Main Battery Research Articles

Musculoskeletal predictors of non-contact injury in cricketers – Few and far between? A longitudinal cohort study

ObjectiveTo determine the musculoskeletal risk factors for injury amongst professional, domestic cricket players. DesignLongitudinal cohort study. SettingMedical suites associated with the respective cricket franchises. ParticipantsProfessional, domestic cricket players (n = 97). Main outcome measuresA pre-participatory musculoskeletal screening battery consisting of 21 tests including flexibility, neural tension, stability, strength, balance and pain provocation tests at the start of the cricket season. Non-contact, low back and lower limb (lower quarter) injuries were monitored throughout the season. Binary logistic regression and receiver operating curves were used to determine predictive value of each test. ResultsDuring the course of the cricket season, 38 of the 97 (39.2%) cricketers sustained a non-contact low back and/or lower limb injury. Increased hip internal rotation ROM on the dominant side (OR = 1.065; p = 0.036), no symptoms on active slump dominant side (OR = 0.289; p = 0.014), decreased combined elevation (OR = 0.934; p = 0.029), increased shoulder internal rotation ROM on the non-dominant side (OR = 1.022; p = 0.035) and increased GIRD (glenohumeral internal rotation deficit) (OR = 1.026; p = 0.042) predicted in-season non-contact lower quarter injuries. Although statistically significant, none of these variables were strong predictors of injury as shown by the logistic regression models (accuracy in classification rate: 59.8–62.9%), the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUC≤0.652) and the cut-off scores which revealed high sensitivity (68.4–86.8%), but low specificity (25.4–54.2%). ConclusionAlthough only a few of the many tests included in the battery showed predictive validity, the value of screening procedures should not be underestimated due to other benefits such as building patient rapport, identification of pre-existing injuries, establishing clinical and functional baselines upon which individualised management programmes can be based.

Disturbance of ecological balance of microbiocenosis in radioactively contaminated soils of Ukrainian Polissya

The consequences of the accumulation of anthropogenic radionuclides (RN) and their effect on the microbiocenosis of the Polissya soils for decades that have passed since the Chornobyl accident have been analyzed. The content of RN in the soil gradually decreases over time, but the process is very slow. The natural processes of the disintegration of the RN for decades since the Chornobyl accident have made significant adjustments to the structure of their distribution on the territory of Ukraine. The main battery RII remains the soil cover. The pH of the soil in the course of time gradually decreases, but the process is very slowly. The greatest sorption properties are characterized by black earth, and the smallest — peatlands. The soil cover for centuries has become the main reservoir of the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant and will continue to accumulate in the next several centuries, and the soil ecosystems undergo the greatest radiation pressure and 30 years later. Violation of.the ecological balance in nature led to changes in the microcenoses of the biosphere. The long-term consequences of the Chornobyl disaster for microbiota are very’ complex, they can be more dangerous than it seems today. After all, the consequence of the aftereffect is that the rate of change in populations of microorganisms is high enough due to the rapid pace of change in generations, compared with the rate of change in populations in plants and animals. Mechanisms of immobilization and mobilization of the RN of microorganisms — the most important moments of natural biogeochemical cycles. The distribution of microbiota on the profile of the soil, especially in the surface layer, the taxonomic composition and its functional diversity, has been changed with a number of ecological indexes.

CAN Communication Based Modular Type Battery Management System for Electric Vehicles

Lithium ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles. Although battery technology has been significantly improved, it does not fully meet the energy requirements of electric vehicles. Electric vehicle batteries are built by serial and parallel connections of many cells to provide sufficient power. Differences between cells during battery usage can shorten the battery life and even worse can cause fire and explosion. Therefore, there is a need for a battery management system to ensure that the voltage, temperature and current information of the battery cells are used as optimum conditions. Cell balancing should be used to ensure that the battery cells are charging simultaneously. Cell voltage and temperature are measured by connecting auxiliary slave board to each series battery pack. This information is controlled by a master board. In this application, the excess energy is converted to heat by the load resistor on the utility boards. Fuzzy logic control is used to control the load resistor with the switching element. The charge status of the battery was estimated using the main battery current and the mains voltage with the master board. This application has been tested on an electric vehicle. A low cost modular battery management system has been developed that can control the safe charging and discharging of the vehicle battery.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eie.24.3.20975

