Garcinia Cambogia Research Articles

Clinical-grade Garcinia cambogia extract dissolves calcium oxalate crystals in Drosophila kidney stone models.

Kidney stone formers have a high rate of stone recurrence after kidney stone removal surgery and there is no effective medication for treatment. Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), which is the major component of Garcinia cambogia extract, can dissolve calcium oxalate crystals in vitro, suggesting that Garcinia cambogia could be used to treat calcium oxalate kidney stone. In this study, we used the Drosophila kidney disease model to evaluate the effect of Garcinia cambogia on the prevention and removal of calcium oxalate stones in vivo. Flies were reared in fly food containing different concentrations of GCE for one week. The effect of GCE on preventing the formation of calcium oxalate stone was examined. WT and v-ATPase gene RNAi knockdown flies were reared in fly food with 0.3% NaOx for one week, then fed different concentrations of GCE for one week. The effect of GCE on the removal of calcium oxalate stone was examined. Garcinia cambogia extract dissolves calcium oxalate crystals from Malpighian tubules in both genetic and non-genetic Drosophila kidney stone models compared to citric acid. Hydroxycitric acid also directly dissolves calcium oxalate crystals in Drosophila Malpighian tubules ex vivo. Garcinia cambogia extract removes calcium oxalate kidney stones from Drosophila Malpighian tubules via directly dissolving calcium oxalate stones by HCA. Our study strongly suggests that clinical-grade Garcinia cambogia extract could be used to treat patients with nephrolithiasis in the future.

New bioanalytical method for the quantification of (-) – hydroxycitric acid in human plasma using UPLC-MS/MS and its application in a Garcinia cambogia pharmacokinetic study

A new, rapid, selective and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantification of (-) – hydroxycitric acid (HCA) in human plasma, using DL-malic acid-2,3,3-d3 as internal standard (IS) and simple protein precipitation for the sample preparations. HCA is a highly polar compound make challenging its determination in biological fluids. A specific chromatography column Acquity UPLC HSS T3 (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm), eluted with mobile phase composed of acetonitrile/ammonium hydroxide 0,1 % (15:85, v/v) were applied for the HCA quantification. The bioanalytical method showed high-throughput achieving as fast chromatographic run as 1 min per sample. No matrix effect was observed with excellent mean chromatographic peak areas ratio of 0.98 ± 0.07 and CV% of 7.17 from normal, lipemic and hemolyzed plasma lots. Calibration curves range was linear at 0.05−10 μg/mL, presenting adequate mean correlation coefficient great than 0.99. Excellent intra-assay and inter-assay precision were achieved, ranging from 5.02–12.01 % (CV%) as well as great intra- and inter-assay accuracy from 0.29–9.20 % (RE%). UPLC-MS/MS bioanalytical method was efficiently applied to the HCA pharmacokinetic study analyzing more than 670 plasma samples.

(−)-Hydroxycitric acid regulates energy metabolism by activation of AMPK - PGC1α - NRF1 signal pathway in primary chicken hepatocytes

As the most important bioactive substance in Garcinia cambogia, (−)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is widely used in food additives to regulate obesity and diabetes in animals or humans, while the mechanism is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the regulatory effect and mechanism of (−)-HCA in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism in chicken primary hepatocytes. The results showed that (−)-HCA obviously decreased triglyceride content through inhibiting the fatty acid synthase protein level, and enhancing the protein level of phosphorylated acetyl CoA carboxylase, enoyl coenzyme A hydratase short chain 1 and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A in hepatocytes. Moreover, (−)-HCA markedly enhanced the protein level of phosphofructokinase-1, pyruvate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase A and complex IV, and which led to the enhancing of glucose uptake and catabolism in hepatocytes. Importantly, the regulation of (−)-HCA on these key factors associated with lipid and glucose metabolism in hepatocytes was mainly achieved through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α-nuclear respiratory factor 1 signaling pathway. These results convincingly demonstrated the mechanism of (−)-HCA's regulating on glucose and lipid metabolism, and provided a strategy in prevention of diseases associated with glycolipid metabolic abnormalities in animals, even in humans.

The Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Potential of Selected Ethnomedicinal Plants from Sri Lanka.

