M30 Grade Research Articles

Investigating the effect of Manufactured sand and Silica Fume on the properties of Concrete

In the present era, concrete is one of the most commonly used construction materials worldwide. Consequently, the demand for natural river sand is increasing. Since the mining of natural sand has already been outlawed by the government in many regions, now it is essential to look into sustainable materials to control natural sand extraction. Hence, manufactured sand (MS) has been shown in numerous studies to be a more practical and environmentally responsible alternative to river sand (RS), which is normally used in the production of concrete. At the same time, the cement industry produces tons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, affecting atmospheric conditions. Now, it’s time to look into a suitable replacement material for cement. To investigate the feasibility of using manufactured sand & silica fume in place of river sand and cement under normal climatic conditions fresh, mechanical and durability properties were conducted in the laboratory. Twelve samples of M30 grade cubes and cylinders at desired M sand percentages of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 & 0% and 5% variation of silica fume with cement are included in this study as a comparison to the control mix. After 28 days of water curing, a random variation in the properties of concrete was observed in the samples. In this experimental study, SF represents Silica Fume, MS represents manufactured sand, RS represents river sand, FA represents Fine aggregates and CA represents Coarse aggregates.

“The Exploration of a Double and Ternary Composite of Self-Compacting Concrete with Metakaolin and GGBS’’

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a modern form of concrete that does not involve vibration it during laying or compaction operations. The use of fine materials such as Metakaolin (MK) and GGBS can ensure the required concrete property. One possibility for minimising the cost of self-compacting concrete is to employ mineral admixtures such as Metakaolin and GGBS. It also lowers the heat of hydration. This study adopted (OPC 53) and M30 grade of concrete. In the first trail, MK was kept constant at 5% while GGBS was varied starting at 30% with increments of 5% (30%, 35%, and 40%). In the second trail, MK was kept constant at 10% while GGBS was varied starting at 30% with increments of 5% (30%, 35%, and 40%) replacement by the weight of Portland cement, and performance is assessed and compared to conventional concrete mix. The effect of mineral admixtures on self-compacting concrete workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity, With a water cement ratio of 0.47 and manufacturing sand as fine aggregates and 12.5 mm coarse aggregates, a powder content of 520 kg/m3 (as per IS code10262-2019) is chosen as the binder material (Fine aggregate and cement) To improve the flow of the concrete, the superplasticizer poly carboxylate ether was used. As a result, self-compacting concrete's flow and filling capacities have significantly improved. MK5 (double blended mix) and MK5 + GGBS35 (triple blended mix) have higher 28-day strength than other mixes, while MK5 + GGBS35 has a higher modulus of elasticity than other mixes.

Experimental Study on Concrete by Adding Polyester Fibres

Abstract There are increased innovations in the field of concrete because there are endless opportunities for innovative materials, techniques, applications, and design. Today’s construction industry is looking for cost-effective materials to improve the strength of concrete structures. As a result, an attempt has been made in the current research to investigate the impact of adding polyester fibres (Recron 3s) to concrete. Fibres improve concrete's tensile and flexural strength, fatigue properties, durability, shrinkage properties, impact and erosion resistance, and serviceability. Polyester fibres (Recron 3s) are micro fibres; they contribute to enhancing the resistance of concrete to shrinkage and cracking and also help to improve mechanical properties such as the flexural / split tensile and transverse strength of concrete along with improvements in abrasion and impact strength. An experimental study was done using a M30 mix design. Polyester fibres (Recron 3s) were used in the concrete with varying dosage rates of 0.50 kgs / cu.m – 2.00 kgs / cu.m. This study describes the enhancement in the strength of the M30 grade mix concrete by the addition of polyester fibres (Recron 3s) in the proportions of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0kg/cu.m, and M30 concrete with varying dosages of the polyester fibres (Recron 3s) were mixed and cast.

