M30 Grade Research Articles

Study on the effectiveness of single-bolt double-lap joints for integrating the damping system with building structure during cyclic load

PurposeNowadays, in building structures, dampers are connected to the building structure to reduce the damages caused by seismicity in addition to enhancing structural stability, and to connect dampers with the structure, joints are used. In this paper, three different configurations of double-lap joints were designed, developed and tested.Design/methodology/approachThis paper aims to analyze three different categories of double-lap single-bolted joints that are used in connecting dampers with concrete and steel frame structures. These joints were designed and tested using computational, numerical and experimental methods. The studies were conducted to examine the reactions of the joints during loading conditions and to select the best joints for the structures that allow easy maintenance of the dampers and also withstand structural deformation when the damper is active during seismicity. Also, a computational analysis was performed on the designed joints integrated with the M25 concrete beam column junction. In this investigation, experimental study was carried out in addition to numerical and computational methods during cyclic load.FindingsIt was observed from the result that during deformation the double-base multiplate lap joint was suitable for buildings because the deformations on the joint base was negligible when compared with other joints. From the computational analysis, it was revealed that the three double joints while integrated with the beam column junction of M25 grade concrete structure, the damages induced by the double-base multiplate joint was negligible when compared with other two joints used in this study.Originality/valueTo prevent the collapse of the building during seismicity, dampers are used and further connecting the damper with the building structures, joints are used. In this paper, three double-lap joints in different design configuration were studied using computational, numerical and experimental techniques.

Performance assessment of surface modified natural fibre using NaOH in composite concrete

Abaca fiber degradation in concrete owing to its alkaline nature decreases the strength of concrete. This research focuses on overcoming the degradation by alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to improve fiber performance. This study was completed with the extraction process of fiber, mechanical properties, micro-structural analysis of composite fiber concrete for both M30 and M40 grades, and durability performance if the fiber content, aspect ratio of fiber and molarities of Sodium Hydroxide were optimized using splitting tensile strength of the concrete matrix and it was found that the optimum percentage of fiber content was 1% at 12% alkali treatment. The composite concrete has achieved an increase of 2700 to 3100 kg m−2 in split tensile strength with treated abaca fibers compared to untreated fiber concrete. In addition, treated abaca fiber concrete provides better performance in mechanical and durability studies. The binding nature of fiber concrete is better than that of conventional concrete, which is evidenced in microstructural analysis. This study ultimately concluded that the treated abaca fiber composite concrete is a better alternative to commercially available untreated abaca fibers and other natural fibers.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE WITH RECYCLED CARBON FIBRE AND RECYCLED AGGREGATE

This study aims to contribute to sustainable construction practices by promoting the use of alternative materials, reducing the industry's ecological footprint while ensuring the concrete's structural integrity in geopolymer concrete, encouraging the adoption of eco- friendly practices in the construction industry. In this thesis experimental study on M25 grade of geopolymer concrete by incorporating recycled carbon fiber and recycled aggregates. The aggregates content is partially replaced with Recycled aggregates in varying proportions (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by weight of coarse aggregate) and recycled carbon fiber (RCF) in varying percentages (i.e., 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of cement) for M25 grade concrete. The concrete mixtures produced are meticulously tested, focusing on properties such as slump, compressive strength, and flexural strength. Key Words: Geopolymer concrete, Recycled aggregates, Recycled carbon fiber.

Evaluation of strength, durability, and microstructure characteristics of slag-sand-induced concrete

This paper focused on the usage and behavior of slag sand by investigating the fresh, mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of M40 grade concrete. However, in India, more research on the effect of slag on mechanical strength is needed with in-depth microstructure & durability investigation. To fill this research gap and promote slag sand usage, a systematic and scientific investigation was conducted in which 9 concrete mixes with partial and total replacement of fine aggregate with slag sand were prepared. Compressive, split tensile strength & UPV tests are performed at 3, 7, 28, and 90 days of curing to know the mechanical properties. Linear regression analysis is done to correlate and predict the strength of concrete using different mechanical properties. According to test results, workability and mechanical properties improve with the increase in the replacement of slag sand. Slag sand concrete forms a dense network at an optimum replacement achieving Maximum rise in strength of about 17 to 33 %, referring to the control mix resulting in an environmentally friendly material. Thereby reducing the disposal of industrial effluent. Conversely, increased replacement beyond 40 % of slag sand in concrete caused a reduction in the slump and mechanical properties with increased curing age. Microstructure results revealed the formation of CSH, CASH, ettringite, calcite, and good bonding with an aggregate. Slag sand tends to absorb more water with its increased percentage due to its shape, texture, and surface area, as evidenced in its SEM images & workability. The durability of slag sand concrete has performed better and is economically feasible than M−sand mixed concrete. Hence, recycling slag sand in concrete yields an economical, eco-friendly material and proves to be a robust substrate for various construction activities in sustainable waste management.