Traditional folk medicine in Sri Lanka is mostly based on plants and plant-derived products, however, many of these medicinal plant species are scientifically unexplored. Here, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial potency of 28 different extracts prepared from seven popular medicinal plant species employed in Sri Lanka. The extracts were subjected to cell-based and cell-free assays of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES)-1, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity. Moreover, antibacterial and disinfectant activities were assessed. Characterization of secondary metabolites was achieved by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. n-Hexane- and dichloromethane-based extracts of Garcinia cambogia efficiently suppressed 5-LO activity in human neutrophils (IC50 = 0.92 and 1.39 µg/mL), and potently inhibited isolated human 5-LO (IC50 = 0.15 and 0.16 µg/mL) and mPGES-1 (IC50 = 0.29 and 0.49 µg/mL). Lipophilic extracts of Pothos scandens displayed potent inhibition of mPGES-1 only. A methanolic extract of Ophiorrhiza mungos caused significant NO scavenging activity. The lipophilic extracts of G. cambogia exhibited prominent antibacterial and disinfectant activities, and GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of fatty acids, sesquiterpenes and other types of secondary metabolites. Together, our results suggest the prospective utilization of G. cambogia as disinfective agent with potent anti-inflammatory properties.

Effect of Garcinia Cambogia Containing Co;mmercially Avaible Weight Reducing Agent on Morphology of Hepatocytes An Experimental Study

<p><strong>Background and Objective:</strong> Obesity is the adverse outcome of modern living which has affected both the physical and mental health. Slim Smart and Ultra Slim Plus are the most frequently purchased over the counter products by desperate obese persons in Pakistan having Garcinia cambogia (GC) as the main active ingredient. This study is conducted to determine the effect of GC containing Slim Smart and Ultra Slim Plus drugs on the morphology of hepatocytes in male albino mice.</p>
 <p><strong> Methods:</strong> Ninety albino mice were divided into control group A, experimental groups B and C receiving Slim Smart and Ultra Slim Smart respectively. Each group was further divided into subgroup I and II and the drug was administered to experimental groups for 4 and 8 weeks respectively via oral gavage. After the completion of experiment, histological examination of liver was conducted.</p>
 <p><strong> Results:</strong> Marked enlargement of hepatocytes was observed in experimental groups B and C (both I & II) along with ballooning degeneration and fatty change in the cytoplasm.</p>
 <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Both Slim Smart and Ultra Slim Plus has hepatotoxic effects resulting in increase in hepatocyte size, ballooning degeneration and fatty change in liver cells. </p>

Effect of Garcinia Cambogia Containing Co;mmercially Avaible Weight Reducing Agent on Morphology of Hepatocytes An Experimental Study

Effect of Garcinia Cambogia Containing Co;mmercially Avaible Weight Reducing Agent on Morphology of Hepatocytes An Experimental Study

Age features of ultrastructure of biomineral of hip bone in white rats after excessive palm oil intake and administration of Garcinia cambogia extract

Objective: Analysis of ultrastructure of a biomineral of hip bones (HB) in white rats in alimentary obesity caused by excessive refined palm oil (PO) intake as well as developing a method for correction of detected changes using Garcinia cambogia extract (GCE).Methods: 216 male rats (juvenile, pubertal, and senile) were used. Animals received PO at a dose of 30 g/kg a day and GCE at a dose of 0.25 g/kg a day 6 weeks later after the start of PO intake. The ultrastructure of PO biomineral was analyzed by X-ray scattering technique.Results: When juvenile rats took PO, the sizes of crystallites were 4.35% larger than control figures by the 60th day, and coefficient of micro-texturing was 4.72% lower. In pubertal rats, these deviations were 6.14 and 5.05%; in senile rats, they were 5.68 and 7.43%, respectively. When administrating GCE, in juvenile rats, the sizes of crystallites were 3.82% lower than values of group without correction by the 60th day, and coefficient of micro-texturing was 4.67% higher. In pubertal rats, these deviations accounted for 5.52 and 8.03%; and in senile rats, they were 4.34 and 5.56%, respectively.Conclusion: Consumption of PO at a dose of 30 g/kg a day is accompanied by destabilization of HP biomineral in white rats. Administration of GCE at a dose of 0.25 g/kg a day reduces the effect of PO on the ultrastructure of HB biomineral from 30 to 60 days in juvenile and pubertal rats, in senile rats – from the 60th day.

Potencial toxicológico e caracterização físico-quimica e fitoquimica da garcínia cambogia