To Determine the Performance Level of GLASS Fibre and Coconut Shell in Concrete

Abstract: Concrete is the most widely used construction material in civil engineering because of its high structural strength and stability. Concrete is the premier construction material around the world and is most widely used in all types of construction works, including infrastructure, low and high-rise buildings, and domestic developments. It is a man-made product, essentially consisting of a mixture of cement, aggregates, water and admixture(s). Inert granular materials such as sand, crushed stone or gravel form the major part of the aggregates. Traditionally aggregates have been readily available at economic prices and of qualities to suit all purposes. But, the continued extensive extraction use of aggregates from natural resources has been questioned because of the depletion of quality primary aggregates and greater awareness of environmental protection. To find a suitable and effective material from the waste product that would considerably minimize the use of material and ultimately reduce the construction cost. In this project GLASS fibre and Coconut shell were used as replacement of cement and coarse aggregate respectively. First physical properties of materials were found out and then the properties of GLASS fibre and coconut shells were also found out. In this project, experimental investigations were carried to find out the workability and strength, Durability characteristics of M20 Grade concrete with different replacement level of cement as (i.e.,5%,10%,15%,20 % ) by coconut shell, 0.5% by fibre and 2% alcofin. The tests will be conducted to determine the performance level of GLASS fibre and coconut shell in concrete. The specimen will be subjected to determine compressive strength, split tensile strength at 7, 14, 28 days and flexural strength at 7, 28 days of curing period. Workability of concrete should increase by combination of GLASS fibre and coconut shell. In this project GLASS fibre will be used to increase the strength of the coconut shell concrete. GLASS fibre along with cement.

R.C.C Shell Structure Design of Selected Head Cap Shape

Abstract: A shell structure is a thin structure composed of curved sheets of material, so that Shell structures are inspired from natural element named “SHELL”. A thin curved member or slab usually of reinforced concrete that function as tension member and shell. The waviness plays an important role in the structural behavior realizing a spatial form. Some of natural elements like eggshell, seashell, fruit shells (walnut) etc are showing shell structure properties. The present reinforced concrete shells as a very efficient structure, spanning wide, architectonically beautiful, relevant and valuable structural solution. Shell structures are very attractive lightweight structures, which are especially suited to Architectural building, industrial application, commercial projects etc.. The actual design of shells, involves theories of shells and the use of appropriate codes of practice. Types of curved shell like Parabolic, Hyperbolic or Cylindrical members are often said to act as tension rigidity hence called tensile members. For achieving the optimized load capability and flexural strength of such an element in form of shell covering structure is checked in for M30 grade concrete. Tensile shell members are structural edifice that caries only tension and without buckling or bending. Tensile structures are the most common type of thin-shell structures used worldwide from past decades. The profile and aspect of structure used are unlike for loading conditions, geographical locations and Architecture design differs as such as horizontal, sloping or curved member (dome and shell member). In this research work the tensile shell (plate) structure is designed in the form of beam and as grid shell slab element (plate). After then load has been applied for analysis via software tool i.e. STAAD Pro. The types of load assigned dead and live loads. The Design code specifications for curved shell member in IS: 2210–1994, IS 2204-1962 “Code of practice for construction of reinforced concrete shell roof” [CED 13: Building Construction Practices including Painting, Varnishing and Allied Finishing] and the load case criteria is to be as per IS: 875(2)–2000. RCC design specifications as per IS: 456–2000

Slag and Bagasse Ash: Potential Binders for Sustainable Rigid Pavement.

The current study tries to cut carbon emissions by using various waste materials in place of cement, including sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and ladle furnace slag (LFS), individually and in a combined form also, which has not been studied yet. In the same context, effort was made to utilize the maximum amount of waste materials as the replacement of cement to create a sustainable environment. Besides this, another aim is checking the performance of these waste materials as binding materials with respect to compressive strength for sustainable rigid pavement construction without activating them or using any activating solution. For this purpose, the compressive strength test is done for GGBFS, LFS, and SCBA, and later on, the artificial neural network (ANN) technique is also used to check the novelty of results in a broad way. For the same purpose, M40 grade concrete was made by incorporating different selected waste materials in a varying proportion ranging from 0 to 35%. Based on the results obtained from the compressive strength test for different curing periods, i.e., 7, 14, and 28 days, it was observed that the GGBFS, LFS, and SCBA can be utilized individually up to 15%, respectively. Another observation made from the findings was that the use of LFS and SCBA in the individual form up to 20% was found to be possible as the maximum reduction in strength was found to be up to 2.63%. However, the cumulative impact of all these waste products was also examined. Based on the data, it was concluded that the best outcomes would arise from using these additives in combination to replace cement in the mix by up to 30% (i.e., without compromising the required characteristics of concrete), which will be proved as an aid to the environment and the society also. Besides this, the fluctuation in the compressive strength value of concrete mixes after integrating various waste materials was also examined in order to construct a model using the ANN approach. The model's outcomes suggest that the ANN model does a good job of forecasting the compressive strength of concrete.

