Main Figures Research Articles

Paths of Evolution: A Reading of Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Martín-Santos’ Time of Destruction

This essay examines Luis Martín-Santos’ second novel, Time of Destruction, unfinished at the time of his accidental death in 1964, in connection with James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). To date, Marisol Morales-Ladrón remains the only scholar who has dealt extensively with both texts (2005: 162-182), a sharp contrast to the numerous studies that have discussed the traces of Joyce’s Ulysses in Martín-Santos’ first novel, Time of Silence (1962). The publication, in 2022, of Mauricio Jalón’s new edition of Martín-Santos’ Time of Destruction, one with significant textual amendments to the first edition (1975), provides an ideal opportunity to expand the scholarship on this scarcely researched topic. The first section of this essay offers a brief discussion of the new edition of Martín-Santos’ novel and reconsiders it in relation to Joyce’s work. The second section proposes a reading of A Portrait and Time of Destruction in light of the tension that exists between the narrators and the two main fictional figures in these novels, Stephen Dedalus and Agustín. The final section considers both novels in relation to Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy of history and morality.

A Kingdom of Possibility

A Kingdom of Possibility

Mempertanyakan Teodisi: Teodisi Yahudi Sesudah Auschwitz dalam Telaah Zachary Braiterman

The 20th century holocaust against Jews in Auschwitz, Buchenwald, and other concentration camps was the starting point for the change in modern Jewish theology towards contemporary theology. Contemporary Jewish theologians, rabbis, and philosophers have revisited their theodicy by critically reading scriptural texts and traditions (Midrash). The substance debated in theodicy is about God’s goodness which is in conflict with God’s omnipotence so that evil and suffering occur. The problem of Jewish theodicy after Auschwitz was studied by Zachary Braiterman by explaining the split between the hegemony of Jewish theodicy with a religious discourse and anti-theodicy with a pagan discourse. Braiterman uses a postmodern approach to map the criticism of Jewish theologians and philosophers towards the universal truth of theodicy before Auschwitz. This new discourse is useful for transforming the cultural changes of modern Jewish society from its marginal position in the text to becoming the main figure (anthropodicy). It seems that Braiterman is supporting the anti-theodicy movement to move beyond the nightmare of the holocaust in order to free the Jewish people from suffering by critically rereading texts and tradition.

Nano-optical theory of planar x-ray waveguides.

X-ray waveguides are routinely used at synchrotron light sources in imaging setups and as a platform for experiments with quantum emitters, providing nanometer-sized confinement - even x-ray optics on a chip has been showcased. X-ray waveguides are weakly guiding and experience significant material absorption, such that the established waveguide theory is not immediately applicable. Here, a general self-contained nano-optical theory of planar waveguides is derived, which is appropriate for hard x-ray energies. Solutions of the electromagnetic fields and its Green's functions are derived in detail. Asymptotic expansions into resonant and non-resonant modes are derived, which are particularly useful in the presence of strong material absorption. A method to reliably find the resonant modes of x-ray waveguide structures is presented. Based on the general theory, certain common experimental geometries, namely evanescent coupling in grazing-incidence, front-coupling in forward-incidence and radiation from buried emitters, are discussed in more detail. Complementing the analytic discussion, numerical tools are provided and applied to quantitatively extract the main figures of merit. The theory provides an analytic foundation for the interpretation of past and future experiments and, combined with the numerical tools, will facilitate the computer-aided design of x-ray waveguides.

Body Biasing Techniques for Dynamic Comparators: A Systematic Survey

Forward body biasing (FBB) has often been exploited in the literature for improving the performance of both analog and digital building blocks. Recent works have explored the application of FBB variants to mixed-signal electronics and in particular to dynamic comparators, where these techniques can help to relax the trade-off between speed and power consumption at medium and low supply voltages. However, the literature lacks a structured analysis of the solutions that have been developed and of the trade-offs that affect them. This work attempts to fill the gap by providing a survey of the application of FBB techniques to dynamic comparators. The analysis focuses on the two most popular dynamic comparator topologies, the Strong Arm latch and Elzakker’s comparator. Several FBB variants are examined from a theoretical point of view. Moreover, the benefits and the limitations of the different approaches are assessed in terms of the main figures of merit through a systematic campaign of simulations in a 55 nm CMOS technology.