A utilização de plantas com fins medicinais usadas para tratamento, cura e prevenção de doenças é considerada uma prática milenar da humanidade. Dentre os parâmetros atuais, destaca-se a obesidade como sendo um problema de saúde pública mundial nos países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. O estudo se propõe a delinear o potencial toxicológico, assim como, avaliar a caracterização físico-química e fitoquímica da Garcínia cambogia, a fim de contribuir para utilização segura dessa planta. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, fitoquímicas e toxicológica, a fim de caracterizar a qualidade e segurança dos extratos obtidos da Garcínia cambogia. Observou-se que o teor de material estranho, pH, cinzas totais e cinzas insolúveis em ácido estavam de acordo com os limites estabelecidos. Os valores para umidade estavam acima do permitido. Na triagem fitoquímica apresentou resultados negativos para flavonóides e taninos, e resultado positivo para saponinas. Para o teste de toxicidade aguda in vivo o extrato foi categorizado como sendo “categoria 5” (2000 a 2500 mg/kg), e a toxicidade letal aguda – DL50% estimada em 2500 mg/kg, sendo considerado atóxica. Na avaliação da toxicidade sistêmica não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os animais do grupo teste e os do grupo controle. Não foram observadas alterações macroscópicas dos órgãos após os 14 dias de experimento, demonstrando ausência de toxicidade aguda. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível contribuir para um conhecimento mais aprofundado da Garcínia cambogia, com informações mais detalhadas do seu potencial toxicológico.

Detection and quantification of active pharmaceutical ingredients as adulterants in Garcinia cambogia slimming preparations using NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics

A rapid, simple and efficient method with minimal sample treatment was developed for authentication of Garcinia cambogia fruit peel powder, along with determining undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in its herbal slimming dietary supplements using near infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Five featured adulterants, including sibutramine, metformin, orlistat, ephedrine, and theophylline are selected as target compounds. The Near infrared spectral data matrix of authentic Garcinia cambogia fruit peel and specimens degraded by intentional contamination with the five selected APIs was subjected to hierarchical clustering analysis to investigate their bundling figure. SIMCA models were established to ensure the genuiness of Garcinia cambogia fruit peel which resulted in perfect classification of all tested specimens. Adulterated samples were utilized for construction of PLSR models based on different APIs contents at minute levels of fraud practices (LOQ < 0.2% w/w).The suggested approach can be applied to enhance and guarantee the safety and quality of Garcinia fruit peel powder as raw material and in dietary supplements.

A Combination of Korean Red Ginseng Extract and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Extract Enhances Their Individual Anti-Obesity Properties in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and C57BL/6J Obese Mice.

Anti-obesity activities of Korean red ginseng saponin fraction (RGS) and/or Glycyrrhiza glabra L. extract (GG) were investigated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-fat diet-induced C57BL/6J obese mice. RGS and GG extracts were mixed at a mass ratio of 3:1 (SG31), 1:1 (SG11), or 1:3 (SG13). SG31 showed the highest anti-obesity activity among the three different mass ratios of RGS and GG extracts. SG31 showed higher inhibition efficiency on triglyceride (TG) accumulation than either single extract in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and without any cytotoxicity. It also decreases the expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes such as C/EBPα and SREBP-1c (sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c). In the obese induced mouse model, SG31 significantly reduced white adipose tissue weight and body weight, attenuated dyslipidemia, and decreased serum TG levels. In some indices, the activity of SG31 was even higher compared with Garcinia Cambogia water extract, a positive control. The possible mechanism by which SG31 causes the above results was by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and stimulating the secretion of adiponectin in adipose tissue to regulate energy metabolism balance, inhibit TG formation, and promote β-oxidation of fatty acids. Therefore, SG31 may have efficacy as an anti-obesity functional food or raw material if the results can be confirmed in human studies.

Effectiveness of herbal medicines for weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

To update the available evidence on the efficacy and safety of complementary medicines to assist in weight loss by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of herbal medicines for weight loss. Four electronic databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science) were searched from inception until August 2018. A total of 54 randomized placebo-controlled trials of healthy overweight or obese adults were identified. Meta-analyses were conducted for herbal medicines with ≥4 studies available. Weight differences of ≥2.5 kg were considered clinically significant. As a single agent, only Phaseolus vulgaris resulted in a statistically significant weight loss compared to placebo, although this was not considered clinically significant. No effect was seen for Camellia sinensis or Garcinia cambogia. Statistically, but not clinically, significant differences were observed for combination preparations containing C. sinensis, P. vulgaris or Ephedra sinica. Of the herbal medicines trialled in ≤3 randomized controlled trials, statistically and clinically significant weight loss compared to placebo was reported for Irvingia gabonensis, Cissus quadrangularis, and Sphaeranthus indicus combined with Garcinia mangostana, among others, but these findings should be interpreted cautiously because of the small number of studies, generally poor methodological quality, and poor reporting of the herbal medicine interventions. Most herbal medicines appeared safe for consumption over the short duration of the studies (commonly ≤12 weeks). Some warrant further investigation to determine effect size, dosage and long-term safety. There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend any of the herbal medicines for weight loss included in the present review.