Influence of curative temperature on strength enhancement of diverse grades GGBS amalgamation

The research paper discusses the benefits of employing ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in concrete, including affordability, toughness, and durability. Using GGBS in concrete mixtures has become rare in expressway buildings. This is thought to result from its strength developing more slowly as it ages and is cured at room temperature. To help with its use in building the expressway, M25 and M35 grades of concrete, which contain GGBS at levels 0, 35, 40, and 45%, have been studied. By measuring the strength of reprocessed waste concrete, it was investigated how curative warmth affected the strength improvement of concretes with various GGBS percentages at premature and late ages. The concrete samples have being hardened at 20, 27, 40, 50 and 60 °C. The samples were evaluated at ages 1, 4, 16, 28, and 56. This is done to determine how strong this particular GGBS concrete has become after hardening at various hardening temperatures. The experimental research demonstrates several significant effects for GGBS replacements: it fosters strength development until an ideal replacement. The refining of the gaps is mostly caused by the reaction between GGBS and calcium hydroxides, or (Ca(OH)2), which results in the C-S-H gel, also known as calcium silicate hydrates. This process increases strength.It was also noticed that up to a particular degree, such as when it reaches adiabatic temperature, strength increases as the temperature rises, but after that, it decreases. Due to the unequal distribution of hydration products, higher cure temperatures cause bigger pores in the microstructure, as indicated.

Effect of ambient curing periods on the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete prepared with three mineral admixtures and glass fibers

Fly ash serves as the primary binder in geopolymer concrete (GPC), Several experiments have been performed using ground blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a fly ash additive in GPC and the results show that GGBS enrichment improves the mechanical properties. Existing experimental investigation employs a constant (optimum) percentage of condensed silica fume (CSF) along with GGBS as part replacement of fly ash in GPC of M40 grade. Glass fiber reinforcement was incorporated at percentages of 0.5,0.75 and 1.0 in the GPC composite. Laboratory specimens were prepared, and the mechanical properties were found at various curing periods ranging from 7 days to 60 days under ambient conditions. It is inferred that extended curing periods at ambient conditions have increased the mechanical strengths of GPC mixes. Glass fiber has contributed to strength increase, particularly in tension and flexure. Condensed silica fume has contributed towards more strength and workability of GPC.

Structural Performance of Nanosilica-Blended Square and Circular CFST Stub Columns

The study focuses on the structural behavior of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) stub columns with conventional cement concrete and nano-silica blended (doses of 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% nano-silica by weight) concrete core infill of M25 grade under a pure axial compressive load. The strength and deformation capacities, as well as failure modes, of the CFST columns were assessed with reference to steel hollow and reinforced concrete (RC) stub columns. At optimum replacement of cement with nano-silica, the increase in strength from filling the hollow steel columns is about 1.6 and 1.5 times for square and circular sections, respectively. The addition of 6% nano-silica to the cement concrete core of CFST columns showed 2.55 and 1.19 times more strength as compared to RC stub columns with square and circular sections, respectively. As a result, adding nano-silica to the concrete mix increases the core’s axial compressive load carrying capacity and strengthens the nano-silica blended CFST stub column. The addition of the optimum doses of nano-silica increases the higher rate of hydration and rapid formation of hydrated products in the cementitious matrix due to its higher specific surface area. Due to its higher specific surface area, adding the right amount of nano-silica speeds up the formation of hydrated products in the cementitious matrix and makes the rate of hydration faster.

