M30 Grade Research Articles

Dual behavior of attached mortar on recycled concrete aggregate

The paper presents a new technique to understand the behavior of attached mortar (AM) on the recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in the design of concrete mixes for different replacement ratios. In this technique, the attached mortar has been considered part of both, i.e., fine aggregate and coarse aggregate simultaneously; thus, the method is named “Dual Behaviour of Attached Mortar Method” (DBAMM). Only one aggregate type has been adopted from various iterations, considering the attached mortar as 100% fine aggregate (FA). A total of 9 mixes for M30, M40, and M60 grades of concrete have been prepared for replacement ratios of 20%, 50%, and 70%. For each mix, 6 cubes, 6 cylinders, and 3 beams have been tested. For each mix, its slump value, compressive strength (7 and 28 days), Schmidt hammer test, UPV test, and split and flexural tensile strength after 28 days have been measured. Each mix has been successfully tested for the properties mentioned above. Mix prepared for higher strength showed better results as compared to that of concrete with lower strength.

To Study the Properties of Concrete Mix on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Burnt Bricks

These days, materials such as over-burned bricks blast are employed as an alternative to coarse aggregates. This paper investigates the physical features of concrete formed with burned bricks blast. Natural rock is by far the most common coarse aggregate used in concrete, however not all types of rock appropriate for concrete production are available everywhere. Due to a paucity of aggregate from natural sources in India's north-eastern states, brick aggregate concrete is commonly utilised for ordinary concrete. Due to advancements in concrete technology and to meet the requirements for durability, As a result of the need to utilise standard concrete, which only uses stone aggregate, construction costs have increased as materials are carried from other states. Making good quality concrete with the finest sand (grading zone – IV as per Indian code IS:383-1970) is difficult enough, but the natural coarse aggregate is scarce locally. Burnt brick aggregate has a high-water absorption rate (12 to 20% by mass), which makes it difficult to utilise in practical work. As a result, an attempt has been made to provide a viable solution for real-world use. To test various strength characteristics, an experimental investigation was done. In our project, waste material was employed as a coarse aggregate while simultaneously keeping the strength of the concrete. The effects of a percentage replacement of stone aggregates with burn brick aggregates on the compressive strength of concrete are presented in this study. Concrete cubes of M25 grade samples containing various percentages of brick aggregate, such as 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, are made 7-, 14-, and 28-days tests were performed.

Effective utilization of waste paper sludge ash as a supplementary material for cement

One of the main causes of carbon dioxide emissions, along with deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels, is the manufacture of cement. Another significant user of natural, untapped resources is the manufacture of concrete. About 7% of the planet's greenhouse gas emissions come from the cement industry. To address the environmental effects of cement manufacturing and the continued loss of natural resources, finding an alternative binding ingredient is vital to establish a sustainable concrete industry. This study shows how to combine waste paper sludge ash with various cement ratios to produce low-cost concrete. Waste paper sludge ash was used as an extra cementitious ingredient as a novel replacement for traditional concrete. In the current experiment, waste paper sludge ash was used as partial replacement of different proportions of (2.5%,5% and 7.5 %) to cement in concrete of M25 grade to test and study its durability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength at 28 days. Using the results as a guide, it was found that waste paper sludge ash can replace cement up to 5% by weight. Test results show that adding waste paper sludge as a partial replacement of cement in concrete improved the performance of concrete in terms of strength.

Experimental investigation on utilization of used foundry sand in concrete as fine aggregate

In controlled laboratory experiments, the use of foundry sand as fine aggregate in concrete was investigated. Lab investigations were done. It was a component of a larger investigation. Different concrete mixtures required varying quantities of reclaimed foundry sand. This substituted for powdered aggregates. 0 % (combination of the control) to 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %. The concentration of the control mixture was 0 %. The workability, compressive strength, and flexural strength of concrete mixtures were tested and analysed. 30 % recycled foundry sand increased the compressive strength of the control mixture by over 35 %. The result of comparing them was this conclusion. The majority of industrial detritus used to produce cement and concrete for construction has been included. Included are cement and concrete. Recently, many of these byproducts have been acknowledged. Used foundry sand, a byproduct of the foundry industry, may be substituted for fine aggregates in the construction industry. Recent research supports this conclusion. Constantly on the lookout for new waste-reduction strategies, construction companies are constantly innovating. This is as a result of the construction industry's ongoing pursuit of sustainable methods. As a partial replacement for concrete, this study utilised M20 grade concrete and ancient foundry sand in varying concentrations. Comparing the results of these experiments. The results were compared to a standard concrete mixture used as a control.

