Lower Total Protein Levels Research Articles

Serum glucose, urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and total proteins in crossbred repeat breeder and normally cyclic cows.

Objective:This study was designed to determine and compare the serum glucose, urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and total protein (TP) level in crossbred repeat breeder (RB) and normally cyclic cows to find out the relationship of these metabolic factors with repeat breeding syndrome (RBS).Materials and Methods:A total of 592 breedable cows from 34 farms were examined from Mymensingh and Chittagong districts. Seventy cows were identified as RB cows and another 10 cows were randomly selected as normally cyclic control cows for this study. Blood sample from each cow was collected and the serum was separated. The serum samples were analyzed by auto blood analyzer.Results:Cows affected with RBS had significant variation in their glucose, urea, and cholesterol levels. Serum glucose (43.00 gm/dl) level was significantly lower than in normally cyclic cows. On the other hand, serum urea and cholesterol levels were significantly higher than in normally cyclic cows. However, the TP concentrations did not differ between RB and cyclic cows. RB cows had a lower trend (6.815 mg/dl) of serum TP than in normally cyclic cows.Conclusion:This research might help scientists and veterinarians to understand that the high serum urea and cholesterol level along with low glucose and TP level could have some effect in the development of RBS in crossbred cows. It will potentially help veterinary practitioners and farmers to take preventive measures against RBS of crossbred cows.

The Incidence and Risk Factors of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study

Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been shown to be more frequent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than in the general population in Western studies. However, the actual state of VTE in Asian IBD remains poorly understood. Aims: To reveal the incidence of VTE in IBD patients in Japan. Methods: Eighty-five patients admitted to 3 gastroenterology centers were registered from 2013 to 2018. The incidence of VTE in patients with IBD (n = 42) was prospectively compared to that among patients with other digestive diseases (n = 43). The presence of VTE was surveyed using contrast-enhanced computed tomography and/or ultrasonography at admission and at 1–2 weeks after admission. The patient characteristics and laboratory data of IBD patients with or without VTE were compared to determine the risk factors for VTE. Results: The incidence of VTE with IBD was 16.7%, which was significantly more frequent than with other digestive diseases (2.3%; p = 0.0296). In IBD patients, VTE was detected in 6 of 22 patients with ulcerative colitis (27.2%) but in only 1 of 20 patients with Crohn’s disease (5.0%). VTE was diagnosed at admission in 4 IBD patients and 2 weeks after admission in 3 IBD patients. The risk factors of VTE in IBD were the presence of an indwelling central venous catheter, a low level of total protein, a low activated partial thromboplastin time, and a high level of fibrinogen degradation products. Conclusion: VTE was frequently detected in Japanese IBD patients both at and after admission. Adequate screening and prophylaxis for VTE is deemed necessary in IBD.

Indicators of functional and antioxidant liver status of rats under oxidative stress conditions and on the action of the liposomal drug “Butaselmevit”

The purpose of the work was to study the parameters of the functional and antioxidant state of the liver in rats under conditions of oxidative stress and at the actions of the liposomal drug “Butaselmevit”. The research was carried out on young white laboratory male rats of the Vistar line with a body weight of 180-200 g, which were kept in the standard conditions of the institute vivarium of the State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Preparations and Feed Additives. Animals were divided into three groups of 20 animals in each: 1st group (K) intact animals; 2nd group (D1) – rats, affected with tetrachloromethane; group 3 (D2) – rats, affected with tetrachloromethane and treated with Botselmevit liposomal preparation. Toxic lesion of rats was caused by intramuscular administration of 50% tetrachloromethane at a dose of 0.25 ml per 100 g of animal body weight for the first and third day of the study. Animals of the experimental group D2 on the first and third day of the study, an hour after the introduction of tetrachloroethane, additionally administered a liposomal preparation at a dose of 2 ml per 1 kg of body weight of the animal. The composition of this preparation includes the following substances: butafosfan, selenium, methionine, thistle injection and vitamins A, E and D3. The development of oxidative stress in rats caused by intramuscular administration of tetrachloromethane was accompanied by suppression of protein synthesis of the liver, as evidenced by the low level of total protein and the decrease in the albumin-globulin factor. Low levels of albumin and high levels of globulins in the blood of diseased rats indicate an albumin-globulin disproportion. The indicators of liver function were quite high, namely: the level of creatinine increased by 46%, urea by 74% and total bilirubin by 34%. When applying the liposomal drug "Butaselmevit" to rats, under conditions of oxidative stress during research, the normalization of biochemical parameters occurs in the blood. It has been proven that modeling of the stress response in rats of the experimental group leads to a probable decrease in the level of reduced glutathione and the activity of glutathione peroxidase in the second and fifth days of the experiment. When applying the liposomal drug Butaselmevit to rats, under conditions of oxidative stress during the studies, activation of the glutathione linkage of the antioxidant system occurs in the blood, indicating an increase in the level of reduced glutathione and the activity of glutathione peroxidase in the blood of animal data. At the 14th day of the research, the level of reduced glutathione and the activity of glutathione peroxidase in blood of the experimental group D2 were the highest. The results of the research indicate the antioxidant properties of the new liposomal drug “Butaselmevit”.