An experimental investigation on self-healing concrete using “Bacillus subtilis”

The current study attempts to measure the performance of concrete utilizing microbiologically generated bacteria growth. This idea led to the creation of a highly unique concrete that employs bacteria to mend defects in concrete. When cracks develop in concrete, they allow the ingress of water and various chemicals, thereby reducing its strength and durability and causing corrosion of the reinforcement. To solve this issue, bacterial concrete is developed which has an independent self-healing mechanism that assists in fracture repair by producing calcium carbonate crystals that fill micro-fissures and pores. In the present investigation, the bacterium “Bacillus subtilis” was employed based on the literature study. This bacterium was cultured and utilized as it can withstand harsh environmental conditions. The Bacterium “Bacillus subtilis” was added in volume of 10 ml, 20 ml, 30 ml, 40 ml and 50 ml in M25 concrete. The compressive strength of concrete was monitored at 7 days, 14 days and 28 days. It was observed that 30 cc of “Bacillus Subtilis” when cultures and added to the concrete gives optimum compressive strength for a M25 grade concrete. Also, the inclusion of microorganisms improved compressive strength of concrete significantly. This bacterium introduced to the concrete has successfully self-healed the cracks thereby improving its durability.

Experimental investigations on hybrid fibre reinforced alkali activated concrete mixes

The present study attempts a detailed evaluation of the strength performance of Fiber reinforced Alkali Activated Concrete mixes containing fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a sole binder. Fly ash and GGBS, a by-product obtained from industries, is incorporated in the AASC mixes as a full replacement to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Initially OPC and AASC mixes are designed to obtain M30 grade. This experiment investigates the effect of the addition of hooked end steel fiber and polypropylene fiber on the physical and mechanical properties of high ductile Alkali Activated Concrete. Geo-polymer is called one of the best substitutes for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) because of its benefits over OPC. Hooked end steel fiber of length 35 mm and diameter 0.5 mm with aspect ratio of 70, polypropylene fiber of 12 mm length is used in hybrid manner, with five different fiber volume fractions of 0.25 & 1.25%, 0.50 & 1%, 0.75 & 0.75%, 1 & 0.50% and 1.25 & 0.25% respectively. All mixes of fiber reinforced Alkali Activated Concrete includes 50% of GGBS and 50% of fly ash from total binder content. Alkali activators used are, sodium hydroxide pellets and sodium silicate liquid. The experimental result indicated that, the addition of fibers affects the workability by 20–30% down. In the mechanical property wise, fibers variation doesn’t affect the compressive strength much. Flexure and tensile strength increase by about 20–40%, compared to other mixes without any fiber’s addition. This increment of strength is due to addition of both the fibers in hybrid way. Using Alkali Activated Concrete helps to reduce emission of carbon dioxide, which happens from manufacturing of cement. Geo polymer concrete make the environment very much sustainable by maintaining global warming in a limit.

Experimental Research on Ceramic Waste as Partial Replacement in Concrete

Due to the day to day innovations and development in construction field, the use of natural aggregates is increased tremendously and at the same time, the production of solid wastes from the demolitions of constructions is also quite high. Because of these reasons the reuse of demolished constructional wastes like ceramic tile came into the picture to reduce the solid waste and to reduce the scarcity of natural aggregates for making concrete. The ceramic tile waste is not only occurring from the demolition of structures but also from the manufacturing unit. The waste material should have to be reused in order to deal with the limited resource of natural aggregate and to reduce the construction wastes. A crushed waste ceramic tile is used as a replacement to the coarse aggregate. The ceramic waste crushed tiles were partially replaced in place of coarse aggregates by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. M25 grade of concrete was designed and tested. The mix designs for different types of mixes were prepared by replacing the coarse aggregate at different percentages of crushed tiles. Experimental investigations like workability, Compressive strength test, Split tensile strength test, Flexural strength test for different concrete mixes with different percentages of waste crushed and granite powder after 7, 14 and 28 days curing period has done. It has been observed that the workability increases with increase in the percentage of replacement of granite powder and crushed tiles increases. The strength of concrete also increases with the ceramic coarse tile aggregate up to 30% percentage.

