Main Forms Of Interaction Research Articles

Study on mechanism of Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix against post-traumatic stress disorder based on molecular docking and network pharmacology

This paper aims to investigate the active components and mechanism of Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix against post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. The main components and targets of Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix were obtained by literature mining methods, SwissTargetPrediction, BATMAN and ETCM database. PTSD-related genes were collected from DrugBank, TTD and CTD databases. The protein-protein interaction(PPI) network was constructed based on STRING, and the core targets of Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix in the treatment of PTSD were selected according to the topological parameters. Cytoscape 3.7.2 was used to construct the compound-target network. DAVID database was used for GO enrichment analysis and KEGG enrichment analysis. The relationship network of "compound-target-pathway" was constructed through Cytoscape 3.7.2 to analyze and obtain the key targets and their corresponding components in the network, and their results were verified by molecular docking. The results showed that a total of 47 components(such as valeraldehyde, dihydrovalerin, valerate, chlorovaltrate K, 8-hydroxypinoresinol, 6-hydroxyluteolin, apigenin, farnesin, vanillin, luteolin, kaempferol, glycosmisic acid and pogostemon) of Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix may act on 94 key targets such as CNR1, MAOA, NR3 C1, MAPK14, MAPK8, HTR2 C and DRD2. Totally 29 GO terms were obtained by GO functional enrichment analysis(P<0.05), and 20 signaling pathways were obtained from KEGG pathway enrichment, mainly involving neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, serotonergic synapse, calcium signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, dopaminergic synapse, retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, neurotrophin signaling pathway, gap junction, cholinergic synapse, estrogen signaling pathway, glutamatergic synapse and long-term potentiation. Molecular docking analysis showed that hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction and hydrophobic effecting may be the main forms of interaction. This study used the network of compound-target-pathway and molecular docking technology to screen the effective components of Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix against PTSD, and explore its anti-PTSD mechanism, so as to provide scientific basis for exploring the anti-PTSD drugs from traditional Chinese medicine and clarifying its mechanism of action.

A caminhabilidade como indicador de qualidade de vida: Estudo de caso de Santana do Araguaia-PA

O deslocamento é uma das principais formas de interação com o espaço público, e com a ideia mais recente de humanizar as cidades o conceito de caminhabilidade começou a ser amplamente pesquisado, na tentativa de minimizar os efeitos nocivos do excesso de veículos no meio urbano. Nesse sentido, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é diagnosticar a caminhabilidade do núcleo urbano de Santana do Araguaia, no Estado do Pará, assim como perceber como a população da cidade enxerga o espaço, como propício ou não para que a vida urbana aconteça. Para isto, foi aplicado questionário on-line para 406 respondentes, onde as respostas indicaram que falhas na infraestrutura pública são prejuízos em potencial para a acessibilidade, e consequentemente afetam outras condições como a segurança pública e viária, assim como as interações entre a comunidade.

Власть и общество во второй четверти ХIХ века: особенности взаимодействия

Based on the communicative approach developed by Jürgen Habermas, the article focuses on the main forms of interaction between power and society in the second quarter of the 19th century and investigates their features and inclusion in the space of the public sphere of the Russian Empire. The authors have made an attempt to clarify the point of view presented in historiography according to which the course of the Nicholaevan government towards “gradual improvement” of state life marked the refusal to cooperate with educated society, which in its turn had led to the mutual alienation between power and society by the end of the reign of Nicholas I. This view does not sufficiently consider the socio-cultural condition and the level of ambitions of the representatives of Russian society who began to see themselves as an active subject of the socio-political process in the period under research. Despite the desire of the Russian authorities to control the “work of thought” during the reign of Nicholas I, the main forms of interaction between the authorities and the public were outlined. By means of them, members of the public were able to convey to the authorities their vision of ways to solve pressing socio-political problems. Among these forms of interaction were literary circles and salons as well as the traditional practice of personal messages and letters addressed to the sovereign. In the 1840s, correspondents became more active in assessing government policy on the western outskirts of the Russian Empire. Government officials, writers and publicists sent their proposals for adjusting the national policy, and representatives of the authorities including Nicholas I himself responded to them, thus encouraging the public to intensify their activities. These proposals are assessed by the authors as a significant factor in the preparation of the course towards the Russification of national outskirts in the second half of the 19th century. The conclusion is substantiated that the views and proposals emanating from the representatives of the public outlined the contours of a possible model of interaction between power and society under the conditions of autocratic government.

