Low Electrical Consumption Research Articles

Ethylene Electrooxidation to 2-Chloroethanol in Acidic Seawater with Natural Chloride Participation.

Ethylene oxidation to oxygenates via electrocatalysis is practically promising because of less energy input and CO2 output compared with traditional thermal catalysis. However, current ethylene electrooxidation reaction (EOR) is limited to alkaline and neutral electrolytes to produce acetaldehyde and ethylene glycol, significantly limiting cell energy efficiency. Here, we report for the first time an EOR to 2-chloroethanol product in a strongly acidic environment with natural seawater as an electrolyte. We demonstrate a 2-chloroethanol Faradaic efficiency (FE) of ∼70% with a low electrical energy consumption of ∼1.52 × 10-3 kWh g-1 over a commercial Pd catalyst. We establish a mechanism to evidence that 2-chloroethanol is produced at low potentials via direct interaction of adsorbed chloride anions (*Cl) with ethylene reactant because of the high coverage of *Cl during reaction. Importantly, this differs from the accepted multiple step mechanism of subsequent chlorine oxidation and ethylene chlorination reactions at high potentials. With highly active Cl- participation, the production rate for 2-chloroethanol in acidic seawater is a high 26.3 g m-2 h-1 at 1.6 V operation. Significantly, we show that this is 223 times greater than that for ethylene glycol generation in acidic freshwater. We demonstrate chloride-participated EOR in a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer that exhibits a 68% FE for 2-chloroethanol at 2.2 V operation in acidic seawater. This new understanding can be used for designing selective anode oxidation reactions in seawater under mild conditions.

High-efficiency degradation of carbamazepine by the synergistic electro-activation and bimetals (FeCo@NC) catalytic-activation of peroxymonosulfate

This study developed a novel advanced oxidation process, coupling activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by electrochemistry and catalyst based on an advanced electrocatalyst. Herein, nitrogen-rich porous carbon decorated with FeCo alloy (FeCo@NC) was fabricated to modify carbon felt (FeCo@NC/CF) to remove carbamazepine (CBZ) via electro-enhanced activation of PMS (E-FeCo@NC/CF-PMS). C–C, O-CO and M=O contents in FeCo@NC are positively correlated with CBZ degradation (r2 =0.937 and 0.942). Benefit from the obvious synergistic effect (S=3.49) of electro-activation and catalytic-activation caused by electrowetting, CBZ removal (k = 0.0811 min−1) was significantly improved with extremely low electric energy consumption (EEC, 0.0506 kWh log−1 m−3). Electric field facilitates the regeneration of key catalytic components Fe2+ and Co2+. •OH (derived from the co-activation) and electron-transfer process (derived from catalytic-activation) were the underlying catalysis mechanisms. This work provided new vision to promote the practical utilization of Fenton-like reaction with high-efficiency and low-cost.

Economic comparison of electric fuels for heavy duty mobility produced at excellent global sites - a 2035 scenario

The transformation of economies worldwide towards climate neutrality will require not only renewable electricity but also climate-neutral energy carriers such as hydrogen and its derivatives. The production cost of electric fuels (e-fuels) are to a large extent driven by the energy-intensive electrolytic water splitting. The option of producing e-fuels in highly industrialized countries, as Germany, competes with production at international locations, with excellent conditions for renewable energies and thus very low levelized cost of green hydrogen and its derivatives. In this paper, we examine the economic efficiency of various imported e-fuels that are under consideration in different scenarios for the year 2035: Fischer-Tropsch diesel, methanol, and hydrogen transported as cryogenic liquid or in form of liquid organic hydrogen carriers. We develop a mathematical model that covers the entire process chain, from the production of the e-fuels at various excellent locations worldwide to the energetic utilization of the fuels in a heavy duty vehicle. We find that the choice of production site has a major impact on the mobility cost using the respective fuels. Under the selected boundary conditions and assumptions, methanol, cryogenic hydrogen, and liquid organic hydrogen carriers are the most favourable options for all seven locations examined. Which e-fuel is cheapest varies with the production site. Especially in case of diesel, the levelized cost of electricity determined by the full load hours of the applied renewable energy source have a huge impact. An LOHC-based system is shown to be less dependent on electricity source compared to other technologies due to its comparatively low electricity consumption. The length of the transportation route and the price of the filling station infrastructure, however, increase mobility cost for LOHC and LH2.