Biochemical effects of Cigarettes Smoking on Liver functions of Sudanese diabetics smokers

The present study was conducted in Khartoum state (Sudan) as a cross-sectional study in 200 participants (100 smokers and 100 non-smokers), to investigate the effects of Cigarettes Smoking on Liver functions of Sudanese smokers. The smokers were categorized into either current smokers (70 participants) or past smokers (30 Participants). Parameters were analyzed by using spectrophotometer. From the results, the levels of liver function tests (TB, Albumin and globulin) were significantly higher in non-smokers (6.0, 3.6 and 2.43 g/dl) as compared to current smokers (4.4, 2.4 and 1.98 g/dl) and past smokers (4.7, 2.7 and 1.93 g/dl). Meanwhile, ALT was significantly increased in current and past smokers as compared to non-smokers, where as AST was significantly higher in current smokers as compared to non-smokers, while there was no significant difference between current and past smokers as well as between past and non-smokers for this parameter. In addition, heavy and long duration of smoking were both associated with low total protein, albumin and AST levels .Also liver function tests were not significantly differing in current smoker's non-diabetics and non-smokers diabetics except total protein. From the results when, liver enzymes raised that may lead to increase proteins metabolism and increase blood glucose. These signs may place cigarettes smoking one of the top causes of hepatitis, pancreatitis, insulin resistance and finally diabetes mellitus type II. On the other hand, smoking cessation in diabetics lead to decrease the risk of hepatitis, Also regular physical activity and using medication regularly in diabetics lead to the same actions above; in addition diabetes complications were decreased.

Peptones in Silage from Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) Waste as a Culture Medium for Bioprocesses

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the efficacy of the aqueous fraction obtained after fractionating silage of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and cobia (Rachycentron canadum) in supporting the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The silages were prepared using combinations of citric, formic, and propionic acids. The aqueous fractions, used as test peptones, contained lower levels of total protein. The concentrations of 18 amino acids in all the samples were observed to be lower than those in the commercial peptone. Glutamic acid, lysine, glycine, and aspartic acid were present in higher concentrations than other amino acids, for both types of silage. Biomass production from E. coli culture ranged from 38.4 to 65.9 mg 100 mL−1 for all the tested treatments, while that for S. aureus was from 26.3 to 53.7 mg 100 mL−1. This indicated that products from fish silage were effective for bacterial growth in terms of biomass, by providing the main sources of nitrogen and carbon to facilitate their growth. The tested silages yielded similar efficiency to the commercial peptone. The findings revealed that it is feasible for the fish processing industry to incorporate freeze-dried by-products obtained after fractioning waste silage from the processing of tilapia and cobia.

Unique MicroRNAs Signature of Lymphocyte of Yang and Yin Syndromes in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients.