Evaluating the Mechanical Performance of Waste Glass Powder as a Fine Aggregate Substitute to Enhance Sustainability in Concrete Production

The concrete industry poses a significant challenge to sustainability since it ranks among the foremost users of natural resources. The utilization of river sand as a fine aggregate result in the degradation of natural resources, depletion of groundwater levels, subsidence of bridge piers, and degradation of riverbeds. By substituting fine aggregate with waste glass in a specified proportion and gradation, the requirement for river sand may be reduced, therefore mitigating the adverse impacts of river dredging. This substitution has the potential to contribute to the sustainability of the concrete building sector. The main objective of this study is to examine the use of waste glass powder (WGP) in concrete and evaluate its influence on the strength characteristics and the overall cost of the concrete. The chemical composition of natural sand and WGP exhibits similarities, hence enabling the potential for partial substitution of sand with WGP in concrete. This project involves the use of WGP as a partial substitute for sand in the production of M20 grade concrete. Concrete specimens were casted using different percentages of glass powder as a replacement for sand, namely 0% (Control Mix), 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. These specimens were then subjected to testing to evaluate their compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths. The test results obtained for concrete mixed with WGP are compared to those of regular concrete. The findings of the study revealed that WGP has the potential to serve as a viable substitute for fine aggregate in certain applications.

Corrosion Studies on Ternary Blended High Performance Self-Compacting Concretes Containing Fly Ash and Graphene Oxide

Effective utilization of industrial byproducts as mineral admixtures and filler materials in cement concrete has been a practice to develop sustainable construction materials. The use of mineral admixtures like fly ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag etc. as a partial replacement of cements have proved to improve the performance characteristics of concrete through reduced porosity and improved mechanical characteristics through pozzolanic effect and filler effect. Moreover, extensive research in the recent period has been mainly focused to study the effect of nano-additions in concrete. The present work was focused to assess the performance of ternary blended high performance self-compacting concretes with varied quantities of graphene oxide additions. Control concrete of M60 grade was designed in correspondence to IS-10262:2019 containing fly ash, and three other concretes mixes were formulated with 0.03%, 0.06% and 0.09% addition of Graphene Oxide (By weight of total cementitious material). The specimens were cast and tested at different ages to determine rheological, mechanical and durability characteristics by evaluating slump flow, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Absorption- Desorption characteristics, Rapid Chloride Penetration Test values and resistance to accelerated corrosion cracking. Moreover, the specimens were assessed for corrosion resistance by conducting a cyclic wet – dry test, where parameters like UPV & depth of chloride penetration in concrete were measured. Results depict the fact that addition of Graphene Oxide improves the durability characteristics to a great extent. The optimum results for most of parameters were obtained at 0.06% of Graphene Oxide addition in comparison to remaining mix proportions.

Mechanical and Durability Evaluation of Hooked End Steel Fibers Reinforced Concrete

Steel fibres reinforced concrete has recently been good alternative to normal concrete.This research seeks to explore the characteristic strength of high-performance concrete through the incorporation of hooked-end steel fibers, simultaneously evaluation their mechanical and durability attributes. In the experimental setting, multiple concrete mixes were meticulously prepared and examined, each containing different percentages of steel fibers varying from 0.5 to 2.0 percent. The percentages of fibres were used with the respect by volume of concrete. The primary objective was to ascertain the saturation point at which maximum strength is achieved and to identify any other pertinent factors. Five mixes were formulated, with one mix serving as the normal group, containing no fibers whatsoever. M30 grade concrete was employed in this investigation, incorporating steel fiber content ranging from 0.5% to 2.0%. Test specimens in the form of cubes, cylinders, and prisms were meticulously prepared and subjected to controlled laboratory testing following 28 days of water curing. Various mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, and modulus of rupture, were assessed for all fiber percentages. Additionally, a durability assessment was conducted for period of 30 days to specimens containing 0% and 1.5% steel fibers, evaluating their resistance to acid, sulfate, and saltwater. Non-destructive tests, including rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity, were performed both before and after immersion to study the effects. The study’s findings revealed that high-strength concrete specimens containing fibers demonstrated a decreased occurrence of cracks, suggesting an improvement in ductility attributed to the inclusion of fibers in the concrete matrix.