Dimensioning of a battery system to store energy from a hybrid PV/wind/diesel system at 3 kVA

Battery storage presents a considerable challenge in the development of hybrid PV/wind systems. In this work, we present a battery storage dimensioning for a hybrid PV/wind/diesel 3 kVA system. An economic study was carried out by fixing as a criterion the price minimization of one stored kWh. For this study we have taken into account the main battery technologies on the market: GEL batteries, AGM batteries, AGM deep cycle batteries, lithium-ion batteries and lithium iron phosphate batteries. In order to consider a realistic price, we have heeded losses in the battery. We have developed a suitable Matlab program allowing the price calculation of one stored kWh taking into account the battery losses. Two solutions have been identified.

A Neural-Network Approach for Modeling a Water-Distribution System

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 185678, “A Neural-Network Approach for Modeling a Water-Distribution System,” by Andrei S. Popa, Chevron; Conor O’Toole, University of Southern California; Juan Munoz, Steve Cassidy, and Dallas Tubbs, Chevron; and Iraj Ershaghi, University of Southern California, prepared for the 2017 SPE Western Regional Meeting, Bakersfield, California, USA, 23–27 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The authors present a new data-driven approach to estimate the injection rate in all noninstrumented wells in a large waterflooding operation accurately. The paper outlines the methodology and procedures used to analyze a branch of the water-network system and the modeling of accurate estimation of injection rates. The model performance is distinctive in its use of only field and wellhead measured data and considering the natural uncertainty inherited in these values. Introduction Lost Hills is a relatively large oil field located in western California. The field contains a significant amount of remaining producible reserves. There are six oil pools in five producing units of varying geologic age. The permeability of one of these units, the Monterey formation, is very low on the scale of millidarcies, which leads to lower production rates and even a very low recovery factor for the field. To address this challenge, a new expansion of the field was undertaken, with the introduction of waterflood development and close infill drilling. Lost Hills operations follow a basic injection-system setup of a typical water flood. Produced water is trans-ported to the water strain. After the filtration steps are complete, the polished water is pumped into a 20-in. trunk line to the main tank battery. From the main trunk line, the line is reduced to 16 in. and is dedicated to the northernmost portions of the fields. It then is further reduced to an 8-in. line to the western portion, where Header 43 (the subject of this study) is located. This type of system with two separate strings, more formally known as a dual-string injection system, has the advantage of being able to inject water into specific depths of the reservoir. Basic terminology for this type of system classifies the short string as surface casing and the long string as production tubing. Such a system might have the ability to inject at shallow depths by use of the short string, while producing from a deeper interval by use of the long string.

Nonlinear Controller Analysis of Fuel Cell–Battery–Ultracapacitor-based Hybrid Energy Storage Systems in Electric Vehicles

Rapidly depleting oil and natural gas resources, global warming issue, and depletion of fossil fuels are motivating the development of alternative technology for vehicular systems. Thus, an increasing number of studies have been conducted on fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). This paper proposes a modeling and nonlinear control for hybrid energy storage system (HESS) in FCEVs. HESS consists of fuel cell (FC) as the main source and battery and ultracapacitor (UC) as secondary sources. Each source is connected to DC bus via DC–DC converter: FC is connected to DC bus via boost converter, while battery and UC are connected to DC bus via buck–boost converter. Based on the nonlinear behavior of power sources and converters, a dynamic model of the system is developed. A nonlinear control technique based on Lyapunov theory is applied to meet the following requirements: (1) accurate DC bus voltage regulation and (2) rapid tracking of battery and UC current to their desired reference values. Both mathematical analysis and simulations are performed to prove the asymptotic convergence of the proposed controller. To verify the performance of the controller, simulations have been done on MATLAB/Simulink, which show that the proposed controller ensures the stability of closed loop system and meet all the control objectives.