To identify the differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) profiles of yang and yin syndromes in patients with acute ischemic stroke, and to provide the molecular basis of the classification of these two syndrome types in acute ischemic stroke patients. A microarray assay was performed to assess the expression pattern of miRNAs in the lymphocyte of acute ischemic stroke patients. Target genes for the deregulated miRNAs were predicated using the online bioinformatic algorithms and functional annotation via Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analysis for miRNAs predicted targets was carried out. Based on the predicted target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs, the miRNA-gene-network and miRNA-pathway-network were constructed. Yang score based on tongue texture, urine, dejecta, and appearance, etc. showed that clinical symptoms were distinct between yang and yin syndromes. There were significantly higher total leukocyte number and lower total protein level in patients with yang syndrome compared with those in patients with yin syndrome (P<0.05). Comprehensive miRNA analysis identified 36 unique down-regulated miRNAs in yang syndrome group, and 20 unique down-regulated and 2 unique up-regulated miRNAs in yin syndrome group. The key regulatory miRNAs, gene, and pathways in the yang syndrome were hsa-miR-93-5p and -320b, enabled homolog, the metabolic pathways and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, respectively, while those in the yin syndrome were hsa-miR-424-5p and -106b-5p, CNOT4, hepatitis B and pathways in cancer, respectively. These results offered insight into the molecular basis underlying the different pathogenesis of yang or yin syndrome, providing clues for the individualized therapeutic strategies of acute ischemic stroke.

Blood Biochemical Profile in Fertile and Repeat Breeder Ongole Cross Breed Cows.

Repeat breeding is a major problem in beef cows. The objective of the present study was to determine the blood biochemical levels in repeat breeder and fertile Ongole cross breed cows. This study compared the blood biochemical profiles from 30 repeat breeders and 30 fertile Ongole cross breed cows. Plasma glucose, total cholesterol, total protein and urea nitrogen concentrations were examined in repeat breeder cows and compared with those of fertile cows. Blood samples were collected from the caudal vein into anticoagulant-coated tubes. Cells were removed from plasma by centrifugation and blood glucose, total cholesterol and urea nitrogen concentrations were measured using commercially available kits; a non-commercial kit was used to determine total protein content. Significantly different blood profiles between repeat breeder and fertile cows were reported. Specifically, repeat breeder cows had lower levels of glucose, total cholesterol and total protein, but higher levels of urea nitrogen than fertile cows. Finally, a low level of total protein, total cholesterol and glucose, accompanied by a high level of urea nitrogen, may cause reproductive problems in repeat breeders. Additionally, present findings indicated that biochemical blood profiling could be used as a diagnostic tool for repeat breeding.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma: diagnostic value of medical thoracoscopy and long-term prognostic analysis

BackgroundMalignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is marked by its difficult diagnosis and poor prognosis. Medical thoracoscopy (MT) is an effective and safe procedure for the diagnosis of exudative pleural effusions and many factors associated with poor prognosis of MPM. We conducted this study to investigate the value of MT for diagnosing of MPM and to identify prognostic factors for MPM patients.MethodsFrom July 2005 through June 2014, a total of 833 patients with undiagnosed pleural effusions underwent MT and pleural biopsies were taken. Clinical data of all patients with MPM were retrospectively analyzed, and those with complete follow-up data were analyzed for prognostic factors.ResultsEventually, MPM was the final diagnosis in 40 patients. Diagnostic efficiency of MT for MPM was 87.5%, since diagnosis of MPM failed to be established in 5 patients during the initial MT. Median survival was 17.1 mo (95% confidence interval: 13.6–20.7 mo). MT findings of pleural adhesion and plaques were adverse prognostic factors for MPM. In addition, old age, male gender, smoking history, histological type, poor staging, no treatment, low total protein level in pleural fluid, and computed tomographic findings such as pulmonary consolidation or infiltration, mediastinal lymphopathy, pulmonary mass or nodules, and pleural nodularity were also poor prognostic factors for MPM.ConclusionsMT is safe with a high positive rate in the diagnosis of MPM, and pleural adhesion and plaques seen under MT may be the adverse prognostic factors for MPM. Multiple clinical characteristics can affect the survival of MPM patients.