An experimental analysis on the replacement of fine aggregate by manufacture sand

In the present period, the lack of availability of natural fine aggregate is one of the most significant challenges facing the Indian building sector. Cement, sand, and aggregate are the three major ingredients used to produce conventional concrete. Due to the wide diversity of particles used in the creation of concrete, each of which contributes a varied amount of strength to the finished product, the strength of concrete can vary significantly from batch to batch. As a result of the growth in construction activity, natural sand is in short supply, forcing individuals to search for a suitable substitute. This demand has caused the price of natural sand to increase. Crushing natural stone to produce artificial sand of the right size and quality is the most efficient and cost-effective method for obtaining a substitute for natural sand. This manufactured sand would be free of contaminants and of the required size and quality. Another advantage of this method is that it is rather uncomplicated. This study examines whether it would be feasible to replace natural sand with artificial sand produced by crushing basalt, taking into account several technological, environmental, and economic considerations. In order to conduct tests, concrete mixtures complying with the Indian Standard code and of the M20 grade have been prepared (IS: 10262) The compressive strength of this concrete cube was measured after 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40% of natural sand was replaced with manufactured sand. Included in these percentages were 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40%. In addition, the experiment findings indicate that up to thirty percent of natural sand can be replaced with artificial sand while still attaining the optimal result, which is maximal strength. In this endeavour, no mixing of any type is occurring in any way.

Performance of Inhibitors in Concrete with flyash and pondash

Inhibitors play a vital role in improving the efficiency of concrete interms of its durability and strength aspects. Objective of this work is to study the strength properties of M30 Grade concrete containing pondash as replacement to fine aggregate and flyash as replacement to cement with the addition of inhibitors. 30% Replacement of fine aggregate and Cement by Pondash and flyash in concrete is executed in this study. Inhibitors like Calcium Nitrite, Neem extract and Triethanolamine are added at the dosage of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% by weight of cement to the concrete specimen. Strength tests such as Compressive strength test, Flexural strength test and Split tensile strength test along with Water absorption test are conducted and the results are tabulated. Results suggest that Optimum Percentage of addition of inhibitor is 3%. All the inhibitors used in this study have enhanced the strength of concrete especially the addition of Neem extract provides better results in strength aspect when compared to the addition of Calcium Nitrite and Triethanolamine.

Indirect Split-tensile Strength, Modulus of Rapture of Artificial Sand Concrete, and its relationship with Compressive Strength

The present study investigates the relation of compressive strength to indirect split-tensile strength, modulus of rapture of artificial sand concrete. For this purpose, the concrete mixtures were prepared with M30 grade of concrete with the replacement of fine aggregate with artificial sand partially to thoroughly. Multiple regression models were developed for indirect split tensile-compressive strength and modulus of rapture-compressive strength results. The models were also compared with different codes of practice.

English

This research investigates and compares the behavior of conventional self-compacting concrete (SCC) with a novel glass fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete under tension. Self-compacting concrete is known for its ability to flow and fill formwork without needing external vibration. Adding glass fiber reinforcement to self-compacting concrete offers potential improvements in tensile strength and cracking resistance. To compare self-compacting concrete's split tensile strength behavior with novel glass fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete. In this experimental study, a total of 36 samples are used, 18 samples for self-compacting concrete and the remaining 18 samples for glass fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete. The self-compacting concrete contains 43-grade ordinary Portland cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (20mm), water cement ratio of 0.45, and 0.6% superplasticizer added according to the weight of cementitious material. For the glass fiberreinforced self-compacting concrete, 3% glass fibers were added according to the weight of the cementitious material in selfcompacting concrete. The split tensile strength of the concrete was tested. The split tensile strength of glass fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete is increased by 5% compared to self-compacting concrete. The SPSS, version 26 software, did the statistical analysis results. The experimental study shows that M20 grade glass fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete gives greater split tensile strength than conventional M20 grade self-compacting concrete.

