Main Gate Research Articles

A nanoscale silicon on insulator transistor with superior performance using dual material gate and retrograde/halo doping in source/drain sides

This paper introduces two novel structures for silicon on insulator (SOI) metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (SOI-MOSFET) with nanoscale dimension and superior electrical performance. One structure only incorporates retrograde halo dopants (RHD) in the source side and uniform halo dopants in the drain side. The other device comprises dual material (DM) in the gate contact along with RHD in the source side and uniform halo dopants in the drain side (DM-RHD). Incorporation of retrograde dopants in the source side and uniform doping in the drain side of RHD and DM-RHD lead to improvements in the leakage current, sub-threshold slope and short channel effects. Hot carrier injection to the gate, channel length modulation and drain-induced barrier lowering are significantly improved with respect to the conventional SOI-MOSFET. The auxiliary gate, along with the main gate in the DM-RHD structure, improves off-current control in the channel compared with RHD and C–SOI counterparts. Because the proposed devices show these positive features, they can be utilized to satisfy International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors requirements for next generation devices.

Structure of the mitochondrial import gate reveals distinct preprotein paths.

The translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM) is the main entry gate for proteins1-4. Here we use cryo-electron microscopy to report the structure of the yeast TOM core complex5-9 at 3.8-Å resolution. The structure reveals the high-resolution architecture of the translocator consisting of two Tom40 β-barrel channels and α-helical transmembrane subunits, providing insight into critical features that areconserved in all eukaryotes1-3. Each Tom40 β-barrel is surrounded by small TOM subunits, and tethered by two Tom22 subunits and one phospholipid. The N-terminal extension of Tom40 forms a helix inside the channel; mutational analysis reveals its dual role in early and late steps in the biogenesis of intermembrane-space proteins in cooperation with Tom5. Each Tom40 channel possesses two precursor exit sites. Tom22, Tom40 and Tom7 guide presequence-containing preproteins to the exit in the middle of the dimer, whereas Tom5 and the Tom40 N extension guide preproteins lacking a presequence to the exit at the periphery of the dimer.

Mechanism and Novel Structure for di/dt Controllability in U-Shaped Channel Silicon-on-Insulator Lateral IGBTs

A planar gate U-shaped (PGU) channel silicon-on-insulator (SOI) lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor (LIGBT) featuring divided gates (G1 and G2) is proposed, which aims to suppress the gate voltage (VG) overshoot and improve the di/dt controllability. In the conventional PGU structure, the hole accumulating and the electric potential rising in the JFET region leads to a displacement current to overcharge the gate during the turn-on transient. Two gate connection modes (Mode A and B) for the proposed PGU structure are discussed. Mode A with a grounded G2 can effectively enhance the VG stability, however, degenerating the on-state voltage (VON). Mode B shields the displacement current by a pre-charged G2. G2 is driven with a separate gate resistor to the main gate G1, which results in an improved di/dt controllability without deteriorating VON. When adjusted for the same turn-on loss of 5.28mJ/cm2, the di/dt of the proposed PGU structure with mode B is 74% lower than that of the conventional PGU structure.

Electrical properties of the HfO2/Al2O3 dielectrics stacked using single- and dual-temperature atomic-layer deposition processes on In0.53Ga0.47As

For sequential stacking of an Al2O3 passivation layer and a main HfO2 gate dielectric layer on In0.53Ga0.47As, we used single- and dual-temperature atomic-layer deposition processes, and systematically compared their effects on the dielectric-related electrical properties. When the deposition of Al2O3 passivation layer (approximately 0.7−0.8 nm) took place at relatively low temperatures of 100 °C, an increase in the subsequent deposition temperature for HfO2 (from 100 to 300 °C) assisted in decreasing both capacitance-equivalent oxide thickness and the number of bulk-related traps. However, the valuable reduction in both near-interface defect density and leakage current through the low-temperature Al2O3 passivation approach was monotonically lessened with an increase in the process temperature for the subsequent HfO2 deposition, which suggests the need for a careful optimization of a thermal budget for the dual-temperature process.