Treatment of coking wastewater using a needle coke electro-Fenton cathode: optimizing of COD, NH4+-N, and TOC removal and characterization of pollutants.

Coking wastewater is a typical organic refractory wastewater characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4+-N, and total organic carbon (TOC). Herein, coking wastewater was treated using a heterogeneous electro-Fenton (EF) system comprising a novel iron-loaded needle coke composite cathode (Fe-NCCC) and a dimensionally stable anode. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the reaction conditions. The predicted and actual COD removal rates were 92.13 and 89.96% under optimum conditions of an applied voltage of 4.92 V, an electrode spacing of 2.29 cm, and an initial pH of 3.01. The optimized removal rate of NH4+-N and TOC was 84.12 and 73.44%, respectively. The color of coking wastewater decreased from 250-fold to colorless, and the BOD5/COD increased from 0.126 to 0.34. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy show that macromolecular heterocyclic organic compounds decomposed into straight-chain small molecules and even completely mineralized. The energy consumption of the EF process was 23.5 RMB Yuan per cubic meter of coking wastewater. The EF system comprising the Fe-NCCC can effectively remove pollutants from coking wastewater, has low electricity consumption, and can simultaneously reduce various pollution indicators with potential applications in the treatment of high-concentration and difficult-to-degrade organic wastewater.

Energy-efficient reuse of bio-treated textile wastewater by a porous-structure electrochemical PbO2 filter: Performance and mechanism

In this work, a novel porous-structure electrochemical PbO2 filter (PEF-PbO2) was developed to achieve the reuse of bio-treated textile wastewater. The characterization of PEF-PbO2 confirmed that its coating has a variable pore size that increases with depth from the substrate, and the pores with a size of 5 μm account for the largest proportion. The study on the role of this unique structure illustrated that PEF-PbO2 possesses a larger electroactive area (4.09 times) than the conventional electrochemical PbO2 filter (EF-PbO2) and enhanced mass transfer (1.39 times) in flow mode. The investigation of operating parameters with a special discussion of electric energy consumption suggested that the optimal conditions were a current density of 3 mA cm−2, Na2SO4 concentration of 10 g L−1 and pH value of 3, which resulted in 99.07% and 53.3% removal of Rhodamine B and TOC, respectively, together with an MCETOC of 24.6%. A stable removal of 65.9% COD and 99.5% Rhodamine B with a low electric energy consumption of 5.19 kWh kg−1 COD under long-term reuse of bio-treated textile wastewater indicated that PEF-PbO2 was durable and energy-efficient in practical applications. Mechanism study by simulation calculation illustrated that the part of the pore of the PEF-PbO2's coating with small size (5 μm) plays an important role in this excellent performance which provides the advantage of rich ·OH concentration, short pollutant diffusion distance and high contact possibility.

Comparative life-cycle assessment of various harvesting strategies for biogas production from microalgae: Energy conversion characteristics and greenhouse gas emissions

Biogas production via anaerobic digestion is highly attractive in the realm of microalgae technology. However, the microalgae harvesting strategies for biogas production has yet to be comprehensively evaluated. Here, a comparative life-cycle assessment for microalgae harvesting scenarios of centrifugation (CT), sedimentation and centrifugation (SD-CT), flocculation and centrifugation (FC-CT), flocculation and electro-flotation (FC-EF) were conducted to evaluate the energy conversion characteristics and environmental impacts. The results showed that harvesting strategies significantly affected the net energy yield of the whole system. Only scenarios FC-CT and FC-EF achieved positive net energy yield of 0.17 and 0.04 MJ with 1 MJ net energy output. The net energy yield of scenarios SD-CT and CT were negative (−0.11 and −1.92 MJ) because of the low harvesting efficiency and high electricity consumption. The net GHG emissions of the four scenarios were all positive, and scenario FC-EF achieved the least GHG emissions (21.86 g CO2-eq MJ−1). According to the nutrient balance analysis of carbon, about 15 percent carbon from flue gas was fixed by microalgae in the form of soil fertilizer (9.32%) and biomethane product (5.63%–6.60%). Additionally, harvesting efficiency and biogas yield had the most profound impact on the parameters for two-step and one-step harvesting scenarios.