Predictive control of commercial e-vehicle using a priori route information

The driving range of the vehicle is usually an issue due to the limited energy storage capacity of the acu-pack. Thus, the e-vehicle control towards energy consumption decrease is of extreme importance. The known information about route properties can be used to plan torque/braking profile in an optimal way. Several approaches are compared. The first is design approach based on model predictive control (MPC) in combination with prior (before the trip starts) dynamic optimisation, the other is model-predictive control using hard limits based on route shape analyses and legal limits. The classical, optimised PID control is used as reference driver. A detailed driving range estimation model of a Fiat Doblo e-vehicle is the basis, including the main e-vehicle subsystem 1D model, e-motor, battery pack, air-conditioning/heating and EVCU. The model calibration is based on real vehicle measurements.

Predictive control of commercial e-vehicle using a priori route information

The driving range of the vehicle is usually an issue due to the limited energy storage capacity of the acu-pack. Thus, the e-vehicle control towards energy consumption decrease is of extreme importance. The known information about route properties can be used to plan torque/braking profile in an optimal way. Several approaches are compared. The first is design approach based on model predictive control (MPC) in combination with prior (before the trip starts) dynamic optimisation, the other is model-predictive control using hard limits based on route shape analyses and legal limits. The classical, optimised PID control is used as reference driver. A detailed driving range estimation model of a Fiat Doblo e-vehicle is the basis, including the main e-vehicle subsystem 1D model, e-motor, battery pack, air-conditioning/heating and EVCU. The model calibration is based on real vehicle measurements.

Clinical Tests Have Limited Predictive Value for Chronic Ankle Instability When Conducted in the Acute Phase of a First-Time Lateral Ankle Sprain Injury

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether a battery of clinical assessments for acute lateral ankle sprain (LAS) can be used to predict long-term recovery. DesignCohort study. SettingUniversity biomechanics laboratory. ParticipantsIndividuals (N=82) were assessed using a clinical test battery within 2 weeks of incurring a first-time LAS. InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresThe clinical test battery included scores on the talar glide test (degrees), the anterior drawer, talar tilt, figure of 8 for swelling (millimeters) and knee to wall (millimeters) tests, and handheld goniometric range of motion (inversion, eversion, and plantarflexion [in degrees]). Scores on the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool taken 12 months after the clinical test battery were used to classify participants as having chronic ankle instability (CAI) or as being LAS copers. ResultsForty percent of participants were designated as having CAI, with 60% being designated as LAS copers. A logistic regression analysis revealed that a combined model using scores from the talar glide, talar tilt, and anterior drawer tests in addition to plantarflexion range of motion was statistically significant (P<.01) and correctly classified cases with moderate accuracy (68.8%). The final model had moderate sensitivity (64%) and good specificity (72%). ConclusionsThe clinical tests used in this investigation have limited predictive value for CAI when conducted in the acute phase of a first-time LAS injury.

A Real Model of a Micro-Grid to Improve Network Stability

This paper discusses the smart energy model of a smart grid using a significant share of renewable energy sources combined with intelligent control that processes information from a smart metering subsystem. An algorithm to manage the microgrid via the demand-response strategy is proposed, accentuating the requirement that the total volume of energy produced from renewable sources is consumed. Thus, the system utilizes the maximum of renewable sources to reduce CO2 emissions. Another major benefit provided by the algorithm lies in applying the current weather forecast to predict the amount of energy in the grid; electricity can then be transferred between the local and the main backup batteries within the grid, and this option enables the control elements to prepare for a condition yet to occur. Individual parts of the grid are described in this research report together with the results provided by the relevant algorithm.

Hybrid Fuel Cell/Battery Source Sizing and Energy Management for Automotive Applications

This paper deals with a sizing and Energy Management Strategy (EMS) of a hybrid source composed by a Fuel Cell as a main source and battery pack as a secondary one for automotive application. The fuel cell is connected via a DC/DC boost converter to DC link and a bidirectional DC/DC converter is used to connect the batteries to the DC link. A sizing algorithm is used to determine the hybrid source sizes. The simulations results confirm the benefits of hybridization in term of weight, volume, cost and hydrogen consumption. Furthermore, an Energy Management strategy based on frequency splitting is used to split the power between the Fuel Cell and the battery pack by determining the power profile of each one. The proposed strategy shows good performances through the simulation resultsMoreover, it is validated experimentally via a test bench of 750 W using tow cycles. Experimental results confirm the efficiency, robustness and stability of the proposed approach regrading dynamic performances during power demand, and regenerative braking.