A Simulation Study of Junctionless Double-Gate Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor with Symmetrical Side Gates

This study simulated the structure of a Junctionless (JL) Double-Gate (DG) Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) with symmetrical Side Gates (SG) and investigated its performance in both presence and absence of side gates by taking into account the resulting electron shielding effect. The results indicated that the main channel under the front main gate is electrically insulated against the drain voltage in presence of side gates, such that the surface potential in this region is isolated with respect to the drain voltage. Moreover, Drain-Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL) and subthreshold slope (SS) were improved compared to the case with no side gates. It was also found that the effect of drain voltage on channel current is reduced, such that it is highly controlled by the gate voltage.

The Use of Dam Break Model to Simulate Tsunami Run-up and Scouring Around a Vertical Cylinder

This research paper deals with the use of a dam break system to generate a surge model to study tsunami run-up, run-down and scouring around a vertical cylinder. The dam break system was provided with one or two gates to store water at a predefined depth; the water could then be quickly released by opening the gates to create a tsunami surge that runs up on land. In addition, numerical simulations of dam break surges resulting from various lengths of reservoirs were conducted to obtain more findings for further analysis regarding the characteristics of the dam break surges. A vertical cylinder model was installed on the beach at 6 meter downstream of the main gate to study the scour caused by the tsunami surge. The bed material was fine sand with a 0.19 mm diameter. The results were compared with existing experimental results. The comparison indicated that the dam break surge can be used to simulate tsunami surges by adjusting the reservoir length, the reservoir depth and the water depth downstream of the gate. The ratio of the difference between the upstream and downstream water depth on one side to the length of the reservoir on the other affect the run-up height and duration. Thus, this ratio should be considered when simulating tsunami based on dam break systems. Although different in magnitude, the shape of both the surge mareogram and the velocity time history of the tsunami surge generated using dam break system was comparable with the tsunami surge induced by a solitary wave generated using a long flume. For the relatively large cylinder located at the bore location, the separation flow was strongly directed to the wall which produced significantly unsymmetrical scour result.

ANALISIS KAPASITAS RUNWAY BANDARA I GUSTI NGURAH RAI MENGGUNAKAN TEORI ANTREAN

Bali, as one of the world's tourism destination, located separately from other islands in Indonesia. Many tourists travel to Bali by airplane, and I Gusti Ngurah Rai Airport is the only international airport that serves as the main gate to Bali. There are situations in which the airport's runway often has to deal with an extensive queue for both landing and departure, which results in flight delays. Flight delays have caused some problems such as ruin airlines reputation and decline demand by passangers. The aim of the research is to analyze the efficiency of I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport's runway so the airport service can be optimized using queueing theory. In this research, there were four categories used: the high season in July 2018, the special event Annual Meeting International Monetary Fund-World Bank in October 2018, the low season in February 2019, and the overall data. In this research, it was found that the model used in this airport’s runway is (M/G/I):(FIFO/?/?). This model is not in a steady-state condition, with the level of bustle approximately around 177% until 191%. Therefore, an additional runway is recommended and also the runway service needs to be accelerated for optimal condition.

Sandomierskie Voivodship in the Former Poland — Political and Administrative Status

The Sandomierskie Voivodship existed on the administrative map of Poland from the 14th century until the fall of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the end of the 18th century. Its genesis is connected with the times of the early Piast monarchy and the importance of the city of Sandomierz as one of the main seats of the Kingdom of Poland (sedes Regni principales) already defined in the oldest Polish Chronicles by Gallus Anonymus. Sandomierz’s relations with Krakow during the division of the state into districts (1138–1310) and support granted to the Piasts in the struggle for the unification of the state raised the province of Sandomierz to the rank of the voivodship, with all the constituent elements of the voivodship as an administrative unit of the nobility’s self-government. This study draws attention to the role of historical factors in obtaining a high position in the hierarchy of pre-partition Poland by the Sandomierskie Voivodship. In particular, the role of this voivodship is visible in the light of formal and legal sources, documents and royal seals as well as the place of the Sandomierz’s dignitaries in the former state ceremonial. The dusk of the significance of the Sandomierskie Voivodship was triggered by the reign of rulers of the Jagiellon dynasty in Poland. The shift of the state borders to the east after the unification of Poland and Lithuania weakened the former meaning of Sandomierz as the main gate leading from Poland to the east. After Poland regained its independence in 1918, the concept of the continuation of the voivodship with the capital in Sandomierz was developed. These plans were interrupted by the outbreak of World War II and the Polish state did not resume them.