The Occurrence of Postoperative Complications in Patients Undergoing Surgery due to Complications from Crohn's Disease: A Case Report

Summary Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract that can give rise to strictures, inflammatory masses, fistulas, abscesses, hemorrhage, and cancer. This disease commonly affects the small bowel, colon, rectum or anus. Less commonly, it affects the stomach, esophagus and mouth. Often, the disease affects multiple areas of the gastrointestinal tract. The cause of CD is not known and there is no curative treatment. The current medical and surgical treatment is effective in controlling the disease, but even with optimal treatment, recurrences and relapses are frequent. Various risk factors specific for the patients with conditions related to the CD can influence the outcome of the surgical treatment in the postoperative period. Those risk factors can be preoperative laboratory inflammatory markers such as WBC and CRP values, phlegmona of the anterior abdominal wall and preoperative interintestinal abscess, positive resection margins. Here we present a case of a patient who was surgically treated as an emergent case because of the complication due to Crohn's disease. At presentation, the patient had leukocytosis, elevated CRP, anemia, low levels of total proteins, and albumin.

Hepathoprotective and dezintoxictional effect of medicine «Hamavit» and «Fospreniol» under direct and administrative application in the poultry

Changes in the biochemical composition of blood among hens during experimental eimeriosis reflect the development of pathological processes in their bodies. Taking into account that eimeria affect not only the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa, but cause deep morphofunctional changes in the liver, we have studied the protein synthesis and detoxification properties of the chickens during the experimental eimeriosis. To solve the problems, the study was conducted on the chickens, which, by analogy, were divided into 6 groups: control (K) and 5 experimental (D1–D5) with 8 chickens in each. At the beginning of the experiment their age was 4 weeks. They were fed by the mixed fodder. Accordingly, experimental chickens from the first to fifth experimental groups were infected by Eimerioid invasion. At the same time, the experimental bird of the 1st group (D1) was not processed by the eimiriocidal agent, and for the following four (D2–D5) as a parasitic agent, a new remedy Brovafom new was given, which was prescribed 2 g per kg of the mixed fodder feed during 7 days. In addition, in order to ensure the rapid recovery of the poultry organism after an application of the antiparasitic remedy, chickens from the third (D3) and fourth (D4) experimental groups were given Gamavit and Fosprenil during 7 days in doses of 2.5 ml per 1 liter of water. We have found out that in the serum of blood of chickens from the experimental groups a low level of total protein and especially its protein fraction was presented. In addition, the concentration of uric acid and creatinine increased in the poultry blood and increased activity of AlAT and AsAT. The most effective and cost-effective methods of combating eimeriosis is the use of chemical drugs that delay or detrimental effect on the eimeria (eimeriosis) effects at the endogenous stages of development. After the application of the therapeutic purpose of the eimeriostatic remedy «Brovaf new» eliminates the negative effects of toxins on hepatocytes of the liver. It is noted that complete restoration of the functional state of the liver is not achieved. Rather and more efficiently, this process takes place during the bird products with medicine Gamavit and Fosprenil, with the best result and with a lower dose achieved through their combined use

Pneumonia risks in bedridden patients receiving oral care and their screening tool: Malnutrition and urinary tract infection-induced inflammation.

Pneumonia develops in bedridden patients even when they are receiving oral care. However, the pneumonia risk in bedridden patients remains unclear, and no screening tool has been developed to assess this risk by using daily hospital data. We retrospectively examined pneumonia risk factors by analyzing the records of 102 bedridden patients receiving oral care. Body mass index, peripheral blood hemoglobin, and serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, total cholesterol and uric acid in the pneumonia group (n = 51; mean age 73.4 years) were lower than those in the non-pneumonia group (n = 51; mean age 68.1 years). In the univariate analysis, body mass index; leukocytosis; high C-reactive protein; low levels of hemoglobin, total protein and albumin (<3.5 g/dL); and urine bacteria were associated with the development of pneumonia. Furthermore, in the multivariate analysis, low levels of albumin and urine bacteria were independently associated with pneumonia. We developed a bedridden patient pneumonia risk (BPPR) score using these two risk factors to assess pneumonia risk. We applied scores of zero (0) or one (1) according to the absence or presence of the two risk factors and summed the scores in each patient. The proportion of pneumonia patients increased with increasing BPPR score when the patients were divided into three groups - low, moderate and high risk - according to the BPPR score (0, 1 or 2, respectively). Malnutrition, urinary tract infection-induced inflammation and anemia were associated with pneumonia in bedridden patients. BPPR scoring might be useful for assessing pneumonia risk and managing affected patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 714-722.

Lycopene: Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects toward Bisphenol A-Induced Toxicity in Female Wistar Rats.