Electro-driven carbon foam/PCMs nanocomposites for sustainable energy management

The application of phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage (TESs) in the structural units of buildings has been introduced as a novel solution to energy peak loads shifting, energy management and saving, and renewable energy utilization. For the first time, a carbon foam (CFs)/PCMs composite was proposed as an electrical heater and simultaneously in-situ TES for indoor heating to energy management in the building sectors. The highly electrically conductive carbon foams (CFs) consisting of nanocages with graphene walls were developed as PCMs encapsulating supports for this goal. The nanocomposites were installed in the test rooms to consider their heating efficiency and thermal storage capacity. The good encapsulation of paraffin (PA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as PCMs in the nanoporosities led to low electric power consumption for composites heating and PCMs melting. The high latent heat of the nanocomposite preserved the test room temperature in a comfortable condition for a prolonged time (41 min) without electricity consumption in energy peak load. The high thermal/chemical stability of the composites under frequent heating/cooling cycles makes them ideal heaters for energy management and peak load shifting in buildings. Numerical simulation investigation using Fluent and Design-Builder Software agrees well with the experimental results.

Novel self-sustained flow-through electrochemical advanced oxidation processes using nano-Fe0 confined B, N co-doped carbon nanotubes/graphite felt cathode: Higher mineralization efficiency under wider pH

To improve the mineralization efficiency of pollutants under wide pH ranges by self-sustained electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) without any reagent addition, a flow-through system based on the bifunctional cathode of B, N-doped carbon nanotubes embedded with nano-Fe0 particles that loaded on graphite felt (Fe@BN-C/GF) was developed. Dominant by 1O2 oxidation, the sulfamethazine (SMT) degradation rate and TOC removal in this recirculated flow-through system were 2.6 ∼ 3.3-folds and 1.4 ∼ 2.4-folds that of the batch system under the pH ranges of 3 ∼ 11, respectively. The SMT degradation performance was found not affected in the presence of HCO3–, NO3–, Cl-, K+, or humic acid (HA). The Fe@BN-C/GF cathode had more potential to treat enlarged wastewater by 5-folds during 10 h operation, and the SMT and TOC removal was 99% and 70.31%, respectively. The total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and TOC in reverse osmosis concentrate and secondary wastewater effluent could be simultaneously removed to <0.01 mg L-1 and 8 mg L-1 by this flow-through system with a low electric energy consumption (EEC) of 0.022 and 0.18 kWh gTOC-1, respectively. This EAOPs based on the flow-through Fe@BN-C/GF cathode was self-sustained, and had very promising application prospect of high mineralization of pollutants even for low-conductivity wastewater.

Neonatal warming devices: What can be recommended for low-resource settings when skin-to-skin care is not feasible?

Hypothermia occurs frequently among clinically unstable neonates who are not suitable to place in skin-to-skin care. This study aims to explore the existing evidence on the effectiveness, usability, and affordability of neonatal warming devices when skin-to-skin care is not feasible in low-resource settings. To explore existing data, we searched for (1) systematic reviews as well as randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing the effectiveness of radiant warmers, conductive warmers, or incubators among neonates, (2) neonatal thermal care guidelines for the use of warming devices in low-resource settings and (3) technical specification and resource requirement of warming devices which are available in the market and certified medical device by the US Food and Drug Administration or with a CE marking. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, two were systematic reviews comparing radiant warmers vs. incubators and heated water-filled mattresses vs. incubators, and five were randomised controlled trials comparing conductive thermal mattresses with phase-change materials vs. radiant warmers and low-cost cardboard incubator vs. standard incubator. There was no significant difference in effectiveness between devices except radiant warmers caused a statistically significant increase in insensible water loss. Seven guidelines covering the use of neonatal warming devices show no consensus about the choice of warming methods for clinically unstable neonates. The main warming devices currently available and intended for low-resource settings are radiant warmers, incubators, and conductive warmers with advantages and limitations in terms of characteristics and resource requirements. Some devices require consumables which need to be considered when making a purchase decision. As effectiveness is comparable between devices, specific requirements according to patients' characteristics, technical specification, and context suitability must play a primary role in the selection and purchasing decision of warming devices. In the delivery room, a radiant warmer allows fast access during a short period and will benefit numerous neonates. In the neonatal unit, warming mattresses are low-cost, effective, and low-electricity consumption devices. Finally, incubators are required for very premature infants to control insensible water losses, mainly during the first one to two weeks of life, mostly in referral centres.