Kisah Ashḥāb Al-Ukhdūd dalam Al-Qur’an: Tinjauan Antropologi

The stories in the Koran are told in whole in one location, but they are sometimes told in fragments over numerous surahs. The story of ashḥāb al-ukhdūd is only told in QS. al-Buruj [85]: 4-9 at once not scattered in several surahs. The reason for the study is based on contextualization related to anthropology because the story of ashḥāb al-ukhdūd has involved agents in creating culture as a result of interpersonal relationships. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the story of ashḥāb al-ukhdūd in the Koran and its contextualization is related to anthropology. This study uses the library research method, with relevant and reliable sources, such as books, journals, theses, dissertations, etc. Answering the formulation of the problem, this research gives the result that the story of ashḥāb al-ukhdūd in the Koran, tells of the killing of Dzu Nuwas and his followers who had tortured the Christian population of Najran. In terms of contextualization related to anthropology, it implicitly contained power fanaticism as the heir to the customs, attitudes, and behavior of the main figure of ashḥāb al-ukhdūd, namely Dzu Nuwas and his followers. Their two lifestyle entities are against the apostleship of Prophet Isa As. along with its people and prioritize confrontational attitudes so as not to be surpassed by the existence of beliefs that have long been believed.

Russian Readers and Their Environment

The article by Nikolai A. Rubakin (1862–1946) was first published in the journal Bulletin of Knowledge in 1905. This is a reworking of a lecture given him in Penza. The author argues the relevance of the chosen topic and its practical interest. He believes that the history of reading is the history of public thought, criticism, creativity, attitudes to various cultural demands and innovations of the early 20th century. According to N. A. Rubakin the reader is one of the main figures of society. The author gives quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Russian reader based on correspondence with readers, information from periodicals, statistics and other sources.

Jawwad Ridla's Interpretation of Islamic Educational Philosophical Schools

. Islamic education is a process that takes place continuously and sustainably. Based on this, the tasks and functions that Islamic education needs to carry out are education for the whole person and lasts throughout life. This concept means that the tasks and functions of education are targeted at students who continue to grow and develop dynamically from the womb until the end of their lives. The objectives of this research are 1) what is Islamic education? 2) What are the schools of Islamic education that demand jawwad ridha? The research method in this article uses literature research through document analysis in the form of literature study. The form of this research is qualitative with a descriptive method in the form of a depiction of a particular situation or phenomenon using interactive methods. There are three schools of thought proposed by Jwaad Ridha, namely conservative religious, rational religious and pragmatic. There are several aspects to the Islamic Education Theory built by Muhammad Jawwad Ridla, including the Concept of Teaching/Learning, Psychological Basics of the Learning Process, Understanding of Educational Subjects, Teaching Methods, Teaching (Teachers) and Preparation of Individuals to Actively Participate in the Economic Life of Society. Muhammad Jawwad Ridla classifies three main schools of Islamic educational philosophy with the main figures in each of these schools. The three main schools of Islamic educational philosophy that have been discussed above have different opinions from one another.

Bipolar thermoelectric superconducting single-electron transistor

Thermoelectric effects in normal metals and superconductors are usually very small due to the presence of electron-hole symmetry. Here, we show that superconducting junctions brought out of equilibrium manifest a sizable bipolar thermoelectric effect that stems from a violation of the detailed balance determined by the crucial role of the interactions at the mean-field level. To fully control the effect, we consider a thermally biased junction where the capacitance of the central S′ region is small enough to establish a Coulomb blockade regime. By exploiting charging effects we are able to tune the Seebeck voltage, the thermocurrent, and thereby the power output of this structure, via an external gate voltage. We then analyze the main figures of merit of bipolar thermoelectricity and we prospect for possible applications. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Enemies Inside and Out

Abstract: Several popular conspiracy theories hold the government as one of the main figures of power, accusing it of various bad deeds. However, in authoritarian regimes or weak democracies, the state itself creates and exploits conspiracies about external and internal enemies of the nation. This paper explores the relationship between specific prostate conspiracy theory beliefs and conspiracy mentality in the context of Russia ( N = 819), a country, where the government currently leverages conspiracy theories for its own purposes. These findings suggest interesting ways forward for the study of conspiracy theories in nondemocratic states. A discussion about the influence of institutional trust on conspiracy theory beliefs is provided.

Фальсафа и эвиденциализм. Рецензия на: Booth A. Analytic Islamic Philosophy. New York & London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. 222 p.

