Activities Of Local Authorities Research Articles

Everyday Life of Population of Siberian Province in Context of Peter’s I Reforms in First Quarter of 18<sup>th</sup> Century

The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of the culture of everyday life of the Siberian province population in the first quarter of the 18th century, the characteristics of the development of traditional forms of material culture of Siberians, and new features of everyday life that arose under the influence of the implementation of Peter's reforms on the territory of Western Siberia. Changes in the material culture, leisure and life of the population of the Siberian province in the first quarter of the 18th century are considered, the traditions of building houses, making clothes, the level of medical care and health care, leisure activities of the population of Western Siberia in the first quarter of the 18th century are described. The study was carried out on the basis of an analysis of the complex of legislative and office-work sources of the State Archives in Tobolsk. Among them, an important place is occupied by decrees regulating the organization of medical care for the population, documents reflecting the actions of local authorities in relation to the occupation of Swedish prisoners of war in Tobolsk by distilling. The authors of the article show that Peter's modernization processes in the field of culture, customs and everyday life had little effect on the traditions of building houses, making clothes, and everyday activities of the majority of the peasant population of the Siberian province and local non-Russian peoples. It is concluded that the main changes affecting the area of everyday culture are associated with the implementation of the military and administrative reforms of Peter I, the appearance of captured Swedes on the territory of the province, the implementation of the provincial reform, a change in the local administration system, the emergence of medical professional personnel and health care institutions.

ФІНАНСИ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ПОШИРЕННЯ ПАНДЕМІЇ: ПРОБЛЕМНО ОРІЄНТОВАНИЙ АНАЛІЗ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ПОВЕДІНКОВИХ АСПЕКТІВ

It is shown that the pandemic in Ukraine has caused new challenges and increased the risks to the sustainable progress of territorial communities, and quarantine measures have deepened the negative trends in strengthening of their financial capacity. The processes of formation and use of financial resources of territorial communities of Ukraine in the conditions of a pandemic are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of the COVID-19 crisis at the local level (asymmetric impact on the development of territories, negative financial and economic effects, uncertainty in financial and management decisions). The tendencies of pandemic influence on financial indicators of territorial communities in the context of selected groups (cities of regional significance, urban, settlement and rural territorial communities) are revealed: reduction of financial support of local budgets from the state budget, slowdown of growth of tax revenues on basic taxes; reduction of financial resources to ensure the economic development of territories, etc. Problems that negatively affect the strengthening of financial capacity of communities are identified, including: lack of vertical coordination and coordination of actions of public authorities and local governments in addressing the effects of the pandemic and ensuring the development of territories; unsystematic nature of the reaction of local authorities to the crisis; excessive orientation of local governments to finance social expenditures and delegated powers while reducing the amount of economic direction; low communication of local governments with residents of communities (especially rural) in the conditions of remote work. The influence of cognitive, social and psychological factors on decision-making is proved, which is peculiar both to individuals and groups of persons in the part of: substantiation of non-systemic character and short-term perspective of reaction of governing bodies of different levels to the crisis; underemployment of hired workers; establishing systematic communication between the authorities and residents; formation of effective mechanisms of interaction and support of citizens taking into account behavioral representations of people.

Wooden heritage of Świętego Piątka St. in Zamość. Problems and ideas for the preservation of a vanishing landscape

Wooden heritage of Polish towns has become a widely discussed architectural topic. Until the 2nd world war, the majority of little towns and villages development was constructed from wood. Zamość, well-known for its inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List, may be pleased for having many examples of wooden residential architecture dating back to the beginnings of the 20th century. Stylistic traits, composition of forms, modest but classy ornamentation and the atmosphere of the street calls for adequate commemoration. Private ownership entailing infrequent poor maintenance, devastating weather conditions, lack of concrete, local government actions result in gradual deterioration of wooden building substance and its aesthetic, original qualities. Too little attention and effort is devoted by the local government to preserve that unique part of Zamość – the Zamość outside the fortification walls.
 The author of the article provides historical background of that particular pieces of wooden architecture, lists their main characteristics distinguishing and common to the Zamość region, discusses their role in the street’s landscape and presents several solutions to revive the original beauty of the place and engage attention to the matter.