Objective Versus Subjective Measures of Executive Functions: Predictors of Participation and Quality of Life in Parkinson Disease?

ObjectivesTo determine whether objective (neuropsychological tests) and subjective measures (questionnaires) of executive functions (EFs) are associated in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), and to determine to what extent level of participation and quality of life (QoL) of patients with PD can be predicted by these measures of EFs. DesignCorrelational research design (case-control and prediction design). SettingDepartments of neuropsychology of 3 medical centers. ParticipantsA sample (N=136) of patients with PD (n=42) and their relatives, and controls without PD (n=94). InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresA test battery measuring EFs. In addition, patients, their relatives, and controls completed the Dysexecutive Questionnaire, Brock Adaptive Functioning Questionnaire, and Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale – time management questionnaires measuring complaints about EFs. Participation and QoL were measured with the Impact on Participation and Autonomy scale and the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39, respectively. ResultsPatients with PD showed impairments in EFs on objective tests and reported significantly more complaints about EFs than did controls without PD. No associations were found between patients' performances on objective and subjective measures of EFs. However, both objective and subjective measures predicted patients' level of participation. In addition, subjective measures of EFs predicted QoL in patients with PD. ConclusionsThese findings show that objective and subjective measures of EFs are not interchangeable and that both approaches predict level of participation and QoL in patients with PD. However, within this context, sex needs to be taken into account.

Association of Neuromuscular Attributes With Performance-Based Mobility Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Symptomatic Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

ObjectivesTo identify differences in health factors, neuromuscular attributes, and performance-based mobility among community-dwelling older adults with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis; and to determine which neuromuscular attributes are associated with performance-based measures of mobility. DesignCross-sectional; secondary data analysis of a cohort study. SettingOutpatient rehabilitation center. ParticipantsCommunity-dwelling adults aged ≥65 years with self-reported mobility limitations and symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis (N=54). InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresShort Physical Performance Battery score, habitual gait speed, and chair stand test. ResultsSymptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis was classified using self-reported symptoms of neurogenic claudication and imaging. Among 430 community-dwelling older adults, 54 (13%) met criteria for symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis. Compared with participants without symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis, those with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis had more comorbidities, higher body mass index, greater pain, and less balance confidence. Participants with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis had greater impairment in trunk extensor muscle endurance, leg strength, leg strength asymmetry, knee flexion range of motion (ROM), knee extension ROM, and ankle ROM compared with participants without symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis. Five neuromuscular attributes were associated with performance-based mobility among participants with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: trunk extensor muscle endurance, leg strength, leg strength asymmetry, knee flexion ROM, and knee extension ROM asymmetry. ConclusionsCommunity-dwelling older adults with self-reported mobility limitations and symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis exhibit poorer health characteristics, greater neuromuscular impairment, and worse mobility when compared with those without symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis. Poorer trunk extensor muscle endurance, leg strength, leg strength asymmetry, knee flexion ROM, and knee extension ROM asymmetry were associated with performance-based mobility among participants with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis.

Nominal energy optimisation method of constrained battery packs through the iteration of the series-parallel topology