This article discusses Anthony Booth’s book “Analytic Islamic Philosophy”. This book is an introduction to Islamic philosophy, from its origin in the Middle Ages to its contemporary forms. A. Booth uses the language and conceptual apparatus of contemporary analytic philosophy in his exegesis, thereby attempting to bring the legacy of Islamic philosophy into focus. The central theme of the book is an evidentialistic interpretation of the special epistemic status of the prophet. The main figures of Medieval Islamic philosophy — al-Kindī, al-Fārābī, Ibn Sīnā, al-Ġazālī, Ibn Rušd — are presented in chronologically order, together with an introduction to the basic themes of Islamic theology and the Greek philosophical tradition. The book then briefly introduces what the author calls “pre-modern” figures, including al-Suhrawardī, Mullā Ṣadrā and Ibn Taymiyyah, and all these thinkers, along with their medieval predecessors, are presented as forerunners to the more modern incarnation of Islamic philosophy, Political Islam. I question A. Booth’s use of the Cliffordian evidentialism (based on famous Clifford’s Principle) to analysis of the central problem. Firstly, this kind of evidentialism is very outdated and cannot in any way be regarded as a concept of contemporary analytic philosophy. Secondly, it is not immune to the objection from doxastic limits, which Booth does not mention. This objection, however, opens up new possibilities for analysis of the evidentialism and new hermeneutic ways of interpreting concepts of prophetic knowledge in the Islamic philosophical tradition. Thirdly, Booth’s analysis can be much more adequately conducted not by introducing many different kinds of evidentialism, but rather by the concept of doxastic practices. In the conclusion I consider the question in what ways contemporary analytic philosophy can be useful for the history of philosophy.

Peran Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam Menanamkan Nilai-Nilai Karakter Peserta Didik Sekolah Dasar

The teacher is the main figure who occupies a position and plays an important role in the world of education. Teachers are not only teachers of science, but also have to supervise to help the growth and development of students. "Teachers, especially Islamic religious education teachers, are expected to be able to have and show good personality traits, such as honest, compassionate, helpful, open, patient and so on, therefore teachers are also expected to be able to instill character in students so that they have good character. glorious. The task of a teacher is not easy, especially for Islamic religious education teachers. In accordance with the background described above. The author is interested in researching the extent of the role of Islamic Religious Education Teachers in instilling character values ​​in students at SDN Pasrujambe 08. This type of research is Field Research, namely research that requires researchers to go to the field to make observations about a phenomenon in a natural setting. The data sources used are primary data sources and secondary data sources. Data collection techniques are interviews, observations and documentation. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique used is inductive through data validity, data reduction, data display and conclusion (verification). The conclusion obtained is that the role of Islamic Religious Education teachers is in instilling character values ​​in students by creating a conducive, comfortable and enjoyable classroom atmosphere, always behaving well in front of students and always instilling discipline, independence, responsibility, honesty and religion. The methods used to instill character values ​​can be through exemplary methods, giving appreciation, giving moral messages, teaching manners, being honest and open to mistakes, instilling leadership qualities. Supporting factors in instilling character values ​​are religious activities and additional learning such as showing videos. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors in instilling character values include busy parents and the environment. Furthermore, the solution to overcome obstacles in instilling character values ​​is cooperation between teachers and parents and cooperation between schools and the community.

Kedatangan Islam di Indonesia

Regarding the arrival of Islam in Indonesia, different perspectives emerge, influenced by the complexity of the phenomenon that Islam does not have a single origin in one place or a specific group. This diversity of theories is shaped by differences in historians' evidence, interests, religious subjectivities, and ideologies. Although the early arrival of Islam was concluded in 1963, research on the process of the arrival and development of Islam in Indonesia continues to develop, providing opportunities to refine or strengthen existing theories. Ulama (Islamic scholars) play a central role in the early arrival and development of Islam in Indonesia. Arab merchants, who were also Islamic scholars, formed the first group to propagate and develop Islam, followed by professional Sufi dais (religious leaders). The Sufi ulama figures are closely related to two main figures: the 4,444 traders who spread Islam through trade, the economic center of society, and the sultans, who spread Islam through authority. These features of the spread of Islam effectively contributed to the growth of Islam.The ulama developed Islam through three main channels: culture (preaching, educatin, art, culture, marriage), struture (politics and power), and economics (through trade routes). In other words, the Islaization process in Indonesia is influenced by political power and the spirit of da'wah. In this context, keywords such as the entry of Islam in Indonesia, the development of Islam in Indonesia, the role of ulama and Sufis, and da'wah are central points for understanding these power relations.

