional consequences in this vulnerable group.

Anxiety and Stress in Children Following an Earthquake: Clinically Beneficial Effects of Treatment with Micronutrients

This study examined the effects of micronutrients on children with clinically elevated stress and anxiety 23–36 months after experiencing a natural disaster (a major earthquake). A single-case multiple-baseline design allocated 14 children (7 males, 7 females; aged 8–11 years; 10 with formal anxiety-disorder diagnoses) randomly to 1, 2 or 3 week baselines. Participants then took eight capsules/day of a micronutrient formula (EMPowerplus) during an 8-week open-label trial. Assessment instruments were the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), the Pediatric Emotional Distress Scale (PEDS), and the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS). Symptom severity declined slightly in baseline for some children and declined much more during intervention for all children. Effect sizes at end of treatment were −1.40 (RCMAS), −1.92 (SCARED), +1.96 (CGAS), and −2.13 (PEDS). Modified Brinley plots revealed decreases in anxiety and improvements in overall functioning for 10 out of 11 completing participants. Side effects were mild and transient. The study provided evidence that treatment with a dietary supplement containing micronutrients reduced children’s post-disaster anxiety to a clinically significant degree. Future placebo-controlled randomized-controlled trials and treatment-comparison research is recommended to determine if this is true of anxiety in general.

Can we really use available scales for child and adolescent psychopathology across cultures? A systematic review of cross-cultural measurement invariance data.

In this systematic review, we assessed available evidence for cross-cultural measurement invariance of assessment scales for child and adolescent psychopathology as an indicator of cross-cultural validity. A literature search was conducted using the Medline, PsychInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. Cross-cultural measurement invariance data was available for 26 scales. Based on the aggregation of the evidence from the studies under review, none of the evaluated scales have strong evidence for cross-cultural validity and suitability for cross-cultural comparison. A few of the studies showed a moderate level of measurement invariance for some scales (such as the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised, Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, and Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale), which may make them suitable in cross-cultural comparative studies. The remainder of the scales either showed weak or outright lack of measurement invariance. This review showed only limited testing for measurement invariance across cultural groups of scales for pediatric psychopathology, with evidence of cross-cultural validity for only a few scales. This study also revealed a need to improve practices of statistical analysis reporting in testing measurement invariance. Implications for future research are discussed.

АКЦЕНТУАЦИЯ ХАРАКТЕРА ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ГРАНУЛЕМАТОЗНЫМ ПОРАЖЕНИЕМ ОРГАНОВ ДЫХАНИЯ ПРИ САРКОИДОЗЕ И ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗЕ

404 sarcoidosis and 404 tuberculosis patients were examined in order to detect correlations between clinical manifestations, psychological adaptation and accentuation of personality traits and granulomatous lesions of respiratory organs in case of sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. All patients had subjective and objective examinations and answered the following questionnaires: Schmieschek questionnaire to identify accentuation of personality traits, clinical questionnaire to detect and evaluate neurotic disorders, Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale to detect the level of anxiety. It has been found out that sarcoidosis patients are characterized both by asymptomatic course of the disease as well as diverse clinical manifestations: pain syndrome, nodal fever, intoxication with expressed general fatigue, respiratory insufficiency. It is combined with stuck, pedant, cycloid, exalted, emotive accentuations of personality traits, with psychological maladaptation as per the scores of autonomic imbalance, neurotic depression, asthenia, with average high level of anxiety. The following is typical of tuberculosis patients: syndrome of bronchial tree lesions and respiratory insufficiency; distymny, demonstrative, excitable, exalted, anxiety-hypochondriac accentuations of personality traits, with psychological maladaptation as per the scores of autonomic imbalance, obsessive-phobic disorders and hysteria; average high level of anxiety. The strong correlation has been found between the degree of symptoms expression, level of anxiety and psychological maladaptation and the type of patient's accentuation of personality traits.

Occupational stress, anxiety and depression among Egyptian teachers

Occupational stress (OS) among teachers predispose to depression and anxiety. No study was done to assess these problems among Egyptian teachers. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of OS, depression and anxiety among Egyptian teachers. A cross sectional study was done on 568 Egyptian teachers. The respondents filled a questionnaire on personal data, and the Arabic version of the Occupational Stress Index (OSI), the Arabic validated versions of Taylor manifest anxiety scale and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to assess OS, anxiety and depression respectively. The prevalence of OS, anxiety and depression among teachers was (100%, 67.5% and 23.2%) respectively. OS, anxiety and depression scores were significantly higher among teachers with an age more than 40years, female teachers, primary school teachers, those with inadequate salary, higher teaching experience, higher qualifications and higher workload. A significant weak positive correlation was found between OS scores and anxiety and depression scores. This study indicated the need for future researches to address risk factors of OS and mental disorders among Egyptian teachers, and the need of periodical medical evaluation of teachers and medical and psychological support for the identified cases.