Bisphenol A (BPA)—an endocrine disruptor xenoestrogen—is widely spread in the environment. Lycopene (LYC) is an antioxidant phytochemical carotenoid. The hereby study was designed to verify the deleterious effect of BPA on cyclic female rats' hepatic tissue as well as evaluation of the effect of LYC toward BPA hepatic perturbation. Twenty-eight female Wistar rats were allocated equally into four groups: control group, LYC group (10 mg/kg B.wt), BPA group (10 mg/kg B.wt), and BPA + LYC group (the same doses as former groups). The treatments were given daily via gavage to the rats for 30 days. The rats in BPA displayed high activities of serum liver enzymes with low levels of total proteins (TP) and albumin. Moreover, BPA induced hepatic oxidative stress via depletion of antioxidant enzymes concomitant with augmentation of lipid peroxidation, increased comet tail DNA %, and overexpression of caspase-3. Meanwhile, LYC administration reduced the cytotoxic effects of BPA on hepatic tissue, through improving the liver function biomarkers and oxidant-antioxidant state as well as DNA damage around the control values. These findings were confirmed by hepatic histopathological examination. Finally, LYC credited to have a noticeable protective effect versus BPA provoked oxidative injury and apoptosis of the liver tissue.

Low ascitic fluid total protein levels is not associated to the development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in a cohort of 274 patients with cirrhosis

Background: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a complication to decompensated cirrhosis. Fluoroquinolones may prevent SBP. However, predictive markers for SBP are wanted. Guidelines suggest that patients with ascitic fluid protein below 15 g/l receive fluoroquinolones to prevent SBP. This study aimed to assess the clinical utility of low ascitic fluid protein in predicting SBP in patients with cirrhosis and ascites.Methods: A total of 274 patients with cirrhosis and ascites underwent paracentesis between January 2010 and June 2015. Patients were followed until two years, development of SBP, initiation of ciprofloxacin, death or liver transplantation. Data were compared between groups of patients with ‘high’ or ‘low’ ascitic protein.Results: SBP developed in 31 patients (11.3%). No difference in mean ascitic fluid protein levels were found (SBP, mean: 8.5 g/l and no SBP 8.2 g/l, p = .825). SBP developed at equal rates in patients with ‘high’ or ‘low’ ascitic protein (10.8% (≤15 g/l) and 14.0% (>15 g/l), p = .599). The same trend was observed when adjusting the threshold below 10 g/l (11.9% (≤10 g/l) and 10.2% (>10 g/l), p = .697).Conclusions: Low ascitic fluid protein does not predict SBP in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Better markers are needed.

LICORICE AMELIORATES CADMIUM CHLORIDE INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN ALBINO RATS VIA B-CELL LYMPHOMA 2 UP REGULATION

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread toxic pollutant of occupational and environmental concern because of its diverse toxic effects including hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and reproductive toxicities. There is an increasing demand for herbal medicines. Licorice is a plant used in traditional medicine across the world effectively used as an anti-oxidant. Aim: Investigate the protective role of licorice against cadmium chloride (CdCl2) induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: Forty male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups each consisting of 10 animals and were treated as follows: Untreated control group (G1), Licorice treated group (300mg/ kg b.w) intragastric daily for 21 days (G2), CdCl2 treated group (3mg/kg b.w) intraperitoneal 5 times per week for 3 weeks (G3) and a group treated with the licorice (300mg/ kg b.w) intragastric for 3days before CdCl2 injection and continued along with CdCl2 injection (3 mg/kg b.w) 5 times per week for 3 weeks (G4). Specimens from liver were taken and examined histopathologically besides estimation of hepatic enzymatic functions. Also, immunohistochemical expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) in the livers of all experimental rats was investigated. Results: Significant increase of hepatic enzymes levels in Cd treated rats when compared with control group with low levels of albumin and total protein. While, co-treatment of CdCl2 with licorice reduces the elevation of enzymatic activities. Histopathologically, the liver sections from Cd group showed severe changes including marked degenerative changes of hepatic cells, dark stained nuclei with condensed cytoplasm indicating nuclear pyknosis accompanied with marked kupffer cells proliferation as well as focal areas of hepatic necrosis with mononuclear cells infiltration. Combined administration of Licorice with CdCl2 improves the biochemical and histopathological changes induced by cadmium intoxication. Down-regulation of Bcl-2 in hepatic cells induced by Cd was restored by co-administration of licorice. Conclusion: Licorice has a protective effect against hepatotoxicity of cadmium.

