Main Energy Source Research Articles

Analysis and Research on the Development Trends of Electric Power Technology

After decades of reform and opening up, China's development structure is constantly upgrading, and the quality of development is also constantly improving. As one of the main sources of clean energy, electric energy plays a vital role in people's production and life. Therefore, how to better serve all aspects of the society with power production technology is the current development must pay attention to the topic. This paper focuses on the analysis of the current situation of electric power production technology and its future development trend. Therefore, under the circumstances that logistics resources are limited and logistics activities are increasingly dependent on the market and industrial structure, Henan Province should scientifically plan and rationally allocate and use logistics resources in implementation of "One Belt, One Road" strategy to achieve the best input and output, improve the overall efficiency and level of logistics; vigorously develop local economy from the perspective of system coordination, realize coordination among logistics enterprises, logistics industry coordination, as well as inter-industry coordination and regional coordination.

Construction and ultrasonic inspection of the high-capacity Li-ion battery based on the MnO2 decorated by Au nanoparticles anode

Lithium (Li)-ion batteries have become one of the main energy sources for electric vehicles and energy storage systems, which puts forward higher requirements for the detection of battery state of health (SOH). The SOH of batteries is crucial for areas such as battery management and renewable energy storage. Accurately evaluating the SOH of batteries can optimize charging and discharging strategies and extend battery life. Therefore, accurately and effectively monitoring the SOH of Li batteries is of great significance. An ultrasonic testing technology has been proposed that can non-destructively test the Li battery SOH, enabling accurate judgment of batteries in poor or damaged conditions. Firstly, the hetero-structured MnO2-Au has been constructed as the anode for Li-ion batteries. MnO2-Au heterojunction enhances electronic conductivity and ion conductivity. The MnO2-Au has exhibited high specific capacity and superior rate performances, which can well satisfy the ultrasonic inspection of the battery. Then, the ultrasonic testing has been conducted on batteries with different ages. The results suggest that batteries with short circuits have the highest nonlinear coefficient, while batteries with short circuits after long cycles have the lowest nonlinear coefficient. The nonlinear coefficient of batteries with different charging and discharging states is in the middle.

Radiative capture of proton through the 14N(p,γ)15O reaction at low energy

The CNO cycle is the main source of energy in stars more massive than our Sun. This process defines the energy production, the duration of which can be used to determine the lifetime of massive stars. The cycle is an important tool for determining the age of globular clusters. Radiative proton capture via , at energies of astrophysical interest, is an important process in the CNO cycle. In this project, we apply a potential model to describe both non-resonant and resonant reactions in the channels where radiative capture occurs through electric transitions. We employed the R-matrix method to describe the ongoing reactions via resonant transitions, when it was not possible to correctly reproduce the experimental data using the potential model. The partial components of the astrophysical S-factor are calculated for all possible electric and magnetic dipole transitions in 15O. The linear extrapolated S-factor at zero energy (S(0)) agrees well with earlier reported values for all transition types considered in this work. Based on the value of the total astrophysical S-factor, depending on the collision energy, we calculate the nuclear reaction rates for . The computed rates agree well with the results reported in the NACRE II Collaboration and most recent existing measurements.

Integration of wind and solar energies with battery energy storage systems into 36-zone Great Britain power system for frequency regulation studies

Variable-speed wind generators (VSWGs) and solar Photovoltaic (PV) units are being broadly employed as the main renewable energy sources in large-scale transmission power networks. However, they can cause system stability challenges following power imbalances since they provide no inertial and governor responses. In this study, generic dynamic models are developed for VSWGs, PVs and battery energy storages systems (BESSs) which include inertia emulator and droop-based frequency control schemes. These models are suitable for transmission systems stability studies and are integrated into 36-zone Great Britain (GB) power system in DIgSILENT PowerFactory. It is a very useful benchmark for academic research and industrial sectors to undertake feasibility studies for renewable energy integration into GB power system. However, it is not an exact equivalent of the real GB power system. The dynamic time-domain simulations and modal analysis are provided and justified to investigate how PV, Wind and BESS units affect the system frequency response. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out against several factors to demonstrate the dynamic performance of the test system incorporating the generic models for VSWGs, PVs and BESSs. These are associated with units’ frequency response and system frequency changes under renewable energies’ penetration levels of 20 %, 25 %, 50 %, 60 % and 75 % of system demand.

Plant growth regulators and mobilization of reserves in imbibition phases of yellow passion fruit.