Тамгата – хералдичен знак на прабългарския владетелски род Дуло в неговата представителна функция

In essence and function, the heraldic sign tamgha of the Proto-Bulgarian ruler’s clan Dulo is a sign of ownership with one primary-basic function – the possession, and two secondary-derived and additional functions – the representative and the protective (apotropheic). Khan Asparuh ordered the tamgha of the Dulo clan to be carved on a suitable stone and to be built over the main gate of the Belgorod Fortress as a sign that there is a descendant of the Dulo clan, who is also a ruler, a khan of the entrusting Proto-Bulgarian tribes. He directed the repair of the Drustar fortress and ordered the tamgha of Dulo clan to be carved on the fortress walls. The wall in front of the village of Byala, Varna district is the last and the most southern wall that Khan Asparuh builds. On it the tamgha of the Dulo clan is carved between two Runic letters, so the whole inscription translates as The State of Dulo. The urns with the ashes of the khans and their wives from the First Bulgarian Kingdom are stored in a special pit into the most hidden underground tunnel connected to the palace of Khan Krum. The title канартигин is formed on the basis of the Proto-Bulgarian expression *каган-ирт- тикин, literally “prince-after-kagan”, i.e. “crown prince”.

PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH THE WESTERN GATE OF THE MEDIEVAL SETTLEMENT DZHANKENT IN 2018

The article highlights some of the results of the archaeological study of the defensive structures of the medieval hillfort of Dzhankent, located in Kazaly district, Kyzylorda region. According to medieval eastern sources, the mound in the last period of its existence functioned as the capital of the Oguz state in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya. The article describes the features of the planigraphy of the main entrance gate of the ancient hillfort Dzhankent. The preliminary results of field archaeological research at the main entrance gates of the monument show that, during the erection of the fortress walls, the construction techniques of the neighboring region in the Lower Amudarya were used, which confirm the features of the Dzhankent building structures that have similar architectural traditions of the urban culture of Central Asia. His closest analogies are the design of Dzhankent in Khorezm. First of all, it is the hillfort of Toprak-Kala, which gives the closest analogies for Dzhankent on the internal layout and location of the Citadel. And although Toprak-Kala dates from an earlier period, the comparison of the planning features of the two monuments is quite legitimate, since it is obvious that the spatial-planning model used in the late re-planning of Dzhankent was formed much earlier.

Maritime Arbitration and an Overview on the Brazilian legal framework related to alternative dispute resolution methods

Brazil is the largest economy in Latin America, with a population of more than 209.300.000 people and a territory of 8.515.767,049 km2, which makes the country an important player in the international trade scenario. Being Brazil a major exporter of commodities, a strong importer of goods and with a vast coastline of 8,500 km of navigable waters, the Brazilian shipping industry plays an important role in the country’s developing economy. In fact, the ports are the country’s main gate, through which approximately 95% of the foreign trade is made. In the past decades, the offshore sector of Brazil’s maritime industry played an important role considering the discoveries of oil and gas in the pre-salt layer, contributing to a significant development on the country’s shipping industry. Following that, an economic crisis hit the oil sector, with impacts worldwide. In view of the above, the arising disputes involving maritime matters have increased, and the demand for experts in this field is growing in Brazil’s current scenario. However, if in one hand Brazil faces an increase of disputes involving maritime law, on the other hand the Brazilian judicial system remains extremely bureaucratic and time-consuming, as well as, in some occasions, not properly prepared to deal with the complex maritime matters under discussion. In addition, judicial disputes in Brazil are subject to high interest and indexation rates, which can add up to 18% per year on top of the amount under dispute, plus lawyer’s fees and eventual loss of suit expenses, which can reach 20% of the condemnation amount. In this scenario, alternative dispute resolution methods arise as an important alternative to encompass these demands, offering an efficient solution, rendered in a proper time, by experts and specialists of the maritime field.