Comparative Study of Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RPCT) on Self Compacting Concrete (SCC)

Abstract: To check resistance to chloride ions penetration, we used Electrical resistivity techniques to give an indication of the relative permeability of concrete. The ASTM C 1202 (Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride Ion Penetration), more commonly known as the rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT). Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a very fluid concrete and a homogeneous mixture. In this research work, M40 grade of concrete mixes were made using IS 10262:2019 method. The fresh and harden properties of SCC was taken at the ages of 3,7 and 28 days. After experimental investigation, we can conclude that SCC was more workable than the normal concrete and it did not show any major reduction in compressive strength up to 2% replacement of Super plasticizer. The RCPT is performed on Normal & SCC mix after 28th days and SCC mix showed less values of charges passed than that for the normal concrete mix. Hence, SCC has more resistance to chloride ions penetration.

Performance Evaluation of M20 Grade Geopolymer Concrete using Fly Ash and GGBS with Super Plasticizer

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the strength properties of geopolymer concrete using fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) with the addition of a super plasticizer at a grade M20. The study used 70% fly ash and 30% GGBS to replace the cement content of the concrete mix, and sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were used as Alkaline activators. The concentration of (NaOH) solution was maintained at 8 molarity and the dosage of activator ratio is 2.5 is a combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide ratio. The compressive strength of the geopolymer concrete was tested at different ages (7, 14, and 28 days) to evaluate the strength properties. The results showed that the addition of fly ash and GGBS significantly improved the strength properties of the geopolymer concrete. Moreover, the optimized dosage of the super plasticizer was found to be 1% of the total weight of the mix. The study concludes that the use of fly ash and GGBS in geopolymer concrete can significantly improve its strength properties, and the addition of a super plasticizer can enhance its workability. This finding suggests that geopolymer concrete could be a viable alternative to conventional concrete in construction applications .The test result shows encouraging results of ordinary Portland cement concrete and geo polymer concrete so one can easily replace ordinary concrete with geopolymer concrete for precast applications.

Strengthening of AR Glass Fibre Concrete by Using Dunite Powder

Abstract: In the contemporary era. Concrete, the most significant and frequently used material, frequently needs to have a very high strength and acceptable workability. Research on glass fibre reinforced concrete led to the development of alkali resistant fibres with a high capacity for dispersion, increasing long-term durability. When dunite is utilised as a cement alternative rather of regular cement, concrete is discovered to become up to 40% stronger. Studies based on periodic cement rate data show that, on average, dunite powder is less expensive than cement. Future cement usage will be dominated by the replacement of dunite powder. In the current experimental investigation, alkali resistant glass fibres have been employed to investigate the effect on compressive and split tensile strength on M30 grade of concrete can be determined for 28,56 and 90 days

Mechanical Properties AR Glass Fibre Concrete by Using Dunite Powder

Abstract: In the modern world. The most significant and commonly utilised material, concrete, must frequently have a very high strength and appropriate workability.Alkali resistant fibres with a high capacity for dispersion were created as a consequence of research in glass fibre reinforced concrete, which increased long-term durability.Alkali resistant glass fibres have been used in the current experimental examination to explore the impact on compressive and split tensile strength on M30 grade of concrete.Concrete is found to become up to 40% stronger when dunite is used as a cement substitute rather than conventional cement.Test can be carried for 7 and 28 days. Studies based on periodic cement rate records indicate that the dunite powder is less expensive than cement, on average. The substitution of dunite powder will predominate in cement consumption in the future. It enhances, among other things, Split tensile strength, compressive strength.

Structural performance of Nano alumina-based RC element with polypropylene fibre and GGBS: An experimental assessment

In today's scenario, the essential ingredients of concrete, such as cement, and fine and coarse aggregate will vanish completely in a few decades due to its overexploitation and unscaled utilization. Similarly, cement has contributed to more emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during its stage of manufacturing, and it’s become a major influencer of increasing global temperatures. Recent researchers are finding alternative sources of materials that replace fully or partially the role of conventional concrete materials. Several industrial and agricultural solid residues are under investigation to be utilised nowadays to alter the place of conventional concrete materials and to control the impact of environmental problems. In this study, the performance of structural RC elements of M35 grade was evaluated by replacing the Nano alumina in a fixed proportion of 1% with the inclusion of ground granulated blast furnace slag and Polypropylene fibre at definite proportions in place of cement as per mix design. Engineering parameters such as compression, modulus of rupture and elasticity, crack width, and rate of deflection was examined. Based on the results of experiments, it was found that the cement proportion CAG1 and CAGP4 have provided the promotable result when compared to conventional concrete and led to using these materials instead of cement has made RC elements stronger than when they were made with regular cement.