Resiliensi Keluarga ‘Teroris” Dalam Menghadapi Stigma Negatif Masyarakat & Diskriminasi

This research focused on the ability and strength of "terrorist" families in dealing with certain condition and problem after their family member was arrested as terrorist. This problem and certain condition arose due to the fact that one of their family members becomes a suspect in a criminal act of terrorism. This study particularly explored the family dynamics in dealing with problems, reactions from surrounding communities, local government actions, both negative stigma, as well as positive support from community, discrimination and the resilience of terrorist families. The method used in this study was qualitative method specifically using the phenomenological tradition by exploring the subject experience. Subjects or informants in this study were individuals who have specific background (having family member who was arrested as terrorist) and people who know about these events. The purpose of this study is to obtain an overview with the dynamics of psychological problems and resilience of terrorist families in the face of pressure, prejudice, negative stigma and possible discrimination from society, and to describe it as a research report from the perspective of the terrorist suspect's family. Collecting data in this study was done through in depth interview for the primary data and observation for secondary data. The result of this study showed a picture of the terrorist family with the dynamics of psychological problems in facing negative stigma and discrimination experienced in their daily lives. This can be used as an illustration of family resilience in facing problems and difficult situations

STRATEGIC PRIORITIES AND MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF AMALGAMATED HROMADAS IN THE CONTEXT OF DECENTRALIZATION OF POWER

The purpose of the article is to summarize and present strategic priorities and mechanisms for ensuring the competitiveness of regions in decentralization. The sequence of actions, the algorithm that will determine the strategic importance of development and select appropriate means to ensure the area's competitiveness. Methodology. The SWOT-analysis method is based on the analysis of factors and factors of competitive advantages of regions with the help of fundamental parameters (accessibility, the economic feasibility of use; sufficient transport potential; involvement of the local population in resource development). To determine the priorities of directed financial flows, the structure of community expenditures was considered (Velykomostyska city Amalgamated hromada as a representative of Amalgamated hromada with a city centre; Solonkivska rural Amalgamated hromada as a representative of Amalgamated hromada – a satellite of a large city; Slavske village Amalgamated hromada as a representative of Amalgamated hromada tourism). The effective use of tools has been identified, and the priorities facing the region (including Amalgamated hromada) need to be clearly defined to achieve enhanced competitive advantages. Results. Results show that an additional mechanism to strengthen competitive advantage is the inclusion of local producers of products or services in the global chain of multinational companies while considering the threat of significant dependence on foreign markets. The implementation of mechanisms must include at least two components: financial, economic and organizational. All measures include synchronization of actions of local authorities, public organizations, business to ensure mechanisms for implementing strategic development programs based on analytical research and monitoring in the context of adaptation to global challenges, the need to implement the rules of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU. Practical implications. The active position of the community in defining strategic priorities and clearly defining the mechanism for strengthening the competitive advantages of Amalgamated hromada will significantly improve the quality of life and, consequently, the attractiveness of the territory for potential residents. Increasing the population intensifies the development of the social sphere and the sphere of trade, which will increase revenues to the community budget. Thus, a clear vision of the community leadership of strategic guidelines allows the community to develop faster than before the reform. Value/originality. Strategic priorities and mechanisms for ensuring the competitiveness of regions in the context of decentralization of power provide a better understanding of their effectiveness by the budget process of the area or Amalgamated hromada.

Collaborative Governance in Local Government: How State Law Shapes Community Problem-Solving through Intrastate Preemption

Abstract How may local government, nested in state government as a creature of state law, effectively engage in collaborative governance? What if it finds itself thwarted by state legislation related to policy solutions that community stakeholders identify through collaborative governance as steps to mitigate climate change? This article examines how state legislation may limit or empower local government to use collaborative governance to address climate change. It uses Institutional Analysis and Development with a particular focus on state law as rules that shape municipal action arenas. Legal scholars term state legislation that limits local government action as state preemption or intrastate preemption. Using a 50-state review of state statutes regarding single use plastic bags, fracking, electricity supply, and broadband, this article identifies patterns of intrastate preemption of municipal government authority to adopt policies or ordinances related to the environment. It identifies patterns in states adopting intrastate preemption related to majority political party in the state legislature and governorship. It concludes intrastate preemption may inhibit collaborative governance and community problem-solving by limiting municipal policy choices. This research illustrates the importance of controlling for state law in research on municipal collaborative governance in policy-making.