Petrovsky Agricultural Fair in the Years of the New Economic Policy (Based on the Materials of the State Archive of the Perm Region)

Introduction. Since 1921, the country has been going through a period of economic experiments, a period of aggravation of the political struggle over the further development of Russia. This stage has gone down in history under the abbreviation NEP – New Economic Policy. The new economic policy has had a great impact on the daily, private lives of people, until recently insufficiently studied. The NEP period causes controversy among modern researchers of the Soviet Union, as well as disagreements in their assessment. The relevance of the topic of NEP is explained by the socio-economic and political changes that have occurred in Russian society in recent years, the transition to market relations. The experience of the “mixed economy” of the 1920s seems to have great practical significance for modern economic and political development. As such, this period was not marked by a holistic policy. There have been certain steps towards the recognition of various forms of ownership, the legalization of private entrepreneurship, and at the same time, a retreat to the position of strict state regulation, an economic dictate bordering on extortion. The purpose of the article is to consider the process of creation and functioning of fair trade in Perm during the NEP years, to analyze the impact of this practice on the daily life of citizens. Materials and Methods. The study is based on a structured approach that considers the Soviet economy as a set of complexly organized enclaves. The modular approach can be described as a transition from a general analytical scheme to a set of derived analytical schemes or blocks of a lower degree of generality. A characteristic feature of the NEP – diversity – is an attribute property of the Russian economy, as a result, its study is an urgent task today. The term “way of life” is considered as a scientific category and its potential in the study of the economy of the transition period, including the NEP period. The “scale of patterns” formed by modern economists allows us to study in more detail the problems of the NEP, including the mechanism of functioning of the patterns that unite the most economically active segments of the population. Results. The first, most significant feature of the Petrovsky Fair, as well as all fairs of the present moment, is the composition of firms and organizations that traded at the fair, which immediately changed in comparison with the pre-war time. The main figures and participants of both fairs in Perm turned out to be, due to the current economic situation, state trade enterprises. In second place in terms of turnover is cooperative trade. The size of private capital at the Petrovsky Fair was insignificant. Nevertheless, the unfolding fair trade of both fairs showed the economic power of state and cooperative trade and had a very significant impact on wholesale fair transactions during the Petrovsky Fair. Concluding the review of the results of the Petrovsky Fair, based on the available digital information and conclusions from them, it can be noted with confidence and satisfaction that the experience of the Petrovsky Fair, as the most important factor in the rapprochement of the city with the countryside and the restoration of the national economy, was successful, brought a significant revival of trade turnover and especially the resumption of lost ties and strengthening them. Discussion and Conclusion. The proposed provisions and conclusions create prerequisites for further study of trade as a factor in stabilizing the social and political situation in the country.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE APPLICATION OF INNOVATIVE TRAINING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FORMATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE QUALIFIED WORKERS OF THE OPERATIONAL AND RESCUE SERVICE OF THE CIVIL DEFENSE OF UKRAINE

The article, based on theoretical research, scientifically substantiates the need for the formation of professional competence in the application of innovative learning technologies in the preparation of future qualified workers of the operational and rescue service of the civil defense of Ukraine.Formulation of the problem. The crisis of the professional education system indicates a gap between the dramatically changed living conditions and the educational system, its goals, types, content and technologies of education. The most important reasons that gave rise to the crisis include: growing demand for the quality of education; new requirements for teaching activities; conservatism in the field of education and its insufficient adaptation to the changing needs of society; the need for the formation of professional thinking, activity, self-activity of future qualified workers, etc. Among these factors is the lack of development of professional training technologies. Traditional learning technology (from knowledge to skills), based on the logic of science, should be supplemented with new technologies based on the patterns of cognitive activity. The main figure in the educational process is the future skilled worker himself, who is not an object, but a subject of education.

METHODS OF CONDUCT OF A FORMAL EXPERIMENT FOR STUDYING THE STATE OF FORMATION OF THE PHYSICAL READINESS OF FUTURE OFFICERS FOR MILITARY-PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES

The article presents the results of the formative stage of the pedagogical experiment and a statistical analysis of its results in terms of the formation of physical readiness of future officers for military and professional activities.
 The analysis of feedback from graduates - officers of the Land Forces (hereinafter - AF) - revealed that 20% of the feedback contains information about the low level of physical fitness and readiness of young officers for military and professional activities. This necessitates more effective contextual approaches to the development of physical qualities and military-applied physical skills and combat abilities of future officers of the Land Forces (hereinafter - future officers) as subjects of military management.
 It is found that an officer, as the main figure in the organization and conduct of hostilities, must meet the requirements of modern hybrid warfare. At the same time, its experience demonstrates that officers are required to have a high level of physical fitness and readiness for military and professional activities.
 The methodology for conducting physical training with future officers has been improved, which should be carried out primarily taking into account the loads adequate to the conditions of their future combat activities and through its pedagogical modeling in accordance with the peculiarities of military and professional activities in combat conditions.
 It has been experimentally determined that the methodology of physical training of the experimental group (hereinafter - EG) demonstrated effectiveness, which allowed to increase the level of their physical fitness in the power complex by 15.05%, while in the control group (hereinafter - CG) such an increase was only 3.1%. The functional state of future officers also changed positively. The level of the studied scales improved by an average of 15.6% in the EG, and by 7.2% in the CG. Improvements in the running complex were not so obvious and amounted to 2.7% in the EG and 1.5% in the CG. This may indicate that the improvement of speed (both on short and long distances) is very slow and requires more intense, intensive, specially directed work.
 The results obtained during the experiment allow us to assert that the level of physical readiness of the EG is good and allows it to successfully perform the assigned combat tasks.