An Experimental Investigation on E-Waste Aggregate Using Manufactured Sand

An experimental study is made on the partial replacement of E-waste particles as coarse aggregates and full replacement to river sand, due to Scarcity of good quality Natural River sand due to depletion of resources and restriction due to environmental consideration has made concrete manufactures to look for suitable alternative fine aggregate. One such alternative is “Manufactured sand”. Electronic waste is an emerging issue posing serious pollution problems to the human and the environment. The disposal of which is becoming a challenging problem. For solving the disposal of large amount of E- waste material, reuse of E-waste in concrete industry is considered as the most feasible application, and partial replacement of E-waste with coarse aggregate was attempted. The work was conducted on M30 grade mix. Utilization of M-sand and E-waste materials not only helps in getting them utilized in concrete, but also helps in reducing the cost of construction, saving energy and protecting the environment from possible pollution effects.

Advancement of Improved M30 Grade Concrete with Red Mud and Iron Ore Slickens and their Classification

Abstract: India is a developing country and in various developing countries like India economical construction along with economical construction material plays a vital role in the development of country. Waste material in construction can play tremendous role to make it economical and durable due to some of its specific properties relevant to construction materials. This dissertation shows comparative and experimental study on utilization of Red Mud and Iron Ore Slickens by replacement of Cement and fine aggregates in concrete. In this project red mud and Iron ore slickens are added in concrete by weight of cement and fine aggregate in the proportion of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% & 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% respectively. Workability and compressive strength test are performed on concrete and their results are being evaluated and compared

Synthesis and characterization determination of boric acid for gamma and neutron shielding efficiency of bio-caulk incorporated high-performance concrete (HPC)

Boron is a naturally occurring element having the ability to react with a wide range of various elements to form different compounds. Boric acid (BA) compounds will have significant applications like radiation shielding. When boron compounds are added to concrete it increases the neutron attenuation and acts as a suppressor of secondary-capture gamma rays. The High-Performance Concrete (HPC) – M40 grade has been used in most reactor constructions due to its high attenuation properties. Nano boron produced by 20 h of ball milling was mixed with uniform distribution in the concrete. This pulverized nano boron was sampled every 4 h and characterized by XRD, FTIR and FE-SEM. The setting time was determined after adding 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5% (w/w) of milled and unmilled BA materials into the HPC-M40 concrete as a replacement for cement. A significant radiation attenuation effect was observed in the 5 cm thickness of the concrete which showed up to 80% reduction in gamma rays attenuation compared to the conventional concrete. The bio-caulk, a bacterial concrete, was used as a replacement for water to increase the setting time and strength properties. 10% of Bacillus sphaericus inoculum was used to synthesize bio-Caulk which has self-healing properties at the micro-level cracks. The bio-caulk borated HPC - M40 grade has better shielding properties at 5% of boron as an admixture. The BA composite incorporated bio-caulk concrete showed less setting time, high compressive strength and better radiation shielding properties.

Ductile Behaviour of Fiber Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete Beam with Alternative Detailing

Self-compacting concrete is one of the major advancements in construction. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate how self-compacting concrete with steel fibres and the appropriate superplasticizer for M30 grade is presented. Effects of combining quartz flour 0 %,5 %,10 %, 15 %, 20 % and steel fibre 0 %,0.25 %,0.50 %,0.75 %, 1 % in varying amounts adding with cement. An experimental study was conducted on the fresh and hardened states of concrete. The optimal combination of quartz flour and steel fibre reinforced concrete was discovered while comparing the mixes to conventional concrete. Quartz flour with ultra-fine particles can fill holes and improve permeability resistance as well as bonding. As a result, utilizing this combination of quartz flour in self-compacting beams, studies explored the strength and ductile properties of normal and ductile details in beams, as well as comparing them to standard self-compacting concrete. Because self-compacting concrete is brittle by nature, adding fibres increases its tensile strength and ductility. Mineral admixtures improve the flow qualities.