Sustainability assessment in the Brazilian Amazon: the municipalities of the state of Amapá

Although sustainability assessment is widely discussed at Brazil, in Brazilian Amazon its use is still little applied, considering this territory is about 59% of Brazilian space. The state of Amapa faces the same shortage of work in the sustainability assessment. This research aims to assess and analyze, through the use of indicators, the sustainability of the municipalities of the state of Amapa. The materials used for research development were based on national and international bibliographic references, as well as statistical data from official sources, processed with the minimum and maximum method, used to standardardization of variables, considering the positive and negative relationship that each one has with sustainability. In a scale 0–100 points, the low score of 47.68 points shows that in many areas the actions of local, regional and national governments have to be reviewed. In this regard, these results suggest that local and state policies should reflect sustainability with practical actions that promote it, otherwise these results will be negatively accentuated in a not too distant future.

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN CONTROL OF THE LOCAL OMBUDSMAN OVER THE ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT BODIES AND THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS APPLICATION IN UKRAINE

Purpose: вased on the analysis of the experience of foreign countries and existing theoretical developments, the article argues the expediency and effectiveness of the activities of the institution of local ombudsman in Ukraine. The Ombudsman is seen as an additional means of identifying and eliminating violations of the law that were not detected in the course of administrative supervision and internal control. The main provisions that determine the legal status of the ombudsman in foreign countries are highlighted. Methods: the research was carried out using such methods as analysis and comparison, synthesis. The method of analysis and comparison was applied in the study of scientific developments of the mechanism of public control over the activities of local authorities in foreign countries, the feasibility and effectiveness of the institution of local ombudsmen in Ukraine. Using the synthesis method, a mechanism for public control over the activities of local authorities in foreign countries has been established. Results: it is advisable to introduce the institution of the human rights ombudsman of the territorial community as an independent official authorized to consider and process complaints from citizens about the actions and inaction of local self-government bodies and their officials.Discussion: highlights the main provisions that determine the legal status of the Ombudsman in foreign countries. According to the author of the article, the institution of the human rights ombudsman of the territorial community should be an additional means of control over the rule of law, which functions both for the citizen and for public authorities. Such control is carried out by receiving and considering complaints from citizens who believe that their rights are violated by decisions, actions or inaction of local authorities. In addition, it is advisable to provide for the right of the Ombudsman to initiate proceedings on his own initiative in the event of a violation of the law in the activities of local self-government bodies, which may lead to a violation of the rights of citizens. The Ombudsman should be empowered to monitor both the legality and the appropriateness of the actions of local authorities. The importance of the institution of the local ombudsman for ensuring the rule of law lies in the fact that by exercising these powers, it can contribute to the elimination of systemic violations of regulations that local authorities allow and concerning the rights and freedoms of persons living in the territory of the corresponding administrative-territorial unit.

The problem of food supply in the Russian province during the world war of 1914–1918 based on the materials of Kostroma and Yaroslavl provinces

The article examines the actions of local authorities of Kostroma and Yaroslavl provinces during the World War I in the context of solving the food issue. Attention is focused on the work of the tsarist and revolutionary authorities. The paper traces both the first actions to combat speculation and decisions that contradict state policy in the context of the coming revolution and the supply crisis. The article deals with the contradictions of the bread market that arose during the World War I. The fixed prices set for food often caused dissatisfaction of producers in the grain-producing provinces. The paper draws a conclusion about the causes of the food crisis in the consuming provinces and the degree of effectiveness of solving this problem by local authorities.