Summary The design of a battery pack commonly deals with high performance goals and challenging constraints in terms of cost, volume or weight. One of the most crucial variables to maximise is the nominal energy, which depends on the number of discrete battery cells that can be allocated and their individual technical specifications. This work proposes a systematic method to optimise the nominal energy of a constrained battery pack from the perspective of the series-parallel topology. A mathematical and graphical characterisation is presented on how the main battery's variables are related to a topology bounded to discretisation procedures. It was theoretically found that the effects of rounding the values of the topology may lead to a considerable loss of potential nominal energy, a risk that increases linearly with the number of series. The behaviour of the battery is assessed under nominal conditions and under the event of a cell failure. The theoretical analysis suggests that the detrimental effects due to an open-circuit increase as the number of series increases, while it is the opposite in the case of a shorted cell. The method is satisfactorily implemented in the development of two different battery packs for solar competition cars with limiting regulations. The candidate topologies outperformed the nominal energy of topologies defined without the method in up to 5%. It was also found that selecting an energy-maximising topology is not always the most convenient choice, because other variables may be of interest and are dependent on the topology as well. The method is of great use to guide the topology definition process in early theoretical stages, which is usually a compromise between allocating as much cells as possible within constraints, and approaching other performance goals such as a given nominal voltage or capacity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Racial-Ethnic Differences in Word Fluency and Auditory Comprehension Among Persons With Poststroke Aphasia

ObjectivesTo examine aphasia outcomes and to determine whether the observed language profiles vary by race-ethnicity. DesignRetrospective cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of persons of with aphasia (PWA) obtained from AphasiaBank, a database designed for the study of aphasia outcomes. SettingAphasia research laboratories. ParticipantsPWA (N=381; 339 white and 42 black individuals). InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresWestern Aphasia Battery–Revised (WAB-R) total scale score (Aphasia Quotient) and subtest scores were analyzed for racial-ethnic differences. The WAB-R is a comprehensive assessment of communication function designed to evaluate PWA in the areas of spontaneous speech, auditory comprehension, repetition, and naming in addition to reading, writing, apraxia, and constructional, visuospatial, and calculation skills. ResultsIn univariate comparisons, black PWA exhibited lower word fluency (5.7 vs 7.6; P=.004), auditory word comprehension (49.0 vs 53.0; P=.021), and comprehension of sequential commands (44.2 vs 52.2; P=.012) when compared with white PWA. In multivariate comparisons, adjusted for age and years of education, black PWA exhibited lower word fluency (5.5 vs 7.6; P=.015), auditory word recognition (49.3 vs 53.3; P=.02), and comprehension of sequential commands (43.7 vs 53.2; P=.017) when compared with white PWA. ConclusionsThis study identified racial-ethnic differences in word fluency and auditory comprehension ability among PWA. Both skills are critical to effective communication, and racial-ethnic differences in outcomes must be considered in treatment approaches designed to improve overall communication ability.

(Invited) In-Situ Analysis of Lithium Ion Batteries

Twenty-five years have passed since the first lithium ion battery (LIB) was commercialized, which work on the basis of ion shuttle mechanisms. Reactions in LIBs are very simple at first glance; insertion and extraction of Li+at positive and negative electrodes, and electron transfer occurs through a schottky contact between current collectors and active masses. When we look insight of the reaction, the situation is not so simple as the first glance. Even during insertion and extraction of positive ions, i.e. Li+, charge neutrality through the system must be retained, which means that the valences of the elements, mainly transition metals, composing the host lattice must change during the reaction. The valence change causes structural changes in the lattice, namely, phase transition should occur.Carbon materials, generally graphite, are used as the negative active mass in LIB. The fully charged state of graphite shows the potential as low as that of lithium metal, 90 – 200 mV vs Li/Li+. Organic species composing the electrolyte and binder of LIB are inherently unstable against such reductive circumstances. Nevertheless LIB shows stable and long life compared with other rechargeable batteries and is now produced in an enormous scale and widely used. This is due to the surface stabilization of the graphite negative electrode by the formation of a passivating film called SEI.Its energy density has increased over twice since the commercialization. There remain some issues to enhance the property and extend the application of LIBs.Innovation in materials for LIB is essential for advancing LIB properties but it is no less important to clarify reactions occurring in LIBs. The latter would supply information and cues to develop innovative materials for future LIBs.Reactions proceeding inside LIB range widely in scale of time and space. A variety of analytical technologies including FT-IR, Raman, SPM, NMR, SR-X-ray diffraction and absorption, neutron diffraction, SEM, TEM, EC-MS have been developed and used to elucidate reactions inside LIBs in situ and ex situ.The author’s group has developed some of these technologies, some of that are summarized and explained here.There are plenty of analytical technologies further-more that have high potential for clarifying reactions of batteries. Main battery reactions should be focused and in addition to the main reactions side reactions and slow reactions that give major influences on life and safety of battery required to be solved. Each analytical technology has some merits and demerits in focusing on reactions to be clarified. Adequate technologies should be selected depending on the phenomena to be solved. Figure 1