Design and Modelling of Intze Water Tanks in Seismic Zones by Using M40 Grade Concrete

Design and Modelling of Intze Water Tanks in Seismic Zones by Using M40 Grade Concrete

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CHANGE IN PARTIAL FACTOR OF SAFETY OF CONCRETE WITH CHANGE IN STRENGTH

The strength of any material obtained in a structure is always less than the characteristic strength of the material. It is because of the workmanship or quality control in the manufacture of materials. The reduced value of strength which is obtained by applying partial safety factors to the characteristic strength is called as design strength of the material. A higher value of partial safety factor for concrete i.e., 1.5 has been adopted in IS 456:2000 because of the fact that there are greater chances of variation of strength of concrete due to improper compaction, inadequate curing and variation in the properties of ingredients. The chances of variation in the properties of steel are small, as it is fabricated in the factories where good workmanship and better quality control can be an achieved. Hence, a lower value of 1.15 has been adopted. In this study, the influence of various parameters affecting the compressive strength of concrete such as type of materials used, water-cement ratio, aggregate size and curing period are experimentally studied. Also how the change in compressive strength affects the value of partial safety factor is studied. For the experimental research, M20 grade of concrete is chosen with coarse aggregate size of 12 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm with a water-cement ratio of 0.4 and 0.5 respectively. A set of specimens containing 9 cubes, 3 cylinders and a beam of each combination of selected material properties are cast and cured for a period of 7, 14 and 28 days. The study aims at decreasing the value of partial safety factor of concrete by experimental study of change in strength with respect to change in factors affecting the strength. The experimental results are validated using STAAD Pro. Keywords: Concrete, strength, partial safety factor, design strength, compaction, water-cement ratio

Granite powder as partial replacement of cement in M30 grade concrete mix using IS 10262:2019

PurposeThis study aims at designing consistent and durable concrete by making use of waste materials. An investigation has been carried out to evaluate the performance of conventional and optimal concrete (including 5% GP) at high temperatures for different exposure times.Design/methodology/approachAn experimental work is carried out to compare the conventional and optimal concrete with respect to weight loss, mechanical strength characteristics (compressive, tensile and flexural) after exposed to 100, 200 and 300 °C with 1, 2 and 3 h duration of exposure followed by cooling in furnace for 24 h and then air cooling.FindingsThe workability of granite powder modified concrete decreases as percentage of replacement increases. Compressive, tensile and flexural strengths all increased at 100 °C when compared to strength characteristics at normal temperature, regardless of the exposure conditions, and there was no weight loss noticed. For 200 and 300 °C, the strengths were decreased compared to normal temperature and an elevated temperature of 100 °C, as weight loss of concrete specimens are observed to be decreased at these temperatures. So, the optimum elevated temperature can be concluded as 100 °C.Originality/valueIncorporating pozzolanic binder (granite powder) as cement replacement subjecting to elevated temperatures in an electric furnace is the research gap in this area. Many of the works were carried out replacing GP for fine aggregate at normal temperatures and not at elevated temperatures.

Performance evaluation on bond, durability, micro-structure, cost effectiveness and environmental impacts of fly ash cenosphere based structural lightweight concrete

The production of huge fly ash waste from thermal power plants and gradual depletion of natural aggregates due to their high consumption in concrete making are two major threats to the sustainability of the environment. The strategic utilization of this waste as a replacement of natural aggregate in production of concrete can solve both the problems simultaneously. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the performance of structural lightweight concrete (LWC) containing fly ash cenosphere (FAC), a by-product of fly ash, in order to check its suitability for construction. In this study, one control concrete mix, i.e., without FAC, and other ten concrete mixes utilizing FAC as the replacement of natural fine aggregate (NFA) at the increment of 20% and with/without superplasticizer (SP) are prepared. The Mechanical properties (compressive and bond strength), durability aspects (sulphuric acid, magnesium sulphate and sodium chloride resistance) and the microstructural characteristics from X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analyses of these mixes are evaluated. Moreover, the environmental impact assessment and cost-effective analysis are also conducted. From this investigation, it is found that the structural LWC can be produced by utilizing high volume FAC with/without SP with the acceptable mechanical and durability performances. Further, the concrete with 80% FAC and SP is found to be optimum having compressive strength of 32.59 MPa, which satisfies M25 grade concrete as per IS 456 (2000), meets ACI 213 (2014) requirements of structural LWC and has also acceptable durability properties. The microstructure studies have also supported the strength and durability results of these mixes. Moreover, these mixes are found to be cost effective and environmentally friendly. Hence, structural LWC prepared with a high volume of FAC and SP can be recommended for construction, which reduces the cost and environmental impacts significantly and preserves natural resources for the future generations.