Социально-экономическая повседневность единоличных хозяйств Саратовского Поволжья в первой половине 1930-х годов

The article examines the features of the life of individual peasants in the Saratov Volga region in the conditions of the dominance of collective farms. On the basis of archival documents, the direction and content of state policy in relation to individuals is revealed. Having survived the nightmare of the first years of collectivization, individual farmers began to gradually adapt to new conditions and show their resilience in an unfavorable environment. As a result, instead of joining the collective system, they discredited it by their example. Therefore, special attention is paid to the policy of the Soviet leadership and the actions of local authorities in relation to individual farms. As a result of state policy, expressed in administrative pressure and a tightening of the tax press by the mid-1930s there was a gradual reduction in the sole sector.

What Global Censorship Studies Tell us About Hong Kong’s Media Future

China imposed a new National Security Law on its Special Administrative Region (SAR) of Hong Kong in mid-2020. The deployment of this legal weapon, combined with other actions of local authorities that have grown noticeably more irritable and vindictive, means that Hong Kong media no longer enjoy the freedom from government restrictions that they had been accustomed to. Hong Kong has thus joined the ranks of the many societies with media environments that are semifree and semi-closed. These societies’ experiences indicate that arrests and bans, while attracting the most attention, are not what inflict the most damage in the long run. As alarming as the on-going legal actions are, citizens’ access to information and ideas is more likely to be restricted by less spectacular and coercive means, including economic carrots and sticks that encourage a culture of self-censorship. Such an environment requires new mindsets and skillsets among journalists.

Response by Endodontists to the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID−19) Pandemic: An International Survey

As SARS-CoV-2 continues to wreak havoc, health care workers are on the front lines to protect our communities. Dentists, particularly endodontists who manage dental emergencies, are engaged in high risk procedures that necessitate the modification of their treatment strategies in order to protect themselves, their staff and their patients from exposure to SARS-CoV-2. This study gathered international data from 448 endodontists to describe their awareness, their clinical care modifications, their strategies for re-opening and their reflection on the effects of the pandemic on their lives. Most endodontic practitioners (78%, n = 350) provided but limited their treatments to emergency care during the government-mandated shutdowns. They agreed with their local government's actions more than that of the national government, screened their patients for symptoms prior to treatment and changed their clinical care protocol to mitigate the spread of the virus. The pandemic has impacted their income, their ability to retain staff, and their financial and personal outlook in life.

Echoes of the Kronstadt Events of 1921 in Arkhangelsk Province

The country-wide uprisings of the winter and spring of 1920–1921 still lack a coherent explanation and require further reflection. This article reconstructs events of this period in one of the most “quiet” territories of Soviet Russia, the Arkhangelsk province, using political summaries and secret reports, as well as investigative files and later memoirs. It was understood, both locally and centrally, that peasants were eager to follow the “successful example” of mass resistance to the authorities. The aim of the state was not only to use punitive measures to prevent mass protests and to minimize the influence of “irritants”, but above all to disrupt the distribution of undesirable information. The use of a large number of informers recruited from various sections of society allowed competent authorities to have an overview of what was happening in the country and to respond promptly to any potential unrest. Secret information, including that received from foreign sources, forced local authorities to prepare in advance for possible events in the provincial center, and to make efforts to prevent possible peasant revolts in bordering territories in the north of Western Siberia and in the Velsk uyezd and Vologda province. The actions of local authorities were on the whole successful; unrest in the Arkhangelsk province was avoided. However, the sense of danger that persisted as a result of these events, despite the end of the Civil War, contributed to a social mistrust that lasted for many years.