An Experimental Study On Strength And Fresh Properties Of Fiber Reinforced Concrete With The Addition Of Sisal Fibers

Concrete is a widely used building material, it is prone to quasi-brittle failure due to its high compressive strength but low tensile strength and it has limited capacity to restrict the energy absorption after yielding. It takes a huge amount of natural resources such as cement, coarse and fine aggregate. An alternative material that can be used in limited quantities to replace these natural resources may improve the performance of concrete. Natural fibers have recently generated a lot of interest in the world of building materials. Keeping in view, this study is conducted on the feasibility of adding naturally available fiber named sisal fiber in the concrete to get durability properties as they are efficient in tensile strength and preventing crack growth. The leaves of sisal plants are used to produce sisal fiber, it is mostly employed in applications such as rope manufacturing in the construction and marine industries. This research will be carried out on M30 Grade concrete and sisal fibers are added at a percentage of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% to the weight of cement and the lengths of sisal fiber used are 1, 2 and 3cm. Concrete characteristics in fresh state are determined by conducting the slump cone test to figure out the water-cement ratio. Strength properties are determined by Compressive, Split tensile and flexural strengths after 28 days curing of concrete.

Utilising under-burnt waste bricks from kilns as supplementary cementitious material

The pozzolanic performance of crushed brick powder (CBP), obtained by grinding under-burnt waste bricks from a continuous brick kiln, is studied. Two size fractions of CBP considered for cement replacement are CBP1 (passes through 150 μm but is retained on 75 μm) and CBP2 (passes through 75 μm). Compressive strength tests on mortar with CBP reveal that strength does not exceed that of the control; however, 10–15% cement replacement by CBP is the optimum. The presence of hydrate phases by X-ray diffraction and quantification of portlandite in the paste samples as studied by thermogravimetric analysis up to 90 days confirms the action of pozzolanicity. Furthermore, to determine the feasibility of CBP1 and CBP2 fractions in concrete, the strength and carbonation of M25 grade concrete were studied by replacing 45% cement with a combined proportion of CBP1 (20%) and CBP2 (25%). This reduced the concrete grade from M25 to M20 and increased the accelerated carbonation depth. Nevertheless, the projected natural carbonation coefficient with accelerated carbonation data is determined as low. The CBP used is cost-effective, requiring little mechanical processing and no chemical activation; thus it can satisfactorily be used for low-cost housing construction and lower-grade structural and non-structural uses.

Study of Concrete Filled UPVC Tubes as Column under Axial Loading

Statement of the problem. This article aims to examine the behavior of UPVC bounded columns reinforced with polypropylene fibers under axial compression. Results. To develop this model, a number of samples of concrete filled UPVC pipe (CFUT) with different geometric properties were tested. To obtain the specimens, different material volume levels were used to investigate the sensitivity of these columns to various parameters. 3, 4 and 5 class pipes with 160-, 200- and 225-mm diameters and 800 mm length with 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 MPa nominal/working pressure were taken and M30 and M40 grades of concrete were to fill the tubes. The effect of each variable on the ultimate strength, ductility and confinement efficiency of the samples was investigated. All the specimens were compressed by applying load only to the concrete core to obtain the load-displacement variations and the corresponding deformation mode. All the specimens failed with the development of shear cracks and slightly bulging macrocracks. Conclusions. A finite element model was developed using the proposed stress-strain variation of confined concrete with UPVC tubes to simulate axial compression of CFUT specimens. According to the results obtained, the effect of the change in the diameter-thickness ratio failure stress of concrete limited by (D/t) is obtained and discussed with an empirical relationship. Polypropylene fibers were found to slightly increase the column strength up to a certain volume fraction, after which the strength generally expe-rienced a decrease.