City manager’s resources and optimization of the online education system

This paper attempts to assess the resources of the City Manager to optimize the system of online education. The need to develop a Russian platform for the implementation of online education is justified by highlighting the main problems: technical, organizational, and pedagogical. It has been established that the problems described above are related primarily to the platforms on which the online education process is implemented. The authors evaluate the functionality of popular services used by Russian universities and conclude that their tools do not meet the goals of online education and do not allow realizing its potential. A pilot concept of an online-education platform, which is supposed to be created within the framework of public-private partnership, is presented. It is recommended to realize large projects, which require significant investments, as a part of cooperation of authorities, business community and science, and the emphasis is made on this aspect in the process of project concept creation. The main forms of interaction between the actors involved and the areas of their responsibility are considered, recommendations for the selection of the most appropriate procedure for the development of the platform for online education that meets the needs of students and teachers are given. It is concluded that such an initiative will help to overcome the main obstacles facing online education and bring it to a new level by combining the efforts of government and business.

The role of external stakeholders in ensuring the quality of educational services of Polotsk state university

In modern conditions, the task of integrating science, education and innovation activities is of great importance. The need for highly qualified and proactive employees leads to the natural integration of the University and employers, who are the main external stakeholders and consumers of educational services. The article discusses the main forms of interaction between Polotsk State University and the main enterprises and organizations of the region. The main results of comprehensive monitoring of employers ‘satisfaction with the quality of training specialists in the higher educational institution are presented. The assessment of consumer satisfaction with educational services in the framework of this monitoring was carried out on the basis of a competence campaign. This is primarily due to the fact that the quality of education is determined precisely by the competencies formed by the graduate, which allow applying the acquired knowledge, skills and abilities in solving specific professional tasks. The monitoring demonstrated a high level of development of a number of competencies, in particular the competence “ability to use information and communication technologies”, which highlights the fact that the educational programs of compulsory and additional education implemented at Polotsk State University provide the knowledge and practical skills necessary for using the latest ICT in professional activities. Employers have also identified the scarce skills of graduates, namely “Ability to take decisive action in case of uncertainty”, “Ability to anticipate a problem” and “Ability to use time effectively”. Based on the self-assessment of graduates, during their studies at Polotsk State University they have to a large extent developed the competences required for successful work in today’s economy. The success of Polotsk State University graduates is clear evidence of the high quality of their training.

Форми взаємодії закладу вищої освіти з територіальними громадами

The article raises the issue of interaction of higher education institutions with territorial communities in the conditions of decentralization. foreign experience of interaction of higher educational institutions with territorial communities are disclosed. The features of interaction of higher educational institutions with territorial communities in foreign countries are characterized. It has been established that the use of the positive foreign experience of interaction of higher educational institutions with territorial communities is promising for Ukraine. Ensuring cooperation between the university and local communities involves certain forms of interaction The authors identified the main forms of interaction between a higher education institution and territorial communities of the socio-economic development of territorial communities; of the cultural and sports life of the community; of Education; of cooperation of the university with local authorities; volunteer activity. Interaction of territorial communities and higher education institutions is the way of important changes in communities, educational institutions and society in general, which is the main advantage of business associations.