A capacitive sensor with high measurement accuracy and low electrical energy consumption

A capacitive sensor with high measurement accuracy and low electrical energy consumption

Development of an electrochemical membrane bioreactor for succinic acid production and in situ separation with engineered Yarrowia lipolytica cultivated on municipal biowaste hydrolysate

A novel electrochemical membrane bioreactor (EMB) integrating succinic acid (SA) production and in situ separation in the anode compartment through an anion exchange membrane was employed in fed-batch fermentations with Y. lipolytica PSA02004 using hydrolysates from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) as feedstock. The initiation of electrolysis cell operation and the reduction of pH from 6 to 5.5 at 30 h in a 6.7 L bioreactor improved the SA production efficiency, resulting in 66.7 gSA/L, 0.51 g/g yield, 0.78 g/(L·h) productivity, high coulombic efficiency (66.2%) and relatively low electricity consumption for SA separation (2.6 kWh/kgSA). The recirculation of the fermentation broth in the cathode compartment and the OH– produced by water reduction reduced NaOH consumption (35.4%) for pH control during fermentation. The fermentation was efficiently replicated in a 30 L bioreactor with a low membrane surface area (100 cm2) electrolysis cell, but it failed with a higher membrane surface area (702 cm2) electrolysis cell indicating that yeast cell viability, cell design and EMB configuration are important aspects for process scale-up. SA crystals were purified, at 99.95% purity and 95% yield, from the anolyte solution via activated carbon treatment, evaporation, crystallization and drying. Cell removal via centrifugation and acidification stages were not required as in conventional SA purification processes. The produced SA crystals were suitable for the production of polyester polyols for polyurethane urea dispersions applications.

Recent Research Progress of Mn4+-Doped A2MF6 (A = Li, Na, K, Cs, or Rb; M = Si, Ti, Ge, or Sn) Red Phosphors Based on a Core-Shell Structure.

White light emitting diodes (WLEDs) are widely used due to their advantages of high efficiency, low electricity consumption, long service life, quick response time, environmental protection, and so on. The addition of red phosphor is beneficial to further improve the quality of WLEDs. The search for novel red phosphors has focused mainly on Eu2+ ion- and Mn4+ ion-doped compounds. Both of them have emissions in the red region, absorption in blue region, and similar quantum yields. Eu2+-doped phosphors possess a rather broad-band emission with a tail in the deep red spectral range, where the sensitivity of the human eye is significantly reduced, resulting in a decrease in luminous efficacy of WLEDs. Mn4+ ions provide a narrow emission band ~670 nm in oxide hosts, which is still almost unrecognizable to the human eye. Mn4+-doped fluoride phosphors have become one of the research hotspots in recent years due to their excellent fluorescent properties, thermal stability, and low cost. They possess broad absorption in the blue region, and a series of narrow red emission bands at around 630 nm, which are suitable to serve as red emitting components of WLEDs. However, the problem of easy hydrolysis in humid environments limits their application. Recent studies have shown that constructing a core-shell structure can effectively improve the water resistance of Mn4+-doped fluorides. This paper outlines the research progress of Mn4+-doped fluoride A2MF6 (A = Li, Na, K, Cs, or Rb; M = Si, Ti, Ge or Sn), which has been based on the core-shell structure in recent years. From the viewpoint of the core-shell structure, this paper mainly emphasizes the shell layer classification, synthesis methods, luminescent mechanism, the effect on luminescent properties, and water resistance, and it also gives some applications in terms of WLEDs. Moreover, it proposes challenges and developments in the future.

Single-phase air parallel ejectors: An experimental and numerical study

Ejector-based refrigeration systems (ERS) raise a lot of interest, given their lower electrical consumption compared to conventional refrigeration systems. However, a single ejector suffers from a lack of capacity flexibility, while the commercial success of this technology often relies on its ability to handle the fluctuating heating load availability and cooling load requirements. To that end, this work proposes the use of multiple ejectors having similar performance curves that could operate individually or simultaneously, according to the needs. To investigate the suitability of the proposed solution, a test bench equipped with two ejectors having different capacities, and a turbulence model, are used. The results show that the performance of the two ejectors is exactly the same, whether they are used separately or simultaneously. To the best of the author’s knowledge, it is shown here for the first time that, when several ejectors are used simultaneously, they each retain their performance, without any disturbance of their entrainment ratio or critical outlet pressure. This important new finding paves the way for the design of ERS for variable capacity applications, such as solar cooling systems.