42. The dangers of herbal weight loss supplements: A case report of drug-induced liver injury secondary to GARCINIA CAMBOGIA ingestion and literature review

42. The dangers of herbal weight loss supplements: A case report of drug-induced liver injury secondary to GARCINIA CAMBOGIA ingestion and literature review

Comparative analysis of biofabricated silver nanoparticles as antibiofilm agents on Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Microbial cells in the biofilm were characterized with significant features like antimicrobial resistance and bio fouling properties, which make them distinguishable from their planktonic forms. Although many antimicrobial drugs and antibiotics were reported for biofilm inhibition and dispersal, these compounds had limited applications because of drug resistance. Development of antibiofilm agents which could overcome the drug resistant bacteria had been a challenge over the years. In order to overcome development of drug resistance, silver nanoparticles were being used, to coat the medical devices. This strategy, though successful to some extent, suffer with toxic effects on eukaryotic cells in application. Hence there arises a need to explore natural compounds with antibiofilm activity. Natural products established as antibacterial agents were also found to have quorum quenching activity. Garcinia (Garcinia cambogia) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) extracts were observed to possess quorum quenching activity in the lab, therefore used for biofabrication to enhance the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles. Pseudomonas aeruginosa being a most potent biofilm forming bacteria in various environments, like infections, food spoilage and bio fouling in medical devices etc. The study aimed to figure out a novel antibiofilm agent, which could inhibit or eliminate biofilms by using a combination of biologically synthesized nanoparticles and natural quorum quenching agents. Comparative analysis of bio fabricated nanoparticles on the inhibition and dispersal of Pseudomonas biofilms was performed with non fabricated nanoparticles using microtiter based assay, followed by SEM and Flow cell cytometry techniques. Fabricated GNP (fGNP) had showed 17.9% more inhibition which indicates - 2 fold enhancement in biofilm inhibition activity. Similarly 9.45% enhancement was found in dispersal activity by fGNP. These results were encouraging us to improve upon the combinatorial approach and to formulate an ideal antibiofilm agent with minimal scope for emergence of antimicrobial resistance.

Antimicrobial efficacy of garcinia cambogia fruit extract against food borne bacterial pathogens, in vitro and in chicken meat

Antimicrobial efficacy of garcinia cambogia fruit extract against food borne bacterial pathogens, in vitro and in chicken meat

Identification of the volatile bioactive compounds by GC-MS analysis from the leaf extracts of Garcinia cambogia and Garcinia Indica

Natural compounds originally derived from plants are historically considered a useful source of potential therapeutic agents, and are known to play essential roles in human diseases. The aim of the current study was to investigate the presence of bioactive compounds in hexane and methanol extracts of Garcinia cambogia and G. indica plant leaves. Both plant leaves were collected, shade dried, made into fine powder and extracted with organic solvents using Soxhlet extractor. The extracts were then analysed for the presence of phytochemicals by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The mass spectrum of the chromatography was matched with NIST and WILEY libraries. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 11 and 17 bioactive compounds from the hexane and methanol extracts of G. cambogia respectively. Likewise, G. indica showed 14 compounds each from hexane and methanol extracts. The potent medicinal property within the plant extracts is due to the secondary metabolites present in the plant, which are identified by GCMS. The present investigation revealed preliminary information on bioactive components present in G. cambogia and G. indica leaf extracts, which can open a big platform for pharmacological companies to formulate various drugs from Garcinia species.

Hepatotoxicity caused by Garcinia cambogia

Hepatotoxicity caused by Garcinia cambogia

Effect of the herbal medicines in obesity and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.

Obesity is a medical situation in which excess body fat has gathered because of imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. In spite of the fact that the variety of studies are available for obesity treatment and management, its "globesity" still remains a big challenge all over the world. The current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of effective herbal medicines in the management and treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome in human. We systematically searched all relevant clinical trials via Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and the Cochrane database to assess the effects of raw or refined products derived from plants or parts of plants on obesity and metabolic syndrome in overweight and obesity adult subjects. All studies conducted by the end of May 2019 were considered in the systematic review. Data were extracted independently by two experts. The quality assessment was assessed using Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials checklist. The main outcomes were anthropometric indices and metabolic syndrome components. Pooled effect of herbal medicines on obesity and metabolic syndrome were presented as standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 279 relevant clinical trials were included. Herbals containing green tea, Phaseolus vulgaris, Garcinia cambogia, Nigella sativa, puerh tea, Irvingia gabonensis, and Caralluma fimbriata and their active ingredients were found to be effective in the management of obesity and metabolic syndrome. In addition, C. fimbriata, flaxseed, spinach, and fenugreek were able to reduce appetite. Meta-analysis showed that intake of green tea resulted in a significant improvement in weight ([SMD]: -0.75 [-1.18, -0.319]), body mass index ([SMD]: -1.2 [-1.82, -0.57]), waist circumference ([SMD]: -1.71 [-2.66, -0.77]), hip circumference ([SMD]: -0.42 [-1.02, -0.19]), and total cholesterol, ([SMD]: -0.43 [-0.77, -0.09]). In addition, the intake of P. vulgaris and N. sativa resulted in a significant improvement in weight ([SMD]: -0.88, 95 % CI: [-1.13, -0.63]) and triglyceride ([SMD]: -1.67, 95 % CI: [-2.54, -0.79]), respectively. High quality trials are still needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of the plants in obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Effect of herbal combination of triphala and Garcinia cambogia extracts on liver function test and kidney function test in high fat diet induced obesity in rats