Development of public-private partnership in Belarus

In the Republic of Belarus, the authorities chose public-private partnership as an alternative to privatization which allows to keep socially important objects in the state property. The results of the survey of entrepreneurs and civil servants show the readiness of the authorities and business for equal partnership under the proclaimed socially oriented market economy. On the example of the metropolitan region, the authors analyzed the institutional-adaptation period in the development of public-private partnership in Belarus. The sociological approach to the study of public-private partnership aims at considering the relationship power-business-society as a system of interdependent actions of civil servants, entrepreneurs and population. The analysis of behavioral strategies of participants of this interaction was conducted through their social expectations with the methods of expert surveys of entrepreneurs and civil servants and an opinion poll of the population of Minsk. The authors made the following conclusions: society is only an observer due to the poor knowledge of public-private partnership; the behavioral strategies of entrepreneurs are determined by regulatory-legal factors, of civil servants - by system-legal factors; the key barrier for the public-private partnership projects is the low assessment of ones qualifications by civil servants and entrepreneurs; entrepreneurs consider civil servants as competitors in conflict situations and define their style of behavior as pressing; the state prefers contracts as the main form of interaction with business, which emphasizes the independence of partners. Therefore, the state and entrepreneurs take risks and responsibilities in the public-private partnership projects in the agreed shares, and the authorities fully control such projects.

Does trust facilitate cooperation in the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)? A socio-psychological approach

ABSTRACT The word trust is oftentimes used by leaders in the Forum on China and Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), and as the literature points out mainly to foster conditions for cooperation and mutual understanding. Studies in International Relations (IR), reveal that trust is an important tool to manage social behaviour in multilateral organizations by way of past and current interactions, learning and sharing and encapsulating common interests. Group meetings in the forum is the main form of interaction and ultimately aim to advance the collective interest, however, interpersonal contacts between leaders and officials also contribute to a common set of objectives. Trust is also an attribute in the establishment of Sino-African strategic partnerships that have increased in recent years. The argument is that concepts of trust in IR can provide answers to the following research question. What are the characteristics of trust-building in the forum and does it facilitate and enhance cooperation and understanding? This question is addressed along three main themes. China’s role as initiator of trust building, the managing of relations between the members and a socio-psychological approach to create trust. An important finding is that interaction creates conditions for acquiring information about the interests of other members and the expected outcomes they want to achieve. In return, when members believe in the benefits of cooperation, they will behave in a trustworthy manner to build better relationships.

Study on molecular of anti-tumor mechanism of Forsythia suspensa based on molecular docking and network pharmacology

In this paper, the possible molecular mechanism of Forsythia suspensa for the anti-tumor effect was investigated through the network pharmacology and molecular docking. The main components of F. suspensa were obtained by literature mining and TCMSP database. Cancer-related genes were collected with use of GAD and OMIM databases. The interaction network of Compounds-Targets-Pathways was constructed through Cytoscpe software. The targets were analyzed by GO and KEGG means in DAVID database, and the KEGG signal pathways were visualized. Component-Target network analysis results were verified by PyRx molecular docking. The results showed that a total of 26 main components of F. suspensa may act on key targets such as AKT1, IL6, ESR1, EGFR, EGF and CCND1, and were involved in 20 signal pathways. Molecular docking analysis showed that hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic action and Pi-cation bonding maybe the main forms of interaction. In this study, we revealed the anti-tumor effect of F. suspensa through the network of Compounds-Targets-Pathways and molecular docking verification, providing reference and guidance for systematically elucidating the anti-tumor molecular mechanism of the main components of F. suspensa.

The multi-targets mechanism of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus based on network pharmacology.

Network pharmacology is used with bioinformatic tools to broaden the understanding of drugs' potential targets and the intersections with key genes of particular disease. Here we applied network pharmacology to collect testable hypotheses about the multi-targets mechanism of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) against systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Firstly, we predicted the potential targets of HCQ. Secondly, we got the related genes of SLE returned from databases. Thirdly, the intersections of the potential targets (HCQ) and related genes (SLE) were analyzed with gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment. Finally, we validated our predictions of the potential targets by performing docking studies with HCQ. The results suggest that the efficacy of HCQ against SLE is mainly associated with the targets of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and CDK1, which regulate PI3K/Akt/GSK3β as well as interferon (IFN) signaling pathway. Biological process of the network associated with the three targets is concentrated in the inhibition of immune response, negative regulation of gene expression and regulation of immune system process. Molecular docking analysis proves that hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking are the main forms of interaction. Our research provides protein targets affected by HCQ in the treatment of SLE. Three key targets (CDK2, ESR1 and CDK1) involving 1766 proteins become the multi-targets mechanism of HCQ in the treatment of SLE. As well, the research also provides a new idea for introducing network pharmacology into the evaluation of the drugs with multi-targets in dermatology.