Performance limitations of nanowire resonant-tunneling transistors with steep switching analyzed by Wigner transport simulation

We conducted a quantum transport simulation of nanowire resonant-tunneling field-effect transistors (NW-RTFETs) based on the Wigner function model. The current–voltage characteristics of the NW-RTFETs were compared with those of the nanowire transistors and nanowire resonant-tunneling diodes. For the selection of a gate with appropriate performance, symmetric and asymmetric gates with various lengths were tested, and a symmetric gate, covering the quantum well and barrier regions, was chosen as a main gate. The source-side asymmetric gates did not produce a negative differential resistance at low gate voltages in contrast to the symmetric or drain-side asymmetric gates. Although steep switching is achieved in the negative differential resistance region, the ON/OFF current ratio (ION/IOFF) is extremely low, compared to those of conventional transistors. In an attempt to increase the ION/IOFF ratio, the sizes of the semiconductor cylinder and the oxide tube were changed. This study discusses the requirements for increasing the applicability of steep switching.

Development of Goaf Gas Drainage and Inertisation Strategies in 1.0-km- and 3.0-km-Long Panels

A collaborative research project is undertaken by Anglo American Coal and CSIRO to develop appropriate strategies for gas and spontaneous combustion management of longer panels. Extensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling studies have been conducted and calibrated using operational longwall goaf gas data to obtain a fundamental understanding of goaf gas flow patterns in longwall panels of 1.0-km and 3.0-km lengths and a detailed investigation of the effect of various mining and operational parameters on goaf gas flow patterns. The modelling studies have also been used to investigate the performance of various gas drainage and proactive inertisation strategies during various stages of longwall panel extraction. Simulation results indicated that apart from tailgate (TG) side goaf holes, gas drainage from maingate (MG) goaf holes and the mid panel start-up goaf holes would be useful for flat seam field conditions. Operation of 8–10 goaf holes is recommended for field site conditions with high goaf gas emissions of 6000 L/s. The modelling results indicated that the traditional inert gas flow rate of 500 L/s currently used in some mines would be insufficient to achieve effective goaf inertisation in long panels. Results indicate that 3.0-km-long panels would require 1500 L/s of inert gas and there is a need for multi-point inert gas injection strategy for effective goaf inertisation. In this paper, details and results of modelling investigations and recommended strategies for gas and spontaneous combustion management in 1.0-km- and 3.0-km-long panels are presented.

Gateway District: The Opportunities of City Gate as a Growth Centre Reinforcement.

Inauguration Kuala Namu Airport in 2012 has established access to area of Medan, Binjai, Deli Serdang and Karo (Mebidangro) region as a leading tourist destination. As the central hub to the area declared Mebidangro, Medan city railway station in the center of Merdeka Square as a main gate. The facts show that the concept of the gates are inadequate in physical appearance as well as activities that memorable as the charming gateway. In simple terms refers to a landmark gate marker. City revitalization in addition to using a model of revitalization can be done with a model revealing the wisdom of local activities. In the era of visual communication and local activities as opportunities for the development of a place, the potential Merdeka Square neighborhood activities become eligible as an aspect of quality amplifier forming place (reinforcement place making). With the method of observation and analysis of spatial solid-void it is obtained that the Merdeka Square is a model of district gateway rather than a landmark gateway by appearing the activities of local commercial, local culture, heritage adventure, social interaction as a trigger activity. These findings are useful for policy makers to look at the Merdeka Square as forming productivity growth Medan city center as well as reinforcing the identity of Medan city.