MULTIDISCIPLINARY FEATURES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STATE POLICY OF DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRACURRICULAR EDUCATION AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL

In the article the author analyzes the state educational policy on the out-of-school system at the regional level and focuses on the importance of out-of-school education as an important component of the educational system of each region and Ukraine as a whole. It is noted that in the context of reforming the national educational system, extracurricular activities should become an integral component of the educational structure of each region of the state. The analysis indicates that extracurricular education operates in different educational areas, and interest classes protect the child from the negative social impact of the street, sometimes from the negative impact of the family, excessive fascination with social networks and the Internet in general. The author emphasizes the importance of supporting local governments and public authorities in the activities and development of out-of-school education in the transformation of the educational sector of Ukraine, the use of new methods and approaches to the functioning of out-of-school. Highlights extracurricular activities as an educational field that plays an important role in the education of student youth, which is designed to create conditions for social development and creative self-realization of children, promotes their social security and professional orientation, prevention of negative manifestations in youth. It is noted that it is at the regional level that it is necessary to create appropriate conditions for the development of the industry as an effective intellectually rich environment in the educational regional space. The article emphasizes the importance of actions of local governments as founders of out-of-school education institutions and bodies that provide affordable and high-quality out-of-school education in the region. A positive result of extracurricular education can be achieved if the efforts of public authorities and local governments, as well as educational institutions and the public sector.

ІСТОРИЧНИЙ РОЗВИТОК МОСТОБУДІВНИЦТВА В УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ГУБЕРНІЯХ ПЕРШОЇ ПОЛОВИНИ ХІХ ст. (НА ПРИКЛАДІ КИЇВСЬКОЇ ГУБЕРНІЇ)

Historical literature and archival sources, which were analyzed, allowed to reveal the components of development of river transport constructions of the Kyiv province of the first half of the 19th century. Work with the corps of sources presented in Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Kyiv, State Archive of Kyiv region, State Archive of Kyiv restored the peculiarities of state agencies relations, designed to coordinate the actions of local authorities, delegates of the merchant class in the field of construction of transport facilities, in particular, river bridges. It was found that the main reasons for building bridges were the aspirations of the authorities and the entrepreneurial class to provide profits that associated with the transportation of people, the supply of goods. It was established that were involved in the construction of bridges the state, represented by the provincial government, and merchants who became contractors. There were many cases when bridges, dams and river carriages were built by the efforts of several private and starost granges farms, whose economists acted as organizers of construction and their using. Regulation of the use of river structures pushed the authorities to abolish the privileges of fee collection, the right to which nobles, landowners inherited from Polish state. Authorities granted permits to build or purchase bridges only in cases, where it did not contradict the military calculations. With the help of merchants were erected not only river structures, but entrepreneurs were involved in the construction of roads leading to bridges. There were cases where foreign engineers have been involved in the design and construction of stone bridges. Contemporaries insisted on the low quality of erected transport structures (wooden dams, bridges) on small rivers of the Kyiv province by the efforts of peasants involved in the zemstvo duty. The consequences of this state of river transport facilities for trade were difficult to transporting people and goods each spring and autumn rainy season.

Trust in government during the pandemic: gender aspect

The article examines the differences in the choice of behavioral patterns based on social trust and distrust of men and women. The essence of the problem under consideration is that so far few researchers have studied mistrust as a phenomenon characteristic of Russians, and practically no one has considered the difference in the character of trust / distrust for men and women and the influence of these indicators on the level of socio-psychological well-being of the population and, as a consequence, on social tension in society, if we consider this problem in terms of trust and distrust to the authorities. Here are the studies that were conducted in December 2020 in the city of St. Petersburg, regarding these issues. A study of changes in trust showed that in the northern capital от Russia, the level of mistrust for the federal government among women increased much more than among men, and a small excursion into history and analogies with revolutionary situations of the past make one think about the stability of the current system and the need for the authorities to make serious efforts to resolve an explosive situation. This situation is especially evident in St. Petersburg, because the unpopular actions of local authorities during the pandemic created the prerequisites for the fact that it was on the shoulders of women that the main burden fell, when it was necessary to actually independently educate children, continue to work in new conditions and practically fully support the life of the whole family in harsh conditions of isolation and psychological and informational pressure. Analyzing the research data and the situation in general, this article concludes that in the current difficult conditions the authorities should pay more attention to the position of women and increase targeted support measures to improve the socio-psychological well-being of the population.