Understanding the role of dye in colorful thermoplastic film under visible light

Polystyrene is a thermoplastic that is widely used in industry to manufacture of various materials. In this work, the objective was to investigate the effect of the Crystal Violet (CV) dye on polystyrene films under visible light. The films were produced by the casting method. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and viscosimetry were used to monitor the effect of radiation and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) was employed to evaluate the interaction between the polymer and the dye. Carbonyl Index confirmed that oxygenated species were formed during exposure to light and photo-oxidation is the major mechanism involved in CV-sensitized PS degradation. The variations in relaxation times indicated that electrostatic attraction is the main form of interaction between the materials involved and molecular dynamics calculations confirm the 1H-NMR results. The CV dye could initiate degradation reactions and acted as an efficient photosensitizer in PS matrices.

Molecular mechanism of celastrol in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology

BackgroundNetwork pharmacology uses bioinformatics to broaden our understanding of drug actions and thereby advance drug discovery. Here we apply network pharmacology to generate testable hypotheses about the multi-target mechanism of celastrol against systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). MethodsWe reconstructed drug–target pathways and networks to predict the likely protein targets of celastrol and the main interactions between those targets and the drug. Then we validated our predictions of candidate targets by performing docking studies with celastrol. ResultsThe results suggest that celastrol acts against SLE by regulating the function of several signaling proteins, such as interleukin 10, tumor necrosis factor, and matrix metalloprotein 9, which regulate signaling pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinase and tumor necrosis factor as well as apoptosis pathways. Celastrol is predicted to affect networks involved mainly in cytokine activity, cytokine receptor binding, receptor ligand activity, receptor regulator activity, and cofactor binding. Molecular docking analysis showed that hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking were the main forms of interaction. ConclusionsThis network pharmacology strategy may be useful for discovery of multi-target drugs against complex diseases, specifically, it provides protein targets associated with SLE that may be further tested for therapeutic potential by celastrol.

Идеализированный объект теории и ее логика: модель взаимосвязи

The paper explores the relationship between two levels of theory, i.e. its initial theoretical basis and its logic. The author describes three possible states of the initial theoretical basis: the potential, the state of the hypothesis, and the formation state. These states presumably differ in the degree of internal correlation of ingredients, which depends on the activity of the researcher’s mind. The author tries to determine the ontological location of the original theoretical basis. An analysis of historical and philosophical literature revealed the following characteristic positions, i.e. objective idealism, representationism, praxeological apriorism, praxeological subjectivism, and culturological transcendentalism. Each of the positions has its own argument and rational grounds. After a brief comparison, the author focuses on the last one. He analyses the possible mechanisms of the epistemological genesis of the idealized subject of theory from a potential initial theoretical basis, i.e. choice, invention, and transfer. In this paper, the methodological level of theory is understood as a set of its interpretations, i.e. in practical experience, semantics, and spiritual-theoretical space. Then the author identifies the main forms of interaction of the initial theoretical framework and the logic of theory. First, scientists, often unaccountably, shape the potential space of the original theoretical basis through the methodological operations of idealizations, design, and hypothetical input. In addition, theorists, who purposefully develop a theory, conceptualize the corresponding specific methods through the empirical projection of the theory, by introducing definitions of certain terms of the theoretical language in terms of the empirical language and vice versa. Finally, the author summarizes that the initial theoretical foundations formed into conceptual frameworks are prescriptions of scientific activity and operators of reflexive acts. Thus, rationality is a constant search for proportion and equilibrium between the postulated order (the ontological scheme) and the order of judgments about it (the methodology).