The Characteristics of Min Juhyeon’s Wansanga and Poems in Classical Chinese about Jeonju

This paper aimed to examine the scenery and culture of Jeonju province during the mid-19th century through Min Juhyeon’s Wansanga and his poems in classical Chinese. Although Min passed the state examination, he was appointed as a low-ranking official named Jogyeongmyo Byeolgeom and had to stay in Jeonju for three years. In a situation where he felt politically frustrated but difficult to resign, the only way of life he could choose was to explore the attractions of Jeonju and to compose poetry. Min’s view on the topography and history of Jeonju is gathered at the beginning of Wansanga. He outlined the major geographical features of Jeonju from the southeast to the southwest. It turns out that he was aware of the origin of each place’s name as well as the topography of Jeonju. In addition, Min explained the history of Jeonju that the confusion of Gyeonhwon’s era regained order in the age of Mokjo and that Mokjo’s influence remained in his own age. In the following part of Wansanga and several poems in classical Chinese, he revealed the characteristics and significance of Jeonju’s major attractions and expressed his emotions about them. Okryudong and Hanbyeokdang are the places where the traces of Choe Dam, a renowned scholar from Jeonju, remained, so Min paid attention to these places that not only recalled the character of Choe but also had outstanding scenery. Mangyeongdae is a hill where Jeong Mongju composed a famous poem missing his king. Min honored Jeong’s loyalty here and identified himself with Jeong. Then, after looking around the pavilions of Jeonju, Min especially highlighted Gongbukru, where the local officials of Jeonju regularly greeted the king, and Manhwaru, the main gate of Jeonju Local School. In this regard, a pavilion was a space for him to strengthen his self-recognition as a literary man, rather than a place for joy. Min took a solemn and temperate appearance in the preceding places, but when he reached Deokjinji, he began to reveal the exalted inspiration. He described the beautiful scenery of Deokjinji filled with lotus flowers and enjoyed the feeling of springtime. In addition, he expressed his longing for ascending to heaven by recalling Li Po. The last scenery of Jeonju in Wansanga is the appearance of women washing clothes in the stream, and Min showed off his excitement by drawing them in the form of beautiful fairies who wash silk. The criterion that Min arranged landscapes in Wansanga is related to the characteristics of each landscape rather than the geographical proximity. After first looking around the noble places in which the traces of the renowned literary men remained, Min visited the places to strengthen his self-recognition as a literary man, and then took the way to daily places full of fascination.

Neural Network Assisted Analysis for Longwall Gate Road Stability Using Measured Roof Convergence Data

Immediate roof of a longwall panel is composed of layered coal, shaly coal, shale and clay strata overlaying by a thick sandstone main roof. The average depth of the coal seam is about 420 m and it has dip of 10°. The gate roads of width 5.2 m and height 3.5 m are developed in either sides of the panel and the roof is supported by 2.4 m resin grouted rock bolts. A special resin grouted 60 tonne capacity, 6.1 m long bulb type cable bolt is also installed for effectively supporting 8 m width shield installation roadway and gate roads during retreat of the longwall panel. The paper emphasizes on the monitoring and analysis of roof convergence in gate roads by convergence recorder as well as double telescopic telltale devices. Based on the analysis results, design is modified to improve the stability of gate roads. Cumulative roof convergence (CRC) data during development of gate roads are found to vary as tangent hyperbolic function with passage of time and are analyzed using artificial neural network to estimate the key parameters of the function. Convergence increase rate along with the maximum CRC is then used to prepare a Trigger Action Response Plan for immediate notification of the ground control problems. Data analysis also suggests that during retreat of longwall panel, CRC increases exponentially if the longwall face approaches within 10 to 25 m from a measuring station installed along main and tail gate roads. In this paper, methodologies are described for the analysis of CRC data for better understanding of roof behavior and for taking timely decision for any unusual event.

Quantum hardware simulating four-dimensional inelastic neutron scattering

Magnetic molecules, modelled as finite-size spin systems, are test-beds for quantum phenomena and could constitute key elements in future spintronics devices, long-lasting nanoscale memories or noise-resilient quantum computing platforms. Inelastic neutron scattering is the technique of choice to probe them, characterizing molecular eigenstates on atomic scales. However, although large magnetic molecules can be controllably synthesized, simulating their dynamics and interpreting spectroscopic measurements is challenging because of the exponential scaling of the required resources on a classical computer. Here, we show that quantum computers have the potential to efficiently extract dynamical correlations and the associated magnetic neutron cross-section by simulating prototypical spin systems on a quantum hardware. We identify the main gate errors and show the potential scalability of our approach. The synergy between developments in neutron scattering and quantum processors will help design spin clusters for future applications.