The production of seedlings of the passion fruit tree, usually, is sexual, and the seeds are not uniform in the seedling emergence, and soaking treatments of seeds can provide faster and more uniform germination. It was aimed to study the action of plant growth regulators and the mobilization of reserves in the stages of soaking of yellow passion fruit seeds. The seeds were soaked for five hours in solutions containing plant growth regulators, in a completely randomized design, in a factorial 8 x 4, with four replications. The first factor corresponds to eight plant growth regulators: T1 - distilled water (control); T2 - 6-benzylaminepurine ​​500 mg L-1; T3 - 4-(3-indolyl) butyric acid 500 mg L-1; T4 - gibberellic acid 500 mg L-1; T5 - spermine 250 mg L-1; T6 - spermine 750 mg L-1; T7 - spermidine 750 mg L-1; T8 - spermidine 1250 mg L-1; and the second factor, to the four soaking times: zero, four, 72 and 120 hours, corresponding, respectively, to the dry seed, and to phases I, II, and III of the imbibition curve. It was evaluated the biochemical composition of seeds (lipids, soluble sugars and starch). The seeds showed accumulation of lipids in phase III; the content of soluble sugars increased in phase I and decreased in phase II. The starch content increased until the phase II and decreased in phase III. Starch is the main reserve in the seeds and the main source of energy used in phase III; soaking the seeds in polyamines generates an accumulation of lipids in the seeds and soaking in plant growth regulators increases the burning of starch.

Opportunities for using hydrogen to transition to green energy

The article explores the pivotal juncture of procuring and integrating hydrogen as a transformative milestone in sustainable energy. The environmental impact is scrutinized through distinctions between "gray," "blue," and "green" hydrogen, with green hydrogen, derived from renewable sources, standing out for its potential to combat climate change. The method section details an investigation into the electrocatalytic activities of Ni-Mo thin films as cathodes in water electrolysis. The study underscores the effectiveness of these films, particularly the non-thermally treated ones, as cathodes in a neutral environment. The chemical reactions during electrolysis are outlined, and the catalytic activity is compared with other electrodes, revealing promising results for Ni-Mo thin films. A method for preparing solutions and an electrochemical coupling device used for deposition are also given.. The conclusion emphasizes the advanced idea of using hydrogen as a main energy source, calling for measures, legislative initiatives, and support for innovative projects to propel the development of hydrogen-based energy solutions.

SUBJECT: REVIEW METHODS OF DETECTING SUGAR IN A SAMPLE

The sugar is a simple type of carbohydrate and represents the main source of energy to power the biological and physical activities in the body. However, it has been reported that over weight gain, imperfect metabolic processes and heart diseases are mainly related to excess sugar intake, which causes diabetic complains. This has raised the demand of having reliable test methods for quantifying sugar amount in different samples to both monitor sugar levels and to study the biological effects of carbohydrates. This provides valuable information in various fields, including food science, biochemistry, and medicine. Several test methods have been applied to detect the presence of sugar in a biological sample. Conventional tests imply using special chemical reagents. Two well known tests are discussed briefly in this report, namely Molich’s and Fehling's tests. The chemical reagents, test procedures, precaution as well as advantages and limitations were comprehensively discussed. A comparison between the two tests has been thoroughly addressed.

Solar Tracking for Automation of Irrigation System

Solar energy is considered the most important form of renewable energy resource, as the sun is the main source of energy for our planet Earth. Solar tracking makes sure the sun’s rays are always projected at an angle perpendicular to the solar panel. The main aim of our project is to increase the quantity of energy generated from the solar panel by using an automated Solar tracking system to capture the maximum radiation of the sun i.e., the maximum intensity of the sun’s rays. Our proposed system consists of the development of an automated water pumping system with the help of solar tracking. The proposed method increases efficiency. The power generated from a solar panel is stored in a battery and the power is sent to the water pump only when the soil is dry, this happens with the help of a soil moisture sensor. The solar panel rotates with the help of a DC motor and light-dependent resistor sensors. This is a low-cost project with the embedded system to produce electrical energy from the solar panels by using a microcontroller and sensors light-dependent resistors, where the power required for the automation of the tracking system and the working of the microcontroller is given by the electrical energy which is produced from the sun itself. In rural areas where there are several power cuts, this project can be very useful for the supply of water where the required power is given to the motor from the battery which is charged by the solar panel from its maximum intensity of light which can be tracked by the tracking system.