Interaction between Walnut Polyphenols and Protein and Its Antioxidant Activity

The mechanism of chemical bonding between walnut phenolic compounds and walnut protein of the walnut were explored in this paper. The walnut protein solution was first treated by solvent under alkaline and acidic conditions, and then ultrafiltration was carried out, and different bound polyphenols were obtained by destroying the interaction force between walnut protein-polyphenol compounds. The content and antioxidant activity of polyphenols were determined. The results showed that the contents of free polyphenols were 6.46, 6.27 mg/g respectively, accounting for 25.15% and 29.77% of the total phenols, the contents of non-covalent polyphenols were 11.31, 7.74 mg/g respectively, accounting for 44.02% and 36.75% of the total phenols, and the contents of covalent polyphenols were 7.92, 7.05 mg/g respectively, accounting for 30.83% and 33.48% of the total phenols.It was known that non covalent binding was the main form of interaction between polyphenols and protein complexes. Under pH3.5 and pH11 conditions, the scavenging rates of free polyphenols on DPPH free radicals were 82.34% and 43.68%, Fe2+ chelating ability were 71.88% and 49.96%, reducing power absorbance value were 1.157 and 0.857, inhibition of lipid peroxidation ability were 47.71% and 32.69%, respectively. Among the five different bound polyphenols, the antioxidant capacity of free polyphenols was significantly higher than that of other bound polyphenols (p<0.05).

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ВОВЛЕЧЕНИЯ ИНСТИТУТОВ ГРАЖДАНСКОГО ОБЩЕСТВА В ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЕ ЭТНИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ В САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГЕ

The article analyzes the main forms of interaction between the state and the civil society institutions in the context of the implementation of ethnic policies in St.-Petersburg. The main activities of the national cultural autonomies of the city are also investigated.

Physical bonding between sunflower proteins and phenols: Impact on interfacial properties

The complexation of proteins with phenolic compounds has been recently considered a promising route to improve the oxidative stability of food dispersions, such as oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. However, the effect of such a complexation on the functional properties of proteins, such as their emulsifying and interfacial properties, has not been deeply studied yet. To gain insight on this matter, non-covalently bonded protein-phenol complexes were formed in aqueous dispersions. Highly pure sunflower protein isolate (SFPI, 94 wt%) and the polar phenolic compound chlorogenic acid (CGA) were mixed at neutral pH and the resulting complexes were characterised regarding their size and interfacial properties. Larger amounts of CGA led to more extensive complexation, therefore larger complexes, and reduction of free protein molecules. Hydrogen bonding was indicated as the main form of interaction between the elements. Sunflower proteins were able to adsorb at the oil-water interface and thereby to decrease the interfacial tension. The latter was further decreased when the complexes were used instead of the sole SFPI. Furthermore, O/W emulsion droplets stabilized by the complexes exhibited high stability against coalesence. These results indicate that the physical interactions between SFPI and CGA positively affected the interfacial and emulsifying properties of sunflower proteins. This is an intriguing bottom line regarding the challenges (e.g discoloration, loss of solubility and nutritional value) associated with full valorization of sunflower oil extraction residues and in general protein fractions rich in phenolic compounds.

Формы государственно-гражданского взаимодействия в современной России: проблемы развития и практической реализации

The article is devoted to topical issues of development of state-civil interaction in modern Russia. The scientific approaches to the essence of relationships between public authorities, citizens and public associations are analyzed. The authors describe the main forms of interaction between state and civil society institutions, and basic approaches to understanding of their content. The typology of forms and methods of partnership between the civil society and public authorities in modern Russia is presented. In the article the authors show to the role of information, determine the value of Internet technologies and online communications to improve the cooperation of public associations with public authorities. The content of the problems arising in the process of interaction between public associations and state government is revealed. Some recommendations to improve state support of civil society institutions in the Russian Federation are made.