ФИНАНСОВАЯ ПОДДЕРЖКА МУЗЕЙНОГО И ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО ТУРИЗМА

The aim of the article is to show the history of preservation of cultural and historical heritage and the conditions for sustainable development of modern university cities on the example of university and other museums in Russia (mainly Siberia) and France. The main objective is to demonstrate the creation of harmonious campuses, in which economic, environmental and social principles are balanced, serving, among other things, to attract tourists, which at the same time contributes to the creation of new jobs. Using examples, it is considered how, with the help of coordinated actions of local authorities and university leadership, it is possible to resolve the eternal conflict between tourists and local residents. The development of regional museums and the formation of excursions for museum-educational-historical tourism of the Siberian region are analyzed. The analysis of digitization of museum exhibits and opening of access to collections to visitors from all over the world is shown. All this makes it possible to give museum lessons, to conduct toponymic excursions (scientists’ names of in street names), field games using local history and traditions, and to introduce elements of theatrical performances. The article shows how virtual tours are organized taking into account international examples. The economic role of museums, festivals, exhibitions in the life of the region is highlighted.

Przedsiębiorczość społeczna w tworzeniu podstaw bezpieczeństwa społecznego wspólnot lokalnych

Contemporary processes of administration are of a complex character. It requires from policymakers who form the economic policy the choice of adequate and diverse methods and interaction techniques. One needs to be aware of the fact that creating suitable conditions for socio-economic development should take place on different levels of a country’s organisation. Stimulation of development is inscribed into the core and nature of local government actions and supporting social entrepreneurship constitutes one of the biggest challenges on the level of municipalities and counties. The aim of the study is to point to the meaning of social entrepreneurship in creating the foundations of social security. Social entrepreneurship is inseparably connected to one of the contemporary trends in the economy, namely the social economy. In Poland, the social economy has been gaining in popularity in recent years, following a number of negative social effects observed after the rough period of economic transformation and its ownership and structural transitions. In the study, the essence of social entrepreneurship has been characterised as an important action aimed at improving the feeling of social security. The reference has been made to Świętokrzyskie voivodeship, in which the meaning of social entrepreneurship has been pointed and attributed by policymakers responsible for the development policy. The stimulation of social economy subjects may be an important supplement of regional policy aimed at attracting external investments (with shortages of capital connected to the regional policy). This results from the fact that launching business in the social economy sector does not require significant capital outlay, and may constitute a chance for involving young people who want to test themselves in a role of budding entrepreneurs. Promotion of social entrepreneurship might as well contribute to the reinforcement of social cohesion as well as building regional social capital by including into the labour market some groups that are “forgotten” and feel it difficult to find themselves on the open labour market. The article is of an overview character.

Rural Youth’s Capacity to Aspire: What Role for Local Government Actions?

ABSTRACT The capacity to aspire is understood as the capacity to identify and navigate pathways to realise personal ideas of the good life. The constrained capacity to aspire of poor people inhibits their ability to change their circumstances. The questions at the heart of this paper are whether local government plays a role in the development of this capacity and how. We examined these questions through interviews with over 50 young people in a rural municipality in Colombia, where particular development-related strategies are implemented, and found that local government can strengthen the capacity to aspire by creating spaces of participation and assisting access to higher education. However, corruption, unsustainability, discontinuity of programmes, and the disregard of youth preferences constitute hindrances to the capacity to aspire that originate from government action as well. This discussion is developed around the notions of conversion factors, practical reasoning, terms of recognition, and human agency. The paper concludes that the capacity to aspire can be developed by including youth voices in policy planning, which would initiate new levels of interaction with the government that could further change the terms of recognition, and by adopting a political discourse that takes the capacity to aspire seriously.

Советское государство и религиозные организации в 70-е годы ХХ века (на материалах Рязанской области)

The author of the publication analyzes the religious policy of the Soviet state in the 70s of the twentieth century. The main stages of the evolution of the religious policy of the state in the field of lawmaking, as well as the features of its implementation in relation to religious organizations, are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the process of relations between the Council for Religious Affairs under the Government of the USSR and the Ryazan authorized Council with specific communities of believers of different faiths. Particular attention is paid to the complaints of believers in the center on the actions of local authorities. The author comes to the conclusion that the state religious policy is inconsistent.