A genetic algorithm framework for time-efficient reinforced concrete work in multi-story building construction with partial striking technique

The construction of multi-story buildings is a complex process that requires careful consideration of time and safety. This research study aims to optimize the reinforced concrete (RC) work duration in multi-story building construction while maintaining safety through a Python program integrated with a genetic algorithm. The methodology involves analyzing the slab and shore load distribution at each construction stage and identifying factors that influence the RC work duration. A genetic algorithm optimizes RC work duration using sensitivity analysis. The study found that RC work duration is influenced by stripping time, cycle time, and the levels of shoring used. The minimum striking time for M50 concrete grade is one day. When the cycle time is 6–8 days, the required minimum level of shoring is two, but it increases to four for a lower cycle time of 3 days. The study recommends M35 grade concrete for the best shoring combination, prioritizing safety. The study's originality lies in the development of a Python program that optimizes the RC work duration for the partial striking construction method. Its practical applications can help construction companies to streamline their construction process, manage their construction time more effectively, and improve project outcomes.

Experimental Investigation on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete

The objective of the study is to analyze systematically the effects of steel fiber reinforcement in concrete. Concrete were prepared using M30 grade concrete and looked end glued steel fiber with aspect ratio of 80 were added at a dosage of 0.75% , 1% , 1.25% volume fraction of concrete. The fiber reinforcement effects were analyzed for different types of distribution in the concrete beam Fibers were dispersed in two different ways either homogeneously in concrete sections or localized in the tension zone or laid parallel the beam axis. The mechanical properties such as the flexural strength using a third point loading and compressive strength property were determined. Load vs deflections were plotted for various fiber concrete specimens and toughness evaluations were made systematically using graph software an order to quantify the energy absorbing mechanism. Test result were compared with that of Plain concrete specimen and the relative improvements on the toughness were measured. Significant conclusions were drawn and comparative analyses on the post elastic deformation capacity of different concrete specimens were measured. Key Word: Steel Fiber, Toughness, Compressive Strength, Split tensile strength.

Optimizing a hybrid mortar for an alkali-activated material by papermaking process wastes and blast furnace slag utilizing Taguchi–Grey relational analysis method

Different types of papermaking process wastes (PPWs) are generated in the paper industry. The compositions of the waste materials vary significantly depending on the source of the waste materials. To date, a standard methodology for the comprehensive assessment of the recovery potential of the waste materials generated has not been established. This research adopted the Taguchi–Grey relational analysis method to evaluate and efficiently recycle and reuse these wastes systematically. With regard to the development of the PPW- blast furnace slag (BFS) hybrid system, four types of PPWs, namely lime mud (LM), primary sludge (PS), fly ash (FA), and bottom ash (BA), were systematically utilized. Herein, the setting time, compressive strength, flexural strength, and shrinkage of the mortars that were based on the PPW-BFS hybrid system are analyzed. The results revealed that different factors affected different mortar properties. The setting time was primarily affected by the PS content, the BA content significantly influenced the compressive and flexural strengths, and the BA and LM contents exerted effects on the degree of shrinkage of the materials. The optimal PPW–BFS mortar composition was determined (LM: 5%; PS: 5%; FA: 30%; BA: 10%). It was observed that the optimal mortar composition attained a strength grade of M30, with successful mitigation of premature stiffening and volume shrinkage in the hybrid system.

Investigating the performance of ternary cementitious systems incorporating wollastonite powder and lime sludge in concrete

The production of cement results in a significant amount of energy consumption and CO2 emissions, which are major contributors to environmental pollution. Researchers have developed a ternary blended mix concrete to address these concerns by partially substituting cement with a combination of lime sludge (LS) and wollastonite powder (WP). This study investigated the mechanical properties (compressive strength, spilt tensile strength, and flexural strength) of a ternary blended concrete mix with a grade of M30. 180 specimens, including 60 cubes, 60 cylinders, and 60 prisms, were prepared for testing. The blended concrete mix was produced using different percentages of cement replacement by LS (5%, 10%, 15%) and WP (10%, 15%, 20%). The compressive strength for the ternary mix at 10% LS and 15% WP was 44.78% higher than the conventional mix, the flexural strength ternary mix at 10% LS and 15% WP was 25.46% higher than the conventional mix, and spilt tensile strength ternary mix at 10% LS, and 15% WP was 27.30% higher than the conventional mix at 28 days and trend is almost same for 7,56 and 90 days . The results showed that a ternary mix containing 75% cement, 10% LS, and 15% WP exhibited the best mechanical properties.