Hepatic lipidosis in transition buffaloes in relation to back fat thickness, hemato-biochemical and mineral profile

The study invoved 140 buffaloes, 125 (87.41%) with ultrasonography (USG) features of normal liver and 18 (12.58%) with features of hepatic lipidosis (HL). Among the later 7 had grade I, 6 grade II and 5 grade III USG features of HL. The grouping of animals according to transition stage and evaluation of body condition score (BCS) showed that buffaloes with moderate to severe HL lost BCS from Far off dry (FOD) to fresh stage by more than one (1.0) increment whereas, healthy buffaloes lost BCS from FOD to fresh stage by less than 0.5 increment. Significantly low levels of haemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count was observed in buffaloes with severe HL. Significantly low levels of total plasma protein, glucose, calcium, potassium, copper and zinc along with increased levels of plasma urea nitrogen, beta hydroxyl butyric acid, non esterified fatty acid, aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase and Glutamic dehydrogenase were observed in buffaloes with HL. A strong positive association exists between the severity of BCS and back fat thickness (BFT) reduction and occurrence of HL in transition buffaloes.

Use of marine by-product meals in diets for juvenile longfin yellowtailSeriola rivoliana

A 60-day feeding trial to determine the nutritional value of marine by-product meals in diets for longfin yellowtail Seriola rivoliana juveniles (48.1 ± 0.6 g initial weight) was conducted. Five diets were evaluated: a reference diet (RD; 500 g kg−1 CP, 130 g kg−1 L), containing 500 g kg−1 of fish meal (FM); three experimental diets with 125 g kg−1 of shrimp head (SM), Catarina scallop viscera (CM) or Pen shell viscera (PM) meals; and one diet (SCP) containing 125 g kg−1 of each of the experimental meals, to partially replace FM. Survival was not significantly affected by any treatment. Individual weight gain per day was high for the PM (5.3 ± 0.51 g d−1) and SM (4.7 ± 0.32 g d−1) diets, being significantly higher than the RD (3.5 ± 0.23 g d−1) and the other treatments (<1.2 g d−1). Feed intake was high in PM and SM diets, and very low in SCP and CM diets. Biochemical and haematological parameters were similar among treatments RD, PM and SM, while fish fed CM and SCP exhibited lower levels of total protein, cholesterol, haematocrit and haemoglobin. The results indicate that SM or PM can be used to partially replace FM in diets for yellowtail juveniles.

Вплив нітратного та кадмієвого навантаження на білковий та азотовий обмін у молодняку великої рогатої худоби

&lt;p&gt;We studied the impact of nitrate and cadmium load on protein and nitrogen metabolism in young cattle. The feeding with forage of sodium nitrate at a dose of 0.15 g NO3/kg and cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.02 mg/kg of body weight leads to a violation of protein and nitrogen exchange, as indicated by the low levels of urea, total protein and high levels of ammonia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We registered that the lowest urea content in blood serum of research bulls was on the 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; day of the experiment. The combined use of nitrate and cadmium on the animals was accompanied with a greater reduction of urea concentration in their blood, caused by sodium nitrate. The gradual reduction of urea in the blood serum of bulls indicated reduced activity of metabolic processes in an organism of bulls and inhibition of functional capacity of the liver to synthesize proteins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Under the influence of nitrites and cadmium in our experiments in an organism of bulls was set the decrease in total protein in serum, depending on the intensity of met hemoglobin formation and the level of aggressive forms of oxygen, are formed after the activation of these processes. The changes of total protein level in the blood serum can be considered as suppression of protein synthesizing liver function.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Calves feeding with sodium nitrate and cadmium chloride promoted significant increase of ammonia in the blood serum than just feeding of calves with sodium nitrate. On the twentieth day of the experiment the level of ammonia in the second experimental group of animals was higher by 53% towards the control.&lt;/p&gt;

Comparative biochemical, parasitological, and histopathological studies on cystic echinococcosis in infected sheep