Parametric Study and Electrocatalyst of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Electrolysis Performance.

An investigation was conducted to determine the effects of operating parameters for various electrode types on hydrogen gas production through electrolysis, as well as to evaluate the efficiency of the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzer. Deionized (DI) water was fed to a single-cell PEM electrolyzer with an active area of 36 cm2. Parameters such as power supply (50-500 mA/cm2), feed water flow rate (0.5-5 mL/min), water temperature (25-80 °C), and type of anode electrocatalyst (0.5 mg/cm2 PtC [60%], 1.5 mg/cm2 IrRuOx with 1.5 mg/cm2 PtB, 3.0 mg/cm2 IrRuOx, and 3.0 mg/cm2 PtB) were varied. The effects of these parameter changes were then analyzed in terms of the polarization curve, hydrogen flowrate, power consumption, voltaic efficiency, and energy efficiency. The best electrolysis performance was observed at a DI water feed flowrate of 2 mL/min and a cell temperature of 70 °C, using a membrane electrode assembly that has a 3.0 mg/cm2 IrRuOx catalyst at the anode side. This improved performance of the PEM electrolyzer is due to the reduction in activation as well as ohmic losses. Furthermore, the energy consumption was optimal when the current density was about 200 mA/cm2, with voltaic and energy efficiencies of 85% and 67.5%, respectively. This result indicates low electrical energy consumption, which can lower the operating cost and increase the performance of PEM electrolyzers. Therefore, the optimal operating parameters are crucial to ensure the ideal performance and durability of the PEM electrolyzer as well as lower its operating costs.

Improving the safety of provided ATS at LZTT by implementing MLAT

Nowadays the air traffic services are provided with surveillance and procedural services are not used any more. In order to provide radar services at airports we need to have 100% coverage. The combination of present technologies gives us the opportunity to provide such services even at mountainous terrains. The paper deals with air traffic services and their improvements at Poprad-Tatry international airport. In the first part it shows characteristics of primary radar and problems associated with its operation as the radar is out-dated. In the second part the authors describe secondary radar and problems with too high minimum vectoring altitudes and an inappropriate location of SSR ground station. In the last part a new technology – MLAT is presented and other benefits such as improved coverage, lower electrical consumption, redundancy etc. The paper shows risks associated with implementations of such a technology and a safety risk tolerability matrix is created.

Modeling the hourly consumption of electricity during period of power crisis

&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this paper, we capture the dynamic behavior of hourly consumption of electricity during the period of power crisis ("dumsor'' period) in Ghana using two-state Markov switching autoregressive (MS-AR) and autoregressive (AR) models. Hourly data between the periods of January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2014 was obtained from the Ghana Grid company and used for the study. Using different information criteria, the MS(2)-AR(4) is selected as the optimal model to describe the dynamic behavior of electricity consumption during periods of power crisis in Ghana. The parameters of the MS(2)-AR(4) model are then estimated using the expectation-maximization algorithm. From the results, the likelihood of staying under a low electricity consumption regime is estimated to be 87%. The expected duration for a low electricity consumption regime is 7.8 hours, and the high electricity consumption regime is expected to last 2.3 hours before switching to the low demand regime. The proposed model is robust as compared to the autoregressive model because it effectively captures the dynamics of electricity demand over time through the peaks and significant fluctuations in consumption patterns. Similarly, the model can identify distinct regime changes linked to electricity consumption during periods of power crises.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/abstract&gt;

Membran Seperasyon Tekniklerinin Süt Teknolojisinde Kullanımı ve Süt Ürünlerindeki Etkileri

Membrane separation techniques are used to separate certain components (protein, fat, water, etc.) in liquid products such as milk and to obtain these components in pure form, and also to remove microorganisms in these liquid products. In addition, these techniques are used to concentrate milk in the dairy industry. In membrane separation, components pass through pores of a certain size and are separated according to molecular weights. The basic principle in separation techniques is based on the fact that the liquid is passed through the pores of the membrane under certain pressure, the desired components (retantat) are kept in the pores and other components (permeate) pass through the membrane. The techniques used are grouped into four main categories: Microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and hyperfiltration (reverse osmosis). Among the advantages of the membrane separation technique are the low electricity consumption, the possibility of use in various areas, and the fact that it does not cause undesired changes in the product characteristics. There are disadvantages such as the cost of initial installation, fouling of the membrane pores, and the membrane cleaning takes a long time.