Occupational stress, anxiety and depression among Egyptian teachers

Occupational stress (OS) among teachers predispose to depression and anxiety. No study was done to assess these problems among Egyptian teachers. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of OS, depression and anxiety among Egyptian teachers. A cross sectional study was done on 568 Egyptian teachers. The respondents filled a questionnaire on personal data, and the Arabic version of the Occupational Stress Index (OSI), the Arabic validated versions of Taylor manifest anxiety scale and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to assess OS, anxiety and depression respectively. The prevalence of OS, anxiety and depression among teachers was (100%, 67.5% and 23.2%) respectively. OS, anxiety and depression scores were significantly higher among teachers with an age more than 40 years, female teachers, primary school teachers, those with inadequate salary, higher teaching experience, higher qualifications and higher workload. A significant weak positive correlation was found between OS scores and anxiety and depression scores. This study indicated the need for future researches to address risk factors of OS and mental disorders among Egyptian teachers, and the need of periodical medical evaluation of teachers and medical and psychological support for the identified cases.

A study of sociodemographic factors and anxiety: depressive disorders among irritable bowel syndrome patients

Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder. Psychiatric disorders are common among IBS patients and it differs among different cultures. This study was carried out to assess sociodemographic variables and determine the magnitude of anxiety–depressive disorders among IBS patients for proper management. Patients and methods In a cross-sectional study, 73 IBS patients were diagnosed (using the criteria of Rome III) from among 400 serial patents attending the gastroenterology clinic at Islamic University Medical Centre (IUMC), Al-Medina Almounawarrha, KSA, in the period from January to December 2015 and were assessed for sociodemographic variables and anxiety–depressive disorders by psychometric tests, the Arabic version of ‘Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale’ and ‘Beck Depression Inventory Scale’, compared with 73 non-IBS patients. Results Of 400 patients who participated in this study, 73 (18.25%) were diagnosed with IBS and 327 (81.75%) were non-IBS patients. In terms of sociodemographic data, IBS patients were matched with non-IBS patients for age, race (different races from different countries), and living condition. Female sex was predominant as regard sex, family history of IBS, emotional stress and traveler’s diarrhea with statistically significant difference. These variables were statistically significant in our study. In terms of lifestyle factors, both groups were matched for smoking and caffeine intake, but IBS patients experienced food hypersensitivity with a tendency to have normal body weight, and to have poor physical exercise and poor quality of sleep with a statistically significant difference compared with the non-IBS patients. For psychometric tests, 46 (63%) out of 73 patients were diagnosed with anxiety–depressive disorders; 16 (22%) had pure anxiety disorders, 18 (24.6%) had depressive disorders, and 12 (26.4%) had comorbid anxiety–depressive disorders. Conclusion The high prevalence of anxiety–depressive disorders among IBS patients led us to perform a psychiatric assessment as an important part of the management plan for IBS patients.

Relación entre asertividad, rendimiento académico y ansiedad en una muestra de estudiantes mexicanos de secundaria

Las habilidades sociales, en su forma más avanzada, están dirigidas a resolver problemas inmediatos de la situación, a la vez que minimizan la probabilidad de futuros problemas. Específicamente, la habilidad reconocida como asertividad puede guardar una relación con el rendimiento académico y el nivel de ansiedad en adolescentes. Teniendo esto en cuenta, el objetivo de la presente investigación es conocer la relación entre el nivel de asertividad, el rendimiento académico y diversos componentes de la ansiedad en una muestra de estudiantes mexicanos de secundaria, así como explorar posibles diferencias por sexo. Para esto, se hace un análisis descriptivo y correlacional, donde se utilizan dos instrumentos: la Escala de Conducta Asertiva para Niños y la Escala de Ansiedad Manifiesta en Niños (revisada) ; además del promedio de calificaciones como indicador del rendimiento académico. Se utilizó una muestra de 535 adolescentes (54.6 % mujeres y 45.4 % hombres), con un promedio de edad de 13.01 años ( DE = .74, rango de 11 a 17 años). Se realizó un muestreo por conglomerados y conveniencia, donde se abarcó la totalidad de los alumnos de los dos primeros grados escolares de una escuela pública del Estado de Hidalgo. Los resultados indican diferencias por sexo en todas las variables de estudio y correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre asertividad y ansiedad ( r = .182, p < .01), entre rendimiento académico y asertividad ( r = -.203, p < .01), y entre el rendimiento académico y el componente preocupaciones sociales de la escala de ansiedad ( r = -.124, p < .01), aunque estas últimas fueron de baja magnitud.

The Effectiveness of Dramatic Puppet and Therapeutic Play in Anxiety Reduction in Children Undergoing Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Surgery as a stressful experience can affect the child and quality of care plan. Nurses can use non-pharmacological intervention to reduce anxiety and help children cope with this stress. Objectives: This study was designed to compare the effects of dramatic puppet and therapeutic play on anxiety of children undergoing surgery. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 75 children were divided into three groups (dramatic puppet, therapeutic play, and control) using a simple random allocation method. The study was conducted in Iran in 2013 - 2014. The revised children’s manifest anxiety scale (RCMAS) was used to determine the anxiety of children. The data were analyzed using paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey test. Results: The findings revealed that the changes of anxiety scores after the intervention were significantly different among the three groups (P < 0.001), so that the anxiety scores decreased in both the intervention groups (puppet and play) and increased in the control group. Conclusions: Therapeutic play and dramatic puppet can be used by nurses as a care strategy and effective preoperative preparation intervention to reduce anxiety in children undergoing surgery.

