Main Battery Research Articles

Incorporated Operation Control of DC Microgrid and Electric Vehicle

This paper presents the establishment and operation control of a dc microgrid incorporating with electric vehicle (EV) as movable energy storage. The developed microgrid consists of a wind permanent-magnet synchronous generator ac source and a dc source, a battery/supercapacitor (SC)/flywheel hybrid energy storage system, and a grid-connected bidirectional single-phase three-wire (1P3W) load inverter. Various harvested ac and dc sources can be plugged into the microgrid via the developed interfaced power converters. In addition to good microgrid operation performance, the microgrid-to-grid and grid-to-microgrid operations can be successfully conducted with good power quality. As to the developed EV interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor drive, the SC auxiliary storage is equipped to assist the main battery source in intermittent energy conversion. Satisfactory acceleration/deceleration/reversible and regenerative braking operation characteristics are obtained via the developed power stages and control schemes. Moreover, the successful microgrid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-microgrid interconnected operations of EV and microgrid are achieved. In addition, the vehicle-to-grid/grid-to-vehicle operations can be also performed via the developed 1P3W inverter.

Mechanical Engineering of Leg Joints of Anthropomorphic Robot

The problem of design engineering of anthropomorphic robot legs is considered. An overview of the existing anthropomorphic robots and an analysis of servomechanisms and bearing parts involved in the assembly of robot legs are presented. We propose an option for constructing the legs of the robot Antares under development. A two-motor layout, used in the knee, ensures higher joint power along with independent interaction with the neighboring upper and lower leg joints when bending. To reduce the electrical load on the main battery of the robot, the upper legs are provided with a mounting pad for additional batteries powering servos. Direct control of the servos is also carried out through the sub-controllers, responsible for all 6 engines installed in the articular joints of the robot legs.

Measuring Consumer Innovativeness: Identifying Innovators among Consumers of Modern Technologies

The methods currently used in innovation marketing research are focused on the late phases of the innovation process and are usually methodologically complex. This limits their practical impact. The presented work aims to create a simple self-report scale applicable in the initial and late phases of the innovation process, highly modular and suitable for a wide range of research. The main battery of questions was inspired by the adopter categorization by Rogers. The questions determine both (1) general characteristics of innovation adopters and (2) their relationship to a specific innovation. The scale was tested during robust longitudinal online research, thematically focused on users of modern technologies. A representative sample of 4,000 Internet users in the Czech Republic took part in the survey from 2013 to 2015. The result is a new self-report scale measuring consumer innovativeness applicable for prototyping, strategic decisions and effective communication of innovations to consumers.

Social Cognitive Correlates of Physical Activity in Black Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis

ObjectiveTo examine variables from social cognitive theory as correlates of physical activity in black and white individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). DesignCross-sectional. SettingNational survey. ParticipantsBlack (n=151) and white (n=185) individuals with MS were recruited through the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis Registry. InterventionNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresThe battery of questionnaires included information on demographic and clinical characteristics, physical activity, exercise self-efficacy, function, social support, exercise outcome expectations, and exercise goal setting and planning. ResultsBlack individuals with MS reported significantly lower levels of physical activity compared with white individuals with MS. Physical activity levels were significantly correlated with self-efficacy, outcome expectations, functional limitations as impediments, and goal setting in black participants with MS. The pattern and magnitude of correlations were comparable with those observed in white participants based on Fisher z tests. ConclusionsResearchers should consider applying behavioral interventions that target social cognitive theory variables for increasing physical activity levels among black individuals with MS.

An Easy-To-Assemble Three-Part Galvanic Cell

The galvanic cell presented in this article is made of only three parts, is easy to assemble, and can light a red light emitting diode (LED). The three cell components consist of a piece of paper with copper sulfate, a piece of paper with sodium sulfate, and a piece of magnesium ribbon. Within less than 1 h, students have time to discuss the function of the main battery parts, construct the cell, and test it with a LED. This low cost laboratory activity is suited to most general chemistry curricula.

Charging Method for the Secondary Battery in Dual-Inverter Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles

A dual-inverter with an open-end winding motor configuration is an attractive method to supply a higher voltage to a motor for electric vehicle (EV) applications. A topology utilizing two isolated dc sources is considered to reap the advantages of reliability and high voltage. Although this design may require two battery chargers, in this study, the use of only one charger to a main battery was considered. The central issue is to charge the secondary battery from the main battery via the motor, whether it is at a standstill or running. The inverter voltage margin remaining after motor torque production determines the charging capacity. The unity-power-factor operation is shown to be useful to maximize the charging power. Simulations and experiments are presented that show the validity of the proposed scheme.