An investigation into the durability of concrete using red mud as a substitute in cement

In this world concrete is the most used material only after water. The main constituents of concrete are cement and aggregates. Cement is obtained by the mixture of limestone and clay. For the sustainable development we should save cement because production of cement causes pollution by emission of carbon dioxide. In this work red mud is used as substitute material in place of cement in concrete. Red mud, often referred to as bauxite residue, is a byproduct of the Bayer's process, which separates alumina from the bauxite ore. The purpose of this work is to investigate the durability of concrete using red mud as a substitute in cement. The chemical composition of red mud is somewhat similar to that of cement. Cement is replaced by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% of red mud in the mix design of M30 grade of concrete. Concrete cubes of different percentage replacement are prepared and tested. Various tests like acid attack test, sulphate attack test, carbonation test and saturated water absorption test are performed to evaluate the concrete's acid resistance, sulphate attack, carbonation, and saturated water absorption. The results demonstrate that concrete performs better when 10% red mud is replaced with cement in concrete and durability is increased when red mud is replaced by the same percentage. So 10 % replacement of red mud in place of cement is considered suitable in concrete. This study will aid in the efficient use of red mud in the construction sector for the sustainable development.

Experimental research on using Quarry Dust to partially replace Natural River Sand and adding Admixtures in Concrete for Rigid Pavements

All over the world Concrete is widely used as a sturdy and solid material for various uses. According to International usage, it comes in second place after water. River sand, considered expensive because of its scarce availability, is utilized as one of the raw materials for Concrete. Researchers started looking for potential alternatives for river sand and recent studies by them have shown promising results in using Quarry Dust as a possible alternative for sand and for producing high-quality/strength Concrete. The present study attempted to determine the properties of Quarry Dust and its use as an alternative for river sand in Rigid Pavement construction. Various specimens of M30 Grade Concrete were casted and the test results indicate that by replacing fine aggregate with Quarry Dust the Concrete meets the requirements for Rigid Pavement construction. The strength parameters of M30 Grade Concrete in the form of Cubes, Beams and Cylinders were tested at 7, 14 and 28 days. Compressive Strength Test, Flexural Test and Split Tensile Tests were performed on the test specimens and results show that in concrete up to 40% river sand can be replaced with Quarry Dust and it can be used as an alternative for river sand in Rigid Pavement Construction.

Utilization of Fly Ash and Coconut Shell as Sustainable Alternatives in M30 Grade Concrete: A Feasibility Study

The gradual reduction in availability of traditional construction materials and disposal of waste materials are the two most important challenges which engineers or researchers face. To encounter these challenges, industrial or agricultural waste as a substitute for traditional building materials is generally adopted. Among various waste generated in our country, fly ash and coconut shell waste occupy a significant proportion and, if not appropriately managed, can cause serious waste disposal problems. Therefore, in this investigation, a feasibility study on the valorisation of fly ash and coconut shell as substitute materials to cement and natural coarse aggregates (NA), respectively in M30 grade concrete is carried out. The study incorporates the examination of two variables, namely the fly ash (FA) content ranging from 0% to 30% and the coconut shell aggregates (CSA) content ranging from 0% to 30%. The present study assesses the fresh and hardened characteristics of concrete mixtures using different proportions of fly ash as a substitute for cement and coconut shell aggregates as a replacement for coarse aggregate. Based on the obtained data, it is evident that when NA is replaced by CSA in all instances, the hardened properties of the concrete reduced gradually, while the use of FA as a partial substitute to cement by up to 20% showed positive results and could almost counter act the loss in strength of the concrete with incorporation of 20% CSA.

Mechanical Characterization of Sustainable Concrete Incorporating Bentonite Powder and Sisal Fibre

The production of cement releases huge amount of greenhouse emissions. Various alternative materials for cement replacement are suggested by the researchers. However, these materials are not available in all places. Hence, the exploration of substitute materials for cement remains a contemporary focal point in research. In this work, an endeavor has been taken to know the effect of bentonite as a substitute for cement on the behavior of concrete. Further, sisal fibers are added in this concrete to enhance the overall concrete characteristics. The concrete of the M30 grade is employed and the cement has been replaced with bentonite by weight of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. The workability, strength, and durability for acid curing were assessed and compared to regular concrete. There is a 10.81%, 14.17%, and 12.02% enhancement in the compressive strength by the inclusion of 30% of bentonite as a replacement for cement. The inclusion of 30% bentonite as a replacement for cement exhibits optimum enhancement in strength and durability. Further, the inclusion of sisal fibers and bentonite enhances the tensile strength of the concrete. The test results suggest that the inclusion of bentonite as a substitute for cement increases the concrete characteristics.