Romantic Involvement as a Factor in the Anxiety Level of Selected College Students: A Comparative Study

The focus of this study was to identify differences in levels of anxiety between college students with romantic involvement and those without. The respondents were taken from the population of 2nd year B.S. Psychology students enrolled during the first semester of school year 2016-2017 at the San Mateo Municipal College, Rizal, Philippines. 79 respondents out of 89 students or a sample size of 88.76% of the population was obtained. An adaptation of the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (1953) was used to measure the anxiety levels of both groups. This study found that the mean anxiety score for single respondents was 19.3 while those in a relationship had a mean anxiety score of 22.72. The t-test yielded a t value of 5.7 which was higher than the critical value of 1.990. Because the mean anxiety score was higher in respondents with relationships, this study found that respondents with romantic involvement had significantly higher anxiety.

Bisphenol A exposure and symptoms of anxiety and depression among inner city children at 10–12 years of age

BackgroundExperimental and epidemiological studies suggest that gestational exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA), an ubiquitous endocrine disrupting chemical, may lead to neurobehavioral problems in childhood; however, not all results have been consistent. We previously reported a positive association between prenatal BPA exposure and symptoms of anxiety/depression reported by the mother at child age 7–9 years in boys, but not girls. ObjectivesHere, in the same birth cohort, we investigated the association of prenatal BPA exposure with symptoms of depression and anxiety self-reported by the 10–12 year olds, hypothesizing that we would observe sex-specific differences in anxiety and depressive symptoms. MethodsAfrican-American and Dominican women living in Northern Manhattan and their children were followed from mother’s pregnancy through children’s age 10–12 years. BPA was quantified in maternal urine collected during the third trimester of pregnancy and in child urine collected at ages 3 and 5 years. Children were evaluated using the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and Children’s Depression Rating Scale (CDRS). We compared the children in the highest tertile of BPA concentration to those in the lower two tertiles. Associations between behavior and prenatal (maternal) BPA concentration or postnatal (child) BPA concentration were assessed in regression models stratified by sex. ResultsSignificant positive associations between prenatal BPA and symptoms of depression and anxiety were observed among boys. Postnatal BPA exposure was not significantly associated with outcomes. There was substantial co-occurrence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in this sample. ConclusionThese results provide evidence that prenatal BPA exposure is associated with more symptoms of anxiety and depression in boys but not in girls at age 10–12 years.

Impact of Speech Diisorders on Psychosociiall Status of Schooll Age Chiilldren

Children with speech disorders frequently experience peers victimization and rejection which make them susceptible for psychosocial disturbances. Aim of the study: This study aimed to assess the impact of speech disorders on psychosocial status of school-age children. Subjects and method: a case-control study design was used to perform this study. It was conducted on a total of 104 speech disordered children attending the Unit of Phoniatrics at both Assiut and Beni-Suef University Hospitals and a control group composed of 80 normal school-age children. Data were collected by utilizing five tools; Tool (1):- A Structured Interview Questionnaire, Tool (2):- The Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale, Tool (3): Children Depression Inventory Scale, Tool (4): Self-Esteem Inventory Scale, and Tool (5): Introverted Behavior Scale. Results: The highest percentage of the studied speech disordered children had severe anxiety, moderate depression, moderate self-esteem disturbance and severe introverted behavior. On the other hand, the highest percentage of the control group subjects had moderate anxiety, no depression, mild self-esteem disturbance and mild introverted behavior. Conclusion: speech disorders affect the psychosocial status of school-age children. Recommendations: Workshop training programs for nurses on how to help caregivers to cope appropriately with their children to reduce the emergence of psychosocial problems.

Psychological Inflexibility in Korean Children and Adolescents: Validation of the Korean Version of the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth-Eight Item Type (K-AFQ-Y8)

Psychological inflexibility is an important construct that has gained much attention recently as a critical mechanism of psychopathology in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). This current study aimed to validate the Korean version of the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth-Eight item type (AFQ-Y8; Greco, Lambert & Baer, 2008), which is a child-report measure of psychological inflexibility. Elementary and middle school students completed the K-AFQ-Y8, Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), Youth Self-Report (YSR), Concise Measure of Subjective Well-Being (COMOSWB), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ), and White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI). The K- FQ-Y8 showed adequate reliability and was fitted for a one-factor measurement model. The K-AFQ-Y8 positively correlated with thought suppression, anxiety, depression, somatic complaint, and problem behavior, and negatively with acceptance and subjective well-being. Even after removing the effects of acceptance and thought suppression, the K-AFQ-Y8 correlated significantly, as expected, with all measures. These results support the convergent and construct validity of the K-AFQ-Y8. Overall, the results suggest that the K-AFQ-Y8 is a useful child-report measure of psychological inflexibility, and psychological inflexibility may be a critical factor of psychopathology and the quality of life in Korean children and adolescents. Finally, the implication and limitation of this study, as well as possible suggestions for future study were discussed.