2P10 sustina-Hybrid, EV-E301 and HB-E210(Shotgun Session)

The reasons of manufacturing the sustina-Hybrid vehicles are originated from the Kyoto Protocol. In the present situations where global warming is ongoing, there is rising consciousness for environmental protection on a global basis, and therefore there are increasing countries and regions which aim to save energy, reduce CO_2 emissions and achieve a low carbon society. According to such background, we built the vehicles of two series; i.e., an accumulator-type vehicle with a combination of main circuit batteries and pantographs, and a vehicle with a combination of main circuit batteries and engine and a generator. Further, each of the system configurations was realized due to the development of main circuit batteries (lithium-ion secondary batteries) and the development of control management. Also as a result of the progress of power electronics and control technology in the field of inverters, these sustina-Hybrid vehicles were completed. Described herein are the features of the sustina-Hybrid vehicles.

Sampling based State of Health estimation methodology for Li-ion batteries

Storage and management of energy is becoming a more and more important problem every day, especially for electric and hybrid vehicle applications. Li-ion battery is one of the most important technological alternatives for high capacity energy storage and related industrial applications. State of Health (SoH) of Li-ion batteries plays a critical role in their deployment from economic, safety, and availability aspects. Most, if not all, of the studies related to SoH estimation focus on the measurement of a new parameter/physical phenomena related to SoH, or development of new statistical/computational methods using several parameters. This paper presents a new approach for SoH estimation for Li-ion battery systems with multiple battery cells: The main idea is a new circuit topology which enables separation of battery cells into two groups, main and test batteries, whenever a SoH related measurement is to be conducted. All battery cells will be connected to the main battery during the normal mode of operation. When a measurement is needed for SoH estimation, some of the cells will be separated from the main battery, and SoH estimation related measurements will be performed on these units. Compared to classical SoH measurement methods which deal with whole battery system, the proposed method estimates the SoH of the system by separating a small but representative set of cells. While SoH measurements are conducted on these isolated cells, remaining cells in the main battery continue to function in normal mode, albeit in slightly reduced performance levels. Preliminary experimental results are quite promising, and validate the feasibility of the proposed approach. Technical details of the proposed circuit architecture are also summarized in the paper.

Development of Fuzzy Logic Controller for DC-DC Converter in Electric Vehicle

This paper presents a power converter for an electric vehicle (EV) as a battery charger. An isolated DC-DC converter topology is used in order to convert the high voltage in the main battery (96V), to low voltage (12V) which is an auxiliary battery for use to power up standard accessories in EV. Many topologies have been proposed for such applications. In this paper, an isolated current-fed full bridge buck converter with a combination of fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and PWM voltage mode controller is proposed. Being free of complex equations and heavy computations, the controller is expected to control converters that operate at high frequencies. Finally, the converter circuit is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to verify the performance of the closed-loop control of the power converter in respect of start-up transient, load regulation, reference voltage, V ref variation and line regulation.

A Practical Framework for Self-Stabilization in Service-based Mobile Ecosystem *

Mobile devices are widely accepted as a convergence machine, which provides both cell phone capability and a lightweight computing capability. However, mobile devices have a major drawback of limited computing power and resources such as main memory and battery life. Service-based mobile applications are emerged as an efficient solution to overcome this limitation of mobile devices. On the other hand, with the advent of more powerful mobile devices, mobile devices are actively participating as computer nodes and performing enterprise functionality. In this paper, we present a practical framework for dynamically deploying services. With the ever increasing computing power of mobile devices, we project that mobile devices can also be used as computer nodes deploying services. A number of benefits for deploying services on mobile devices existed. In this paper, we define an ecosystem for service-based mobile computing, and present techniques for dynamically deploying services on station nodes and mobile nodes, which are challenging problems. By applying dynamical deployment of services on both station and mobile nodes, the overall quality of the ecosystem can be consistently maintained.

Improved Design of General Layout on Wide Format Thermal Transfer Printing Equipment

The wide format thermal transfer printing equipment (WFTTPE) was used for producing banners in advertising. The general layout and structure of WFTTPE were introduced and analyzed. The left box and right box have been reduced to decrease occupied areas in improved layout. The discharge smoke module has been added to reduce harmful smoke. Bearing block and bearing have been moved to the left side of support plate to dismantle easy. The location of DC motor, main control circuit board, storage battery, control panel and equipment nameplate have been adjusted with new layout adjustment of WFTTPE. The result showed that the occupied areas of WFTTPE had been reduced by one-third, and the concentration of indoor harmful smoke has been reduced by two-third. The actual applications showed that the lifetime of T6214 bearing could reach 12 months at least while the 61914 bearing lost efficacy mean three months.