A review study on discrete fibers used for concrete pavement

The development of road transport is absolutely necessary for the country's survival. The necessity for continuing maintenance and repair of conventional bituminous pavements points to the potential for cement concrete pavements. Traditional concrete roadways can provide a safe and effective flow of traffic.Due to its extended lifespan and minimal maintenance requirements, concrete has grown in popularity as a material for roadways. However, concrete roads have low ductility and tensile strength and are prone to spalling and cracking. The strength of concrete pavement is suggested to be increased in order to reduce these issues with concrete. Concrete shrinkage cracking is a significant issue with plain cement concrete pavement, particularly in tropical regions. The impact of adding polyester and polypropylene fibre to cement is briefly discussed in this research work. Checking the mechanical characteristics of the concrete mix design for M35 grade is the study's goal. Specimens such as cubes measuring 150 × 150 × 150mm, cylinders measuring 300 mm in height and 150 mm in diameter, and beams measuring 100 × 100 × 500mm are cast by adding various fibre dosages ranging from 0.5% to 4% by weight. The samples are stored for 7 or 28 days while they are being cured. Conducting destructive tests (Strength of compression, flexural strength, and tensile strength) and non-destructive tests on the specimen reveals its structural behaviour (ultrasonic pulse velocity test).

Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement by GGBS and Fly Ash in Conventional Concrete

Abstract: Cement concrete is widely used in industrial plants, civil infrastructures, wastewater treatment plants and pipelines. It is a highly prone to acid attacks from the surrounding environment. Since acidic environments will accelerate the deterioration of concrete, various types of polymer coating materials are being used to protect the concrete surfaces. Hence an attempt has been made in this investigation on partial replacement of cement with GGBS along with incorporation of fly ash of 20% of the volume of concrete. Various strength parameters of the concrete specimens are tested. The combination used is GGBS with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% by the weight of cement for M25 grade concrete at an age of 7 days, 28 days and 56 days. Cubes are cast, curried and tested to assess the influence of partial replacement of cement with fly ash and GGBS and then found the optimum content as 20% of GGBS and fly ash 20% from the experimental results. Then final combination is 20% of cement with GGBS along with incorporation of fly ash of 20% percentages of the volume of concrete. The compressive strength values are increased by 10% than those of conventional concrete mixture at a mixture prepared with 20% GGBS and 20% Fly ash. Further increase in GGBS percentage with constant fly ash percentage proved its incompatibility nature where it is shown low strength when compared with controlled concrete mix. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) technique has also been used to get insights into the quality and composition of the concrete, aiding in the assessment of its suitability for specific construction applications.

Effect on properties of geopolymer concrete by inclusion of recycled aggregate and methods to enhance the packing density of aggregate

Purpose This study aims to practically determine the optimum proportion of aggregates to attain the desired strength of geopolymer concrete (GPC) and then compare the results using established analytical particle packing methods. The investigation further aims to assess the influence of various amounts of recycled aggregate (RA) on properties of low-calcium fly ash-based GPC of grade M25. Design/methodology/approach Fine and coarse aggregates were blended in various proportions and the proportion yielding maximum packing density was selected as the optimum proportion and they were compared with analytical models, such as Modified Toufar Model (MTM) and J. D. Dewar Model. RAs for this study were produced in laboratory and they were used in various amounts, namely, 0%, 50% and 100%. 12M NaOH solution was mixed with Na2SiO3 in the ratio of 1:2. The curing of concrete was done at the temperatures of 60° and 90 °C for 24, 48 and 72h. Findings The experimentally obtained optimum proportion of coarse to fine aggregate was 60:40 for all amounts of RA. Meanwhile, MTM and Dewar Model resulted in coarse aggregate to fine aggregates as 40:60, 45:55, 55:45 and 55:45, 35:65, 60:40, respectively, for 0% 100% and 50% RAs. The compressive strength of GPC elevated with the increase in curing regime. In addition, the ultrasonic pulse velocity also displayed a similar trend as that of strength. Originality/value The GPC with 50% RAs may be considered for use, as it exhibited superior properties compared to GPC with 100% RAs and was comparable to GPC with natural aggregates. Furthermore, compressive strength is correlated with split tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity.