Model Prototype of a Solar Tracking System Supplying Electrical Power for Sensors Used in a Natural Disaster Monitoring System

Sun is the universe main source of energy. This energy can be converted to useful electrical energy by the utilization of solar panels or photovoltaic (PV) during the daytime with the presence of suitable sun irradiation level. It is important that during the energy conversion process, suitable methods are employed to extract as much energy as possible from the PV panels. Some issues affecting PV performance are the accuracy of the panel’s orientation and tilt angle with respect to the sun position. This causes PV to operate with lower efficiency, thus generating low output power compared to its rated capacity. One of the approaches to this issue is to constantly maintain a perpendicular profile of PV panels towards the sun direction as to capture the sun energy as much as possible, thus increases the PV efficiency. To do so, the conversion system needs a tracking mechanism to help the solar panel to constantly follow the sun’s direction, enhancing the achievement of higher PV efficiency. For this reason, a model prototype has been designed and developed which consists of a dual-axis solar tracking system, with two axis movement direction from east to west and north to south by utilizing the Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) sensors. This tracking system is developed using Arduino UNO as the microcontroller that allows the PV panel to move optimally towards the high intensity of sunlight via four LDRs and two servo motors. To analyze the PV tracker’s performance, a monitoring system is implemented using ThingSpeak platform as the Internet of Things (IoT) platform interfacing with the controller Node MCU ESP8266. This monitoring system records the data of the PV energy parameters from the sensors’ output employed in this prototype. To assess the system efficacy, the dual-axis tracking system is compared with the single-axis tracking system. The result showed that the dual-axis tracker has efficiencies of 68.46% which is higher compared to that’s of the single-axis tracker. Implementation of the real-time monitoring system has shown a practical and handy way to analyze and monitor the solar tracking system’s performance.

A Potential Role for the Ketogenic Diet in Alzheimer's Disease Treatment: Exploring Pre-Clinical and Clinical Evidence.

Given the remarkable progress in global health and overall quality of life, the significant rise in life expectancy has become intertwined with the surging occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). This emerging trend is poised to pose a substantial challenge to the fields of medicine and public health in the years ahead. In this context, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is regarded as an ND that causes recent memory loss, motor impairment and cognitive deficits. AD is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly and its development is linked to multifactorial interactions between the environment, genetics, aging and lifestyle. The pathological hallmarks in AD are the accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, neurotoxic events and impaired glucose metabolism. Due to pharmacological limitations and in view of the prevailing glycemic hypometabolism, the ketogenic diet (KD) emerges as a promising non-pharmacological possibility for managing AD, an approach that has already demonstrated efficacy in addressing other disorders, notably epilepsy. The KD consists of a food regimen in which carbohydrate intake is discouraged at the expense of increased lipid consumption, inducing metabolic ketosis whereby the main source of energy becomes ketone bodies instead of glucose. Thus, under these dietary conditions, neuronal death via lack of energy would be decreased, inasmuch as the metabolism of lipids is not impaired in AD. In this way, the clinical picture of patients with AD would potentially improve via the slowing down of symptoms and delaying of the progression of the disease. Hence, this review aims to explore the rationale behind utilizing the KD in AD treatment while emphasizing the metabolic interplay between the KD and the improvement of AD indicators, drawing insights from both preclinical and clinical investigations. Via a comprehensive examination of the studies detailed in this review, it is evident that the KD emerges as a promising alternative for managing AD. Moreover, its efficacy is notably enhanced when dietary composition is modified, thereby opening up innovative avenues for decreasing the progression of AD.

Forecasting the energy demand and CO2 emissions of industrial sectors in China's Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region under energy transition.

As the world's greatest energy consumer, China's energy consumption and transition have become a focus of attention. The most significant location for regional integration in the north of China is the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, where the industrial sector dominates its energy consumption. Forecasting the energy demand and structure of industrial sectors in China's Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region may help to promote the energy transition and CO2 emission mitigation. This study conducts a model based on the year 2020 using the Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) software and sets two scenarios (baseline scenario and emission peak scenario) to forecast the future energy demand and CO2 emissions of industrial sectors in China's Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region until the year 2035. Moreover, the industrial sectors are classified into traditional high-energy-consuming industries, emerging manufacturing industries, daily-related light industries, and other industries. The forecasting results show that (1) The industrial energy demand of the entire Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region will grow from 234 Mtce in 2020 to 317 Mtce in 2035, and the corresponding energy structure will shift from coal-based to electricity-based; (2) at the provincial level, all three provinces will experience an increase in industrial energy demand between 2020 and 2035, with Hebei experiencing the fastest average annual growth rate of 2.18% and the largest share of over 80%, and Beijing experiencing the highest average annual electrification rate of 70%; (3) at the industrial sector level, the electricity and natural gas will gradually replace other energy sources as the main energy source for industry. The most representative industrial sub-sector in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei provinces are all traditional high-energy-consuming industries, which will account for more than 90% of the total energy demand in both Tianjin and Hebei by 2035.