Background: Obesity, a global epidemic, is a major risk factor for diabetes mellitus and cardio vascular diseases. Despite advances, the pharmacotherapy for obesity remains limited. Almost all medications for long term management of obesity have health issues. Due to the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with many antiobesity medicines, the clinical trials are focussing on screening herbal medicines for use in the treatment of obesity, which have minimal ADRs.Methods: Rats were divided into eight groups of six each. The rats were first made obese by feeding high fat diet (HFD) for three weeks. Then treatment with the herbal extracts was given simultaneously with the HFD to the experimental groups. Rats were fed HFD for six weeks along with herbal extracts and the effect on their liver function test and kidney function test were evaluated.Results: The rats fed HFD and supplemented with herbal preparations of Triphala and G. cambogia for six weeks, showed significant improvement in liver function test and kidney function test related parameters as compared to the control group rats fed with HFD alone.Conclusions: Triphala and G. cambogia can counter the effects of HFD intake and have the potential for use as anti-obesity agents with desirable liver function test and kidney function test related parameters modulating properties.

Kinetic study, optimization and comparison of sun drying and superheated steam drying of asam gelugor (Garcinia cambogia)

The purposes of present study are to compare the kinetic drying of the G. cambogia through sun drying and superheated steam drying (SSD) method and optimizing the quality of SSD of it through response surface methodology. G. cambogia fruit rinds were dried at temperature of 150°C, 200°C and 250°C. The drying curves were fitted into the mathematical model of Page, Lewis and Henderson-Pabis models. Page model was found to be the best in describing the drying behavior of G. cambogia. Drying rate constant (k) increased as temperature increased and SSD method had overall higher drying rates ranged from 5.929 x 10-5 to 5.861 x 10-4 min-1 than sun drying method which was 4.980 x 10-6 min-1 . Total acid number showed a trend of increased followed by decreased over drying time. superheated steam drying process of G. cambogia fruit rinds was optimized by using response surface methodology employing a central composite design. Drying time and temperature were the factors in optimization while moisture content (wet basis), acid number and lightness (*L) were the response parameters. Experimental results were fitted to a second-order polynomial model and the model fitness and optimal drying condition were determined by regression analysis and analysis of variance. The optimal conditions for superheated steam drying of G. cambogia fruit rinds were identified as 46.60 mins and 150°C with the composite desirability of 0.913. Application of superheated steam drying under controlled conditions resulted in faster drying process and better quality of dried G. cambogia than conventional sun drying technique.

Therapeutic Effect of Garcinia cambogia Extract and Hydroxycitric Acid Inhibiting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor in a Murine Model of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness and can be classified into two types called atrophic AMD (dry AMD) and neovascular AMD (wet AMD). Dry AMD is characterized by cellular degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium, choriocapillaris, and photoreceptors. Wet AMD is characterized by the invasion of abnormal vessels from the choroid. Although anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy has a potent therapeutic effect against the disease, there is a possibility of chorio-retinal atrophy and adverse systemic events due to long-term robust VEGF antagonism. We focused on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) regulation of VEGF transcription, and report the suppressive effects of HIF inhibition against ocular phenotypes in animal models. Many of the known HIF inhibitors are categorized as anti-cancer drugs, and their systemic side effects are cause for concern in clinical use. In this study, we explored food ingredients that have HIF inhibitory effects and verified their effects in an animal model of AMD. Methods: Food ingredients were screened using a luciferase assay. C57BL6/J mice were administered the Garcinia cambogia extract (Garcinia extract) and hydroxycitric acid (HCA). Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) was induced by laser irradiation. Results: Garcinia extract and HCA showed inhibitory effects on HIF in the luciferase assay. The laser CNV model mice showed significant reduction of CNV volume by administering Garcinia extract and HCA. Conclusions: Garcinia extract and HCA showed therapeutic effects in a murine AMD model.