Comparison of PPC M40 Grade Bacterial Concrete (Bacillus Subtilis) and Conventional Concrete

Comparison of PPC M40 Grade Bacterial Concrete (Bacillus Subtilis) and Conventional Concrete

Impact of Alccofine on the strength and durability properties of concrete

The use of concrete in construction is widespread throughout the world. Essentially, it consists of a binder phase and an aggregate phase. In construction, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) have revolutionized the industry. The search for a cementitious material to replace cement is being carried out throughout the world in the modern era. In addition to reducing CO2 emissions, this can reduce other climatic changes, such as an increase in global average temperature. An analysis of the influence of Alccofine-1203 (ALC-1203) on the mechanical and durability characteristics of concrete of M30 grade is presented in this study. A total of six concrete mixes with varying concentrations of Alccofine and cement were prepared for the study. This research examines the strength and durability of concrete containing Alccofine, a supplemental cementitious material. The addition of varying quantities of Alcofine to concrete mix was investigated in a series of laboratory studies. It has been determined that using Alccofine as a substitute may improve the strength significantly. At a replacement level of 15%, Alccofine enhanced the compressive strength to the greatest extent. Moreover, it reduced porosity, improving durability features such as resistance to acid, sulphate, and chloride ion penetration. In addition, adding Alccofine resulted in a denser microstructure, which increased mechanical properties and durability. According to the study results, adding a supplemental material could enhance its strength and durability.

Experiment on Concrete by Adding Steel Fibers and Plastic Waste to Reduce Environmental Issues and Adding Strength to Concrete

Abstract: Concrete is the most commonly used material for construction in civil engineering. The project involves the proposed concrete which is made up of adding plastic in concrete may help to reuse the plastic as one of the constituent material of concrete. Due to rapid industrialization the amount of use and decomposition of plastic has increased. If we are able to utilize this waste under proper conditions as addition to concrete it will reduce the plastic waste up to some extent. By adding the steel fibers to the above mix it will increase the compressive strength of the concrete. M40 grade concrete is used in the whole procedure. Here, we used 4 different percentages of plastic waste (i.e., 0.6%, 1.2%, 1.8%, and 2.4%) of weight of cement and by taking quantity of steel fiber as constant (i.e., 2%) of weight of cement, and the aspect ratio of steel fibers is 60. The concrete cube of size 150mm×150mm ×150mm are prepared and tested at 3days, 7days, 14days and 28 days. The resulting data has been analyzed and compared with controlled specimens.

Waste Plastic Induced in Self Compacting Concrete to Avoid Plastic Pollution

Abstract: In this present study the plastic aggregate obtained from E-waste is used as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate in self-compacting concrete. An experimental investigation on the fresh, hardened characteristics of concrete using M40 grade of Self compacting concrete are carried out by casting standard concrete with various volume fractions of plastic aggregate such as 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% to determine optimal dosage. The fresh properties of SCC reveal that the workability of concrete are improved by using plastic aggregate. Strength properties such as compressive strength shows that up to 30% substitution of coarse aggregate there is no major change in compressive strength as compared to normal concrete. Beyond that there is drop in compressive strength for 50% replacement of coarse aggregate by plastic aggregate. Split tensile strength, Flexural strength and Young modulus of concrete increases for 10% plastic aggregate. Beyond that strength decreases upto 50% replacement. Impact strength decreases for all replacement levels.

Review- Using Ground Bakelite as Alternative Solution for the Replacement of Fine Aggregate

Abstract: India is very fast developing nation, and construction plays vital role in developing the nation. In construction, concrete is the majorly useful material. Fine aggregate used in concrete like traditional UHPC causes several environmental issues like floods due changes the direction of river flow, effect on biological diversity, falling water table also . In current time millions of tons of waste materials disposed in open environment which causes several health as well as waste disposal problems. We can use waste material like Bakelite as the partial replacement of fine aggregate. The purpose of this study is to find whether the use of Bakelite in concrete improve its compressive strength as a partial replacement in conventional M25 grade concrete Mix. From 2010 to 2020, river sand usage in Indian construction sector increased from 630 to 1400 Tons. This type of usage is very harmful for our next generation also that’s why many states in India like Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra have banned the river sand mining for use in concrete

Compressive Strength Prediction of Concrete Containing Used Cooking Oil Using Ann

To mitigate the detrimental impacts of disposing of used cooking oil (UCO) into the environment, which adversely affects marine life, human health, and agricultural outputs, this research proposes a novel approach incorporating this waste material into the concrete industry as a chemical admixture. To investigate this, an initial experimental program is designed to examine how used cooking oil affects various fresh properties and compressive strength at 3, 7, and 28 days of age of concrete. Concrete batches of M40 grade are meticulously prepared with varying proportions (ranging from 0% to 2%) of used cooking oil. To predict strength characteristics, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is employed, consisting of three layers. The input layer comprising quantities of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water content, super plasticizer, and the percentage of the chemical admixture (UCO), hidden layer for predicting the network system and the output layer providing the concrete's compressive strength.