Oral Tolerance Induction in Adults with Allergy to Gluten-Containing Cereals: A Case Report

Cereals are the main source of energy, protein, B vitamins and minerals for the world population. Due to its ease of harvest and its resistance, wheat is the most cultivated and consumed cereal worldwide. Allergic reactions to wheat are rare, their prevalence in pediatric patients varies from 0.5-1.0%, being more frequent in areas such as Japan and northern Europe and in adults, although less frequent, they have also been described. The prognosis of allergy to wheat in childhood is favourable, but there are more severe cases that remain allergic until adolescence or adulthood; in these cases, oral tolerance induction (OTI) can be considered as a therapeutic alternative to the avoidance diet. We presented a case of 32-year-old patient with the onset of wheat allergy in adulthood with severe anaphylaxis. To date, there is no report of OTI with wheat in allergic adult patient, similar to the one described in this report.

High response hydrogen gas sensor based on palladium coated multi-walled carbon nanotube

H2, which has a zero-carbon footprint, is expected to be one of the main energy sources in the future. The sensitive detection of H2 in the transportation, storage and energy production processes will allow the active use of this resource. Recently, there are many studies in which nanotube-shaped structures are used as high-response gas sensors. In this study, H2 gas response parameters at different temperatures (150, 200 and 250 ºC) of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), which were grown on quartz substrate by spin coating method and then Pd coated with DC sputtering, were investigated. The measurements were made at a gas concentration of 1000 ppm with the help of a current-sensitive gas sensor system. The crystallographic structure, elemental content, oxidation levels and surface morphological properties of the produced film were determined by XRS, XPS and SEM analysis. XRD and XPS analyzes support that the MWCNT used in the study is well graphitized and the formation of PdO compound in the structure with Pd coating. The temperature-dependent H2 gas sensing measurements showed that the produced Pd-MWCNT structure had a very high gas response and the highest response was at 200 °C. Comparing the response values obtained with the results of other Pd-CNT structures in the literature, it was determined that the film produced by the economical spin coating method had a very high gas response.

The effect of Flow Speed and Angle of Attack on the Aerodynamic Noise of NACA 0012 Airfoil

Wind energy is one of the main sources of renewable energy in the market today. The influence of the wind speed and the angle of attack on the aerodynamic noise was investigated in this study. Four different samples of airfoils were used. Three speeds (5, 10, 15 m/s) were employed. The results revealed that the aerodynamic noise was associated directly with the flow speed. The data showed that when the velocity increases by (5 m/s), the noise gets louder by an average amount of (10 dB). As the increase of flow velocity increased the velocity shear, this eventually increased the aerodynamic noise. As for the angle of attack, it had an effect on the aerodynamic noise as well. The results showed an increase in the overall sound pressure level between (1-4 dBA) when the angle of attack increased from (5 degrees) to (10 degrees), while there was an increase (1-6 dBA) when the angle of attack increased from (10 degrees) to (15 degrees). This study was conducted under subsonic flow condition and Reynolds number (3.3×104).

Lagged effects of snow on extreme precipitation in the arid area of Northwest China and the associated mechanisms

Study regionThe arid area of Northwest China. Study focusThis study aims to explore the lagged effects of snow on extreme precipitation and the associated mechanisms by using composite analysis and extracting significant areas. Due to the complex terrain of the study area, we have explored the response of soil temperature, soil moisture, and various energy changes in different sub-regions, these explorations are conducted in conjunction with the study of lagged effects of snow on extreme precipitation and provide a reference for future climate prediction. New hydrological insights for the regionThe response pathways of soil and energy are explored during the impact of snow on extreme precipitation in different significant areas. Latent heat flux is the main energy source, but sensible heat flux and effective radiation can also become the local dominant energy sources due to the influence of many environmental factors. Differences in the paths of influence in different regions will result in different atmospheric circulation anomalies. When the low-value system appears, it is more likely to cause extreme precipitation.