Rapid growth of zinc oxide nanorods on kanthal wires by direct heating method and its photocatalytic performance in pollutants removal

Immobilization of photocatalysts on supporting substrates to prevent the loss and deterioration of photocatalytic performances is an issue to be addressed by researchers. However, the common synthesis techniques such as chemical vapour deposition, sol-gel, or hydrothermal are time- and cost inefficient. A lot of heat is loss to environment when the heat generated outside the reactor is transferring into the reactor and precursor solution. In this work, ZnO nanorods were grown on kanthal wires using direct heating (DH) technique. DH technique offers many advantages as compared to common synthesis techniques such as chemical vapor deposition, sol–gel and hydrothermal to produce ZnO nanorods. The heat was generated directly on the substrate itself, providing effective heating, low electric consumption (≤0.060 kWh), and rapid synthesis (15 min) of ZnO nanorods. The presence of ZnO nanorods on kanthal wires are verified by XRD, FESEM, TEM/HRTEM, XPS and RTPL analyses. The ZnO nanorods demonstrated good photocatalytic performance in degradation of RhB dye and heavy metal ions under UV light. Thus, DH is a potential synthesis technique for mass production of wastewater treatment module.

Electrolyzer cell-methanation/Sabatier reactors integration for power-to-gas energy storage: Thermo-economic analysis and multi-objective optimization

The main objective of this study is to compare and optimize two power-to-gas energy storage systems from a thermo-economic perspective. The first system is based on a solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) combined with a methanation reactor, and the second is based on a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer cell (PEMEC) integrated into a Sabatier reactor. The first system relies on the co-electrolysis of steam and carbon dioxide followed by methanation, whereas the basis of the second system is hydrogen production and conversion into methane via a Sabatier reaction. The systems are also analyzed for being applied in different countries and being fed by different renewable and non- renewable power sources. Simulation results of both systems were compared with similar studies from the literature; the errors were negligible, acknowledging the reliability and accuracy of the simulations. The results reveal that for the same carbon dioxide availability (i.e., flow rate), the SOEC-based system has higher exergy and power-to-gas efficiencies, and lower electricity consumption compared to the PEMEC-based system. However, the PEMEC-based system produces 1.2 % more methane, also with a lower heating value (LHV) of the generated gas mixture that is 7.6 % higher than that of the SOEC-based system. Additionally, the levelized cost of energy (based on the LHV) of the SOEC-based system is found to be 11 % lower. A lifecycle analysis indicates that the lowest lifecycle cost is attained when solar PV systems are employed as the electricity supply option. Eventually, the SOEC-based system is found to be more attractive for power-to-gas purposes from a thermo-economic standpoint.

N-doped graphene aerogel cathode with internal aeration for enhanced degradation of p-nitrophenol by electro-Fenton process.

A columnar N-doped graphene aerogel (NGA) was successfully fabricated by one-step hydrothermal synthesis using L-hydroxyproline as reductant, N-doping, and swelling agent, and it was used as the cathode with internal aeration mode for the electro-Fenton degradation of p-nitrophenol. Owing to the stable solid-liquid-gas three-phase interface, more active defects, and modulated nitrogen dopants, the NGA cathode exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity. H2O2 could be continuously electro-generated via a two-electron oxygen reduction, and the yield of H2O2 was 153.3mg·L-1·h-1 with the low electric energy consumption of 15.3 kWh kg-1. Simultaneously, the NGA cathode had better charge transfer capability with N-doping, which was conducive to the conversion of Fe3+/Fe2+. Under the optimal condition, nearly 100% removal of p-nitrophenol and 84% removal of TOC were obtained within 60 and 120min, respectively. The NGA cathode also presented good stability and versatile applicability in different water matrices. Therefore, the NGA is a cost-effective cathode material in electro-Fenton system with adequate activity and reuse stabilization.