The structure and control method of hybrid power source for electric vehicle

In this paper, an electric vehicle powertrain configuration is presented, which the lithium-ion battery integrated with ultracapacitors is developed as the hybrid power system to improve the transient performance of an electric vehicle, and to decrease the damage to the battery pack. In the proposed system, a bidirectional direct current/direct current converter is used to couple the ultracapacitors bank to the main battery pack. The energy management strategy based on fuzzy logic for hybrid power system has been proposed to promote the performance of energy flow in the electric vehicle. The experiment results in urban driving cycles show remarkable advantages of the proposed hybrid system configuration and energy management strategy. About 30% of the battery capacity energy is saved while using the hybrid power source. Besides, the voltage and current curves of battery become smoother than that with the single power.

Application of a battery energy storage for frequency regulation and peak shaving in a wind diesel power system

This study presents the modelling and dynamic simulation of a high penetration wind diesel power system (WDPS) consisting of a diesel generator (DG), a wind turbine generator (WTG), consumer load, dump load and a battery energy storage system (BESS). First the WDPS architecture and the models of the WDPS components are described. The WDPS is simulated in wind-only (WO) mode where the DG is not running and the WTG supply active power and in wind-diesel (WD) mode where both DG and WTG supply power. The simulation results are given showing graphs of the main electric variables in the WDPS (system frequency and voltage and active power in each component) and main battery variables (current, voltage and state of charge). The results in the WO mode show how the BESS, under the command of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, supplies/stores active power to regulate the isolated system frequency. The WD control enables the BESS to smooth the load and wind power variations, so that the isolated system power quality is improved. Also it is shown in the WD mode a peak shaving application where the control orders the BESS to supply active power temporarily to support system frequency in a DG overload situation.

Designing an Optimal Fuzzy Controller for a Fuel Cell Vehicle Considering Driving Patterns

Design of an optimal fuzzy scheme, for a fuel cell/battery vehicle to control the power flow between the main components, fuel cell, electric motor, and battery, at various driving conditions is considered in this paper. For this purpose, firstly, the optimum sizes of the main components are calculated by means of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Subsequently, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is devised for the control of the power flow. Finally, the FLC is optimized for various driving patterns and an optimal control scheme, based on PSO application, is proposed for energy management of the fuel cell vehicle (FCV) at various traffic conditions. In each one of the mentioned stages, the same optimization process is conducted by applying genetic algorithm (GA) for comparison with the result of the PSO. The results of the computer simulation are compared over diverse driving conditions. The results give an acceptable indication of progress in fuel economy at various driving patterns, using the proposed optimal fuzzy controller.

Dynamic modeling and nonlinear control of fuel cell vehicles with different hybrid power sources

This paper presents a detailed nonlinear study of a hybrid power source (HPS) and powertrain topology in fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Two type of HPSs are consisted and compared; 1) fuel cell (FC) as the main source, and ultracapacitor (UC) as the auxiliary sources, 2) FC as the main source, and battery and UC as the auxiliary sources. A DC/DC boost converter interfaces between FC and Dc-Link, and two buck-boost converters connect UC and battery to DC-Link respectively. Dynamic model of FCEVs with different HPS are developed based on the nonlinear behavior of subsystems. The main purpose is to design a controller for simultaneous control of DC/DC converters. This paper proposes a nonlinear control approach based on Lyapunov theory to insure following control objectives: 1- regulation of the DC-link voltage, 2- definition of FC reference current, 3- impeccable tracking of power sources' reference currents. The asymptotic stability of the closed-loop systems are also insured in various conditions. The performance of the proposed controllers is validated and compared via numerical simulations. The simulation results show that the UC and battery can assist the FC to meet the load demand and improve its performance.