An Innovative Power Management Strategy for Hybrid Battery–Supercapacitor Systems in Electric Vehicle

Currently, batteries and supercapacitors play a vital role as energy storage systems in industrial applications, particularly in electric vehicles. Electric vehicles benefit from the high energy density of lithium batteries as well as the high power density of supercapacitors. Hence, a robust and efficient energy management system is required to coordinate energy flows between these two storage systems, ensuring road safety. In this study, we develop a novel rule-based strategy called “Continuous Regulation with Dynamic Battery Power Limiting” to establish robust control between the lithium-ion battery and the supercapacitor. A comparative analysis is conducted to evaluate the performance of this proposed approach in comparison to conventional methods. The results show that this approach significantly enhances driving comfort and prevents depletion of the main energy source, resulting in a gain of nearly 30% compared to a lithium-ion battery electric vehicle. Additionally, this new rules-based strategy ensures that the supercapacitor is charged at the end of each drive cycle.

Thermocapillary instabilities in the liquid layer with two deformable surfaces

A liquid layer with two deformable free surfaces subject to thermocapillary instabilities is studied. The critical Marangoni number Mac is determined as a function of the surface tension number S, the Prandtl number Pr and the smallest wave number k0 limited by the length of the layer. The results show that Mac always increases with both S and k0. When S is relatively small, the preferred mode is either the streamwise wave or the spanwise stationary mode. However, as S is increases, it changes to the hydrothermal waves while Mac tends to a constant. The streamwise wave at small Pr is a type of surface wave instability (SWI), without any rolls inside the layer. Other preferred modes belong to the convective instability (CI), which consists of counter-rotating rolls within the layer and small fluctuations on the surface. Energy analysis shows that the CI obtains most of its power from Marangoni forces, while the main energy source of the SWI is the work done by the shear stress caused by surface deformation. Additionally, Mac often increases with the Biot number Bi, while the opposite case appears in the SWI at small Pr.

Overview of Oil Sludge Combustion/Pyrolysis Utilization

With the development of society, the demand for energy is increasing day by day. Today, fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas are still the main energy sources in the world. During the process of oil extraction, refining, transportation, and wastewater treatment, a large amount of oil sludge is generated, which contains a lot of harmful substances that are difficult to degrade automatically. Therefore, international scholars have conducted certain research on the combustion/pyrolysis utilization of oil sludge and have achieved certain research results.

The Novel Approach of Using Electric Vehicles as a Resource to Mitigate the Negative Effects of Power Rationing on Non-Residential Buildings

This paper presents the concept of using electric vehicles (EVs) as a countermeasure to deal with the negative effects of power rationing when electricity demands become difficult to meet due to unfavorable electrical system operating conditions. At present, an energy storage is widely used to maintain the stability of electricity supply in facilities whose main source of energy is renewable energy sources (RESs). However, we must not forget that electric vehicles are also electricity storage facilities, but they are not always available due to their mobility. With properly developed strategies, they can be used in electricity management processes, for example, by reducing their consumption during charging using smart charging technology, or by providing electricity from their batteries using vehicle-to-building (V2B) technology. Thus, this article presents a research methodology that treats electric vehicles as a remedy for eliminating power constraints. It consists of five main steps, including two algorithms for deciding how to deploy EVs during power rationing periods. An efficiency factor for eliminating these constraints was also introduced. The results showed that the use of smart charging or V2B technology in EVs can reduce the number of potential hours in which certain power levels are exceeded by up to several tens of percent. This means that in the future, with the significant development of electromobility, such a way of dealing with power constraints could be an alternative to conventional solutions like diesel generators.

FORECASTING THE VALUE OF INDONESIA'S OIL AND GAS IMPORTS USING SEASONAL AUTOREGRESSIVE INTEGRATED MOVING AVERAGE MODEL

The value of Indonesia's oil and gas imports is a combination of the value of crude oil (petroleum), oil and natural gas products. Throughout 2021, the value of Indonesia's oil and gas imports reach US$ 25.53 billion or the equivalent of 382.95 trillion rupiah (estimated at US$ 1 = Rp. 15,000.00). The high demand for petroleum in Indonesia is due to the fact that petroleum is the main source of energy for daily life needs, especially for industrial, transportation and household needs. The requirment for oil imports is expected to increase along with the growth in Indonesia's population. Therefore, a step is needed to prevent an increase in the value of oil and gas imports in the coming period. One method of analysis that can be used is forecasting using the time series method with the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model. The SARIMA model is a time series method with data that has a seasonal pattern and the forecasting results will get a pattern similar to the previous data. The data used is data on the monthly value of oil and gas imports from January 2005 to December 2022 with totaling 216 data. This research aims to find the best model and predict the value of Indonesia's oil and gas imports in the next 12 periods with data test in 4 periods (Januari to April 2023). The best model for the results of this research is (2, 1, 0)(0, 1, 1)43 with a MAPE value of 13.90%. Based on the accuracy of the MAPE value, this percentage has good quality forecasting results.