Anti-osmotic and antioxidant activities of gigantol from Dendrobium aurantiacum var. denneanum against cataractogenesis in galactosemic rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDendrobium aurantiacum var. denneanumis widespread in southern China, locally known as “Shihu”, “Huangcao” or “Fengdou”, has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for antipyretic, immunomodulatory, anti-aging effects and eye benefiting. Aim of this studyTo investigate the effects of gigantol extracted from the stem of D. aurantiacum var. denneanum on the formation of galactose-induced cataractogenesis and the potential mechanisms underlying these effects. Materials and methodsCataract lens models were induced by d-galactose both in vitro and in vivo. The transparency of the rat lenses in vitro and in vivo was observed with an anatomical microscope and a slit lamp microscope. The differential protein and action targets of gigantol were determined and compared among the control group, model group, and gigantol group using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (MS). Enzyme kinetics was used to show the ability of gigantol to respress aldose reductase (AR) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). was used to detect repression of the expression of AR and iNOS genes. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation were used to predict the interaction points and combination patterns between gigantol, AR, and iNOS. ResultsGigantol was found to prevent galactose-induced damage to the rat lenses both in vitro and in vivo, to delay lens turbidity, and to keep the lenses transparent. Differential proteomes, MS, and RT-qPCR showed AR and iNOS to be the target proteins of gigantol. Gigantol reduced the galactose-induced AR and iNOS mRNA expression by 51.2% and 60.9%, respectively. The IC50 of gigantol for inhibition of AR and iNOS activities were 65.67μg/mL and 8.768μg/mL, respectively. Gigantol–AR binding sites were Trp111, His110, Tyr48, and Trp20, and gigantol–iNOS binding sites were Ile195 and Gln257. The main forms of interaction were hydrophobic forces, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces. ConclusionGigantol extracted from D. aurantiacum var. denneanum was found to inhibit galactose-induced formation of cataracts through repression of the gene expression and activity of AR and iNOS.

Antarctic moss carpets facilitate growth of Deschampsia antarctica but not its survival

The vegetation of the Antarctic tundra is dominated by mosses and lichens. Deschampsia antarctica, the Antarctic hairgrass, is one of two vascular plant species which grow along the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. However, little is known about its recruitment and interaction with non-vascular tundra plants. Although several authors propose that tolerance and/or competition should be the main forms of interaction between moss carpets and D. antarctica, no relevant studies exist so far. We investigated whether positive interactions are predominant at the Shetland Islands and the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula and focussed on the role that moss carpets play in the recruitment of D. antarctica. Across the studied zone, D. antarctica showed a significant association with moss carpets, with higher frequencies as well as more and larger individuals than on bare ground. At one site, we conducted moss removal and seedlings transplant experiments to assess the relevance of the moss carpets for different life stages of hairgrass. All experimental individuals survived until the following summer whether the moss carpet was removed or not, but growth rate was significantly lower in tussocks with moss carpets removed. Likewise, tiller size was higher in plants growing in moss carpets than on bare ground. The detected positive interactions with mosses seem to be important for the expansion of D. antarctica, raising the question about their importance under future climate change scenarios.

On the Motive Power of Chemical Transformations in Open Systems

The classical basic concepts of cyclic processes and the efficiency of heat engines are used here to conjecture about the laws of thermodynamics for open systems that can exchange matter with a surrounding environment. An ideal chemomechanical elastic bar is envisioned that changes its stiffness while undergoing a chemical transformation which is, in turn, influenced by the axial strain of the bar. Stable equilibrium states are identified as minimizers of the total energy, which is assumed to be nonconvex in type. If the bar is loaded and then alternatively placed in environments at chemical potentials either μ i or μ s >μ i , a reversible cycle analogous to the classical Carnot cycle may be traced. In this case, the environmental “chemical potential” plays the role of the temperature and the “chemical work” the role of heat. For the system, the main form of interaction with the exterior, other than mechanical work, is the exchange of mass of a component at different environmental chemical potentials. It is then possible to obtain an elementary theory of chemical engines in which efficiency estimates (in terms of environmental chemical potentials) and related pertinent issues can be discussed. This model may serve as a basis for analyzing coupled chemo-mechanical processes occurring in materials such as ionized gels for possible applications as actuators, and to interpret complex phenomena in biological systems, such as the chemical kinetics of smooth muscles.