Nanoscale shielded channel dual gate stack silicon on nothing junctionless transistor for improving short channel effect and analog performance

ABSTRACTA nanoscale shielded channel dual gate stack silicon on nothing junctionless transistor (SCDGSSONJLT) is proposed in this paper. The simulation results are compared with single material gate silicon on insulator junctionless transistor (SMGSOIJLT) and shielded channel silicon on insulator junctionless transistor (SCSOIJLT), along with the study of different parameters for different side gate lengths of SCDGSSONJLT. This paper demonstrates on double layer gate stack effect on shielded channel silicon on nothing junctionless transistor. It is seen that high-k dielectric material of gate insulator decreases off state current in subthreshold region. The result shows that high Ion/Ioff ratio (107) improve transconductance, very less threshold voltage variation, very less band to band tunnelling current and very less DIBL of SCDGSSONJLT. Transconductance of SCDGSSON JLT is greater by 40% as compared to SCSOIJLT. The GM/ID value of SCDGSSONJLT is 60% larger than SMGSOIJLT in subthreshold region. Subthreshold swing is below 70 mV/decade of SCDGSSONJLT when side gate length is 40 nm. It has been observed that there is 47% reduction in subthreshold swing of SCDGSSONJLT as compared to SCSOIJLT. The effect of different side gate and main gate length are studied.

Hostes ante portas! Cercetări arheologice recente asupra turnurilor porții principale de la Capidava

The preventive excavations of the entire complex of the southeastern gate (main gate) of the Capidava fort took place during August-September 2015 (more precisely 13.08-05.09.2015) and was part of a general investigation on the precincts and towers of the Late Roman fort. The respective project was entitled Restoration, consolidation, protection, conservation and enhancement of the archaeological site Capidava fort. It belongs to the Regional Operational Program 2007-2013, Priority Axis 5, Major Field of intervention 5.1. The beneficiary of the project are the Constanța County Council and the appointed general designer SC Abral Art Product SRL, under the coordination of architect Ioan Aurel Botez (head of project) and architect Anișoara Sion (head of project). Despite the fact that the area and the period of the excavation might seem reduced, the research was intensive and undoubtedly represents an essential contribution to the evolution of the Roman and the Romano-Byzantine fortifications from Capidava.

Genetic depletion of Soat2 diminishes hepatic steatosis via genes regulating de novo lipogenesis and by GLUT2 protein in female mice

Depletion of the cholesterol esterifying enzyme acyl-Coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2, encoded by Soat2) protects mice from atherosclerosis, diet-induced hypercholesterolemia, and hepatic steatosis when fed high-cholesterol diet. The glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) represents the main gate of glucose uptake by the liver. Lipid synthesis from glucose (de novo lipogenesis; DNL) plays a pivotal role in the development of hepatic steatosis. Inhibition of DNL is a successful approach to reverse hepatic steatosis, as shown by different studies in mice and humans. Here we aimed to investigate whether depletion of Soat2 per se can reduce hepatic steatosis, also in the presence of very low levels of cholesterol in the diet, and the underlying mechanisms. Female Soat2−/− and wild type mice were either fed high-fat or high-carbohydrate diet and both contained <0.05% (w/w) cholesterol. Analysis in serum, liver, muscles and adipose tissues were performed. We found Soat2−/− mice fed high-fat, low-cholesterol diet to have less hepatic steatosis, decreased expression of genes involved in DNL and lower hepatic GLUT2. Similar findings were found in Soat2-/- mice fed high-carbohydrate, low-cholesterol diet. ConclusionDepletion of Soat2 reduces hepatic steatosis independently of the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the diet. Our study provides a link between hepatic cholesterol esterification, DNL, and GLUT2.