Nonlinear Control of a Satellite Electrical Power System Based on the Sliding Mode Control

The power electronic interface between a satellite electrical power system (EPS) with a photovoltaic main source and battery storage as the secondary power source is modelled based on the state space averaging method. Subsequently, sliding mode controller is designed for maximum power point tracking of the PV array and load voltage regulation. Asymptotic stability is ensured as well. Simulation of the EPS is accomplished using MATLAB. The results show that the outputs of the EPS have good tracking response, low overshoot, short settling time, and zero steady-state error. The proposed controller is robust to environment changes and load variations. Afterwards, passivity based controller is provided to compare the results with those of sliding mode controller responses. This comparison demonstrates that the proposed system has better transient response, and unlike passivity based controller, the proposed controller does not require reference PV current for control law synthesis.

Mathematical Model of Oceanographic Buoy Solar Energy Power Source Design Based on Double Batteries

To implement the objective of steady operation of the marine observation buoy system on the sea throughout the year,based on energy balance between supply and demand, this paper presents the mathematical model of solar energy power supply system derived from double batteries switching technology. The batteries are divided into main batteries and auxiliary batteries. The main batteries are used regularly and the auxiliary batteries are used in periodic rainy weather. The main advantage of this model is that the capacity of auxiliary batteries can be dynamic calculated based on the numbers of maximum continuous rainy days and minimum intervals between rainy days. The batteries capacity is sufficient but not redundant. This design project has been tested on marine buoy and the accuracy of the model is splendid for most engineering projects.

Experimental Verification of Electric Vehicle Using Electric Double Layer Capacitor

Abstract – This paper discusses to conduct experimental verification of two types of micro electric vehicles (EV) in order to realize improvement in electric mileage and shorten a charging time of the battery. First, electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) systems to use as a secondary battery are proposed. The internal resistance of EDLC is small compared with a rechargeable battery, and it is suitable for momentary charge-discharge of EV. Next, control circuits of the capacitors to increase the regenerative electric power are utilized. Then, a novel method to charge a main battery of the EV is introduced. Finally, experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. Keywords: E l ec t riVh ,ED oub L ay Cp ( ) Rg n v P w 1. Introduction Recently, electric vehicles research and development has been investigated in order to solve the problem of global warming and fossil fuel depletion. EV does not emit exhaust gas at the time of driving. Motor toque generates fast and accurate, and it can be measured precisely. Thus, the major advantages of electric drives are the effective control traction force applied between the tire and the road surface [1]-[3]. However, range between recharges of EV is shorter than internal-combustion engine car, because EV cannot load many batteries from restrictions of weight of vehicle or capacity. And, charging time of EV is longer than refueling time of internal-combustion engine car. Here, this paper verify new charger which employ a new charging method (Advanced I.C&C Technique) developed by Techno Core International Co., Ltd to shorten the charging time [4]. And then, this paper presents applications of Electric Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC) into rechargeable batteries [5], [6]. For example, the electric vehicle Capacitor COMS, which has only EDLC as the electric energy source, has been reported in the literatures [7] and [8]. Since EDLC is based on a physical reaction and the resistance is also small, the electric capacity is large and it is possible to charge and discharge rapidly compared with rechargeable batteries. In this research, EDLC is connected in parallel with main rechargeable battery in order to reduce the electricity consumption of the battery and increase regenerative power from the driving motor. Finally, experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method by two types of micro EVs (COMS LONG and e-ZONE).

Design manufacturing integration and flight testing of a health monitoring system for a prototype unmanned airborne vehicle

This article describes the design, development, build and flight testing of a health monitoring system for the landing gear and the electrical power system on board the Demon prototype unmanned airborne vehicle. Demon is a flying technology demonstrator which successfully flew in September 2010. The Demon can achieve pitch and roll control without the use of hinged control surfaces, by instead using fluidic devices based on the Coanda effect, attaining low-maintenance, high-manoeuvrability operations. A vehicle health monitoring system was added on board between the first and the second flight test campaigns. The integration of the health monitoring system into the vehicle is discussed as a whole. The key health monitoring sub-systems include data logging and real-time measurement of several parameters. This includes systems to measure Voltage and current from the main batteries, landing gear stress, suspension travel, wheel hub acceleration and shock absorber pressure. Wherever possible, the use of commercially available components was maximised to minimise development time and cost. Some example results of system health monitoring during flight trials are presented.