Оценка психологического статуса и особенностей поведения мировых судей в практике примирения

The article presents the results of a psychodiagnostic study (2022) to assess the psychological status and behaviour of magistrates engaged in the reconciliation practice in Tver and the Tver region. They actualize the problem of popularizing the reconciliation practice to settle a judicial dispute, and also substantiate the psychological status of a justice of the peace as the main figure in the reconciliation process. They also raise the question of the justice of the peace’s personal and psychological resources and his or her compliance with their professional competencies.

SHAH MOHAMMED REZA PAHLAVI AND AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI: IN LIGHT OF SHI'I HISTORY

The Iranian Revolution talks about to happenings involving the rebellion of the Pahlavi dynasty under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who was held up by the United States, and its subsequent removal with an Islamic Revolution of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who was helped by various leftist and Islamist organizations and Iranian student movements. The Iranian Revolution was a mainstream, nationalist and Shi’a Islamic revolution that ousted an autocratic kingdom with a theocracy built on “Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists” (or velayat-e faqih). This research goes to light the relationship between Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran, in the context of Shi'i history. This research paper hypothesizes three types of human relationships which are grounded on, the exchange system, the integrative system, and the threat system. Reza Khan (the father of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi) had established it through a military coup d'etat in 1921; the threat system looked to lead in Iran throughout the Pahlavi rule which was finished in December, 1979 by Ayatollah Khomeini. Under threat system, detachment and legality occur as major variables. Actions, events, writings, and vocalizations of main community figures are engaged to establish the inequality between intent and outcome of the Shah's policies, and between world views and consequent activities of the Shah and Khomeini. This paper also argues the nature of the rule of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, and into the role of Ayatollah Khomeini as voice of the opposition, charismatic leader, and as "prince" who legitimates his own threat system.

Psychiatric nosological historiography - Part II: psychopharmacology and somatogenic perspectives

Introduction: The history of psychiatry encompasses the evolving concepts about the relationship between body and mind and also of the definiton of normality, which depend on the knowledge and customs of different times and places. For a better understanding of this journey, this study privileged the presentation of the main influential figures on the construction of psychiatric nosology and classifications mainly unfolded on a descriptive or causal basis, from psychics or somatics driving, since the Western Renaissance. This article, the second in a two-part series, mainly discusses the importance of psychopharmacology for a better understanding of mental disorders and their classifications. Part one is a preamble to the historical development of the new nosography and psychopharmacology. Method: Narrative review based on secondary sources. Results: The current article illustrates how the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying mental illness improves, mainly employing the psychopharmacology that may lead to the reclassification of certain mental disorders. This natural reductionism view of the sciences must be in cooperation with an integrative understanding of the human being, as is customary in the humanities. Conclusion: The study of psychiatric nosohistoriography helps to understand the conceptual evolution of mental illnesses and the most recent importance of psychopharmacology for this.

Between Peretz Smolenskin and Ahad Ha’am: The Forgotten Historiography of the Jewish National Movement Hibbat Zion

Abstract When we study the Jewish-national historiography of the last quarter of the 19th century, there is a tendency to pass directly from Smolenskin’s doctrine to the Zionist-cultural approach of Ahad Ha’am and his students, omitting the works written in between. However, even before the emergence of Ahad Ha’am as a cultural icon in the Jewish national movement, some Hibbat Zion activists engaged in Hebrew cultural activities directed at shaping national Jewish consciousness. The main figures in this trend were Saul Pinchas Rabinowitz and Avraham Shalom Friedberg. Their world view was based on education that advocated proto-nationalism: Jewish solidarity, love of the Hebrew language, promoting Hebrew newspapers, and preserving Jewish tradition. To this they added settlement in Eretz Israel as a solution for the harsh conditions of the Jews in Russia. They edited literary and scientific collections in Hebrew and Jewish historiography and wrote historical monographs and biographies. In this way, they sought to introduce national historical protagonists instead of the Hasskala’s pantheon of historical characters to vividly illuminate periods of historical “golden ages” suited to the national ideology and teach the lesson of historical history—that Hibbat Zion is the solution to the plight of Jews and Judaism.