Hydatid disease is a foremost public health and economic problem causing morbidity and mortality. This study was done to investigate the parasitological studies and biochemical and histopathological changes of hydatid cyst infection in livers of sheep. Our study was carried out prospectively on sheep slaughtered in a southern slaughterhouse, Hail city, conducted from January 2015 to December 2015 to determine the prevalence, cyst viability, and biochemical analysis of fertile and infertile hydatid fluids. Out of 53,981 slaughtered sheep, 3811 were found infected with hydatid cyst; specifically, hydatid cyst was detected in the liver of sheep. The overall infection rate in slaughtered sheep in this period (from 1 January 2015 to 30 December 2015) was 7.06%. The fertility rate of 330 examined hydatid cysts selected from the overall slaughtered sheep was observed to be 18.18%. Hydatid cyst fluid collected from fertile cyst had high levels of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, chloride, iron, and alkaline phosphatase activity but a low level of sodium, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and total protein as compared to infertile hydatid fluid. Sections from infected liver showed distinct hydatid cyst structures and fibrous tissue; also, hepatic tissue showed necrosis of variable degrees. The prevalence of cystic Echinococcus in Hail area was at an overall rate of 7.06% and the majority of cysts in sheep were infertile. Additionally, biochemical analysis of HF could be helpful for the diagnosis of hepatic hydatid cysts which have a deleterious effect on morbidity and mortality in sheep.

Вплив препарату «Трифузол» на функціональний стан печінки у курчат за еймеріозної інвазії

In the process of vital functions chicken blood proteins play an important physiological role in the complex processes of metabolism. Changes in blood biochemical composition of chickens according to experimental invasions reflect the development of pathological and immune processes and point on the stress of the body, which makes it possible objectively evaluate the impact of various factors on the organism of infested chickens. We have found that chickens infected eymeriozic invasion in blood serum was a low level of total protein and especially its albumin fraction. This indicates inhibition of protein synthesized liver function. In return the content of globulin in blood serum of sick chickens was 12% higher. On the background of the general hypoproteinemia was found a significant disparity between albumin and globulins in blood serum of sick chickens, as indicated by a decrease in the A/T ratio. After applying for the treatment of chickens affected eymeriozic invasion, drug «Brovafom», due to its antiprotozoic action the influence of toxins eliminates on the liver and intestinal mucosa. However, the protein synthesized function of liver at 28 day of the experiment in experimental chickens has not been completely restored. In applying the drug «Trifuzol» to chickens from the research group D3, for eymeriozic invasion we have found the level increase in total protein and albumin fractions, and also level lowering of globulin in serum of chickens throughout the experiment. At the 21st and 28th day of research in chickens from the experimental group we observe the indices normalization of protein synthesized function of the liver. Within physiological variables was also A/T ratio. Combined use of Brovafom and Trifuzol to experimental chickens for eymeriozic invasion, contributed to better normalization in protein synthesized of liver function, than the use of Brovafom.

Bacterial translocation aggravates CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis by regulating CD4+ T cells in rats

Bacterial translocation (BT) is thought to play an important role in the development of liver cirrhosis, but the mechanisms have not been fully explored. This study aims to investigate the distribution of Treg (CD3+CD4+CD25+Foxp3+), Th17 (CD3+CD4+IL-17+), and Th1 (CD3+CD4+IFN-γ+) cells in the intestinal lamina propria, liver and blood and to explore their relationships with BT. Cirrhotic rats with ascites were induced by CCl4. We found that there were lower levels of total protein and albumin, lower albumin/globulin ratio, lower body weight and higher spleen weight and ascites volume in cirrhotic rats with than without BT. We found that BT may cause increase of Treg cells in the proximal small intestine and decrease of Th17 cells in the whole intestine and blood in cirrhotic rats. It may also aggravate the CCl4-induced decrease in Th1 cells in the whole intestine, liver, caecum, and blood and the CCl4-induced increase in Th17 cells in the liver and Tregs in the distal small intestine, colon, and liver. Our data suggest that BT may aggravate liver injury and decrease liver function via an interaction with CD4+ T Cells. The results of this study may be helpful for the development of new treatments for liver cirrhosis.