Somatosensation assessment using the NIH Toolbox

Touch sensation is one element of sensory function. As such, somatosensation is one of the sensory domains included in the NIH Toolbox, which is an assessment battery for measuring a range of human functions including emotional health, sensation, cognition, and motor function. We evaluated a variety of methods for inclusion in the NIH Toolbox main battery. In a convenience sample of 409 participants, we evaluated aspects of kinesthesia, pain, and tactile discrimination. We present results on these measures across the lifespan and discuss implications for future studies that use the NIH Toolbox and these measures.

A Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine the Effect of a Model of Restorative Home Care on Physical Function and Social Support Among Older People

ObjectiveTo determine the impact of a restorative model of home care on social support and physical function among community-dwelling older people. DesignCluster-randomized controlled trial. SettingHome care in an urban area. ParticipantsParticipants (N=205) were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n=108; mean age, 79.1y; 71.3% women; 81.5% New Zealand European [NZE]; 50.8% residing in areas of the highest levels of social deprivation) or a usual care group (n=97; mean age, 76.9y; 60.8% women; 73.2% NZE; 53.5% in the highest levels of social deprivation). InterventionParticipants randomly assigned to the intervention group completed a goal facilitation tool with a needs assessor to determine their needs and to establish the aims for the episode of care. Services were structured according to the principles of restorative home care (independence focused with individually tailored activity programs). Usual care participants received a standard needs assessment that informed the delivery of home care services. Main Outcome MeasuresShort Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Dukes Social Support Index (DSSI). ResultsThere was greater change over time in physical function (measured by SPPB: F=8.30, P=.003) but no associated increase in social support (as determined by DSSI: F=2.58, P=.09). ConclusionsSignificant improvements in physical function were observed after a period of restorative home care services. The absence of an associated change in social support may have been the result of a combination of factors, including the threshold of physical function required for community ambulation, the low rate of allied health service provision, and the time required to reestablish social ties. The findings contribute to a greater understanding of factors necessary to refocus home-based services to emphasize improvements in physical function and independence.

Perinatal and neonatal predictors of developmental coordination disorder in very low birthweight children

ObjectiveTo identify perinatal and neonatal risk factors associated with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) in very low birthweight children (VLBW: <1250 g).DesignRetrospective design with prospectively collected cohort.SettingNeonatal Follow-Up Program, Vancouver, Canada.Patients157...

Associations between executive function and physical function poststroke: a pilot study

ObjectivesAssociations between executive function and physical function poststroke have not been extensively studied. More complex physiotherapy interventions poststroke require a greater degree of cognitive ability, especially executive function. This pilot study aimed to inform the methodology of a larger study by examining the associations between executive function and the performance of basic and complex gait tasks in people poststroke. DesignA cross-sectional pilot study was conducted in a convenience sample of 20 participants recruited from a community-based voluntary stroke organisation and from the outpatient services of two urban hospitals. Main outcome measuresA battery of tests was used to measure executive function (Trail Making Test, Stroop Word-Colour Test, Zoo Map test, Frontal Assessment Battery and Digit Span backward test). Basic and complex 10metre gait tests were used to mimic aspects of physiotherapy intervention poststroke. Other measures included the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Motor Assessment Scale (MAS). ResultsObservational comparisons between participant executive function scores and age- and/or education-matched normative data demonstrated that executive dysfunction ranged between 55% and 100%. Poorer performance in measures of executive function was more frequently associated with poorer performance in complex gait tests compared with basic gait tests. The MAS was not significantly associated with any measure of executive function. ConclusionsExecutive dysfunction is a common sequel poststroke which may negatively affect physical performance. Physiotherapists should consider executive dysfunction when developing rehabilitation strategies to improve physical function poststroke.

Intelligent control of hybrid photo voltaic/fuel cell/energy storage power generation system

This paper proposes a control strategy for hybrid power generation systems including fuel cell and photovoltaic as the main energy sources and battery energy storage as the auxiliary power source. The overall configuration of the hybrid power generation system is given, dynamic models for the fuel cell, photovoltaic and battery bank and its power electronic interfacing are briefly described, and controller design methodologies for the power conditioning units and power sources to control the power flow from the hybrid power plant to the utility grid are presented. Then, a control strategy is presented for designing the controllers of power sources, DC/DC and DC/AC converters, to manage the power flow both on the DC and AC sides. Simulation results are given to show the overall system performance including load-following and power management of the system.