Loanwords Research Articles

Re‐assessing regional chronologies for island southeast Asian voyaging to Aboriginal Australia

ABSTRACTAccording to written histories, trepang fishers from Island Southeast Asia (“Makassans”) frequented coastal northern Australia from c.1750 to 1907 CE. Yolŋu oral traditions and old Austronesian borrow words in coastal Aboriginal languages suggest a long and complex history of foreign voyaging to northern Australia. Yet archaeological radiocarbon chronologies for the Southeast Asian trepang industry and earlier voyaging encounters are few and the dates have never been comprehensively reviewed. Only one Arnhem Land trepang fishery site has been dated extensively, and others have produced unusually old dates of c.1200–1500 CE. The Groote Eylandt rockshelter of Dadirrigka yielded an enigmatic sherd of friable earthenware above a radiocarbon date of c.1100 CE. Here we have compiled, reviewed and recalibrated all 49 radiocarbon dates directly associated with Southeast Asian contact sites, stratigraphy and rock art in northern Australia. We discuss the dates and their archaeological contexts region by region to assess their reliability. We also report for the first time Yanyuwa (southwest Gulf of Carpentaria) oral traditions which shed light on their past kinship and exchange relationships with Makassan visitors. The radiocarbon dates provide tentative support for four phases of interaction in northwest Arnhem Land and Groote Eylandt, including pre‐Makassan encounters and the organised trepang industry of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. There is a paucity of archaeological excavations and radiocarbon data from northeast Arnhem Land, the Kimberley and the southwest Gulf of Carpentaria, where historical writings, linguistics and oral traditions are still the most reliable indicators of the timing and nature of cross‐cultural interaction.

TRANSLATION OF GERMAN TERMS OF THE FIELD “THE MAIN TYPES OF EDITIONS” INTO UKRAINIAN

The article defines the main regularities during the translation of the German terms contained in the National Ukrainian Standard DSTU 3017:2015 into Ukrainian and outlines recommendations for the translator working with terms that are not recorded in translated lexicographic sources. The obtained results are a useful addition to the terminology system of the publishing and library industry. The total amount of research material is based on a compiled sample of German terms and their Ukrainian equivalents. The goal of the presented research is to determine the regularities of German terms rendering into Ukrainian. The main tasks aim at the creation of a classification of terms based on word-forming features and a generalized classification of strategies, methods, approaches and techniques of terms translation based on the lexical and semantic features. The analysis of the translation features of the compiled research material makes recommendations for the terms translation that do not have dictionary equivalents. The research uses general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis to develop classifications and generalize recommendations for the terms translation. The main linguistic methods of research are the method of structural and lexical analysis, component analysis and the method of analysis of dictionary definitions. In addition, the article uses the sociolinguistic method of distributive analysis and the statistical method of quantitative analysis. German native and borrowed terms of the field “The main types of editions” consist of native non‑derived vocabulary, derivatives, compound words and combinations of words. The terms of the field of the main types of editions are generally rendered by lexical and semantic approaches of lexical borrowing, modulation, implication, explication and mutation. Native non‑derived vocabulary and derivative terms are translated into Ukrainian by lexical borrowing. Compound words, represented by composites and binominal words, are rendered mainly by means of modulation; combinations of words are mostly translated by means of tracing. Translation approaches of implication and explication are typical of both native terms and borrowed terms, but they are less common in terms translation. The approach of implication aims at the compact presentation of terms, and the approach of explication makes easier their perception. The translation approach of mutation through the denotation replacement is the least used in translation. The translation of terms complicate absolute synonyms (doublets) and polysemantic words with signs of intraindustry homonymy (translator’s false friends). In the translation of native German terms into Ukrainian, there is a tendency to use the foreignization strategy.

The Europeanization in Chinese — Focus on English and Chinese

Languages are always progressing, and other languages significantly influence Chinese. The significant influence is a change in the structure of the Chinese sentence. As intercultural communication continues to increase, loanwords are becoming more and more common in daily life. Loanwords fill up the gaps of new things and greatly enrich the vocabulary. Language interactions and the people’s perception of such implicit and explicit cultural influences are critical to understand cultural influences on people and cultural exchange. This paper analyzes loanwords, sentence structure and people’s thinking patterns to find the influence caused by Europeanization and how Europeanization is defined in China. Moreover, this paper analyzes the international context and the related conditions of the Chinese Europeanization phenomenon. In general, the Europeanization of the Chinese is inevitable in the current context. The borrowed words and grammatical changes have enriched the Chinese vocabulary and promoted smooth communication between China and other countries.

Linguistic potential of COVID-19 neologisms in the metaphoric language of socio-political discourse

The purpose of the study is to investigate the features of the vocabulary of COVID-19 in English, which is an international language of borrowings. The secondary objective is to obtain new data on the emergence of a new vocabulary during the global problem of the COVID-19 pandemic. The method of lexical semantics analysis was used; 77 lexical units within the framework of the socio-political discourse have been considered in the course of the discursive text analysis. The most relevant categories of neologisms associated with COVID-19 were identified, and their word-formation models were analyzed. The active borrowing of COVID-19 vocabulary began from the English language. Based on the changes in the lifestyle, daily routine, and statuses of citizens, five categories and four groups of neologisms have been identified. The results of this study can be used for further analysis of the vocabulary of the COVID-19 period as new lexical units constantly appear and require their consideration within the framework of the linguistic potential and vocabulary of the languages found in the world. The study is important for replenishing the theoretical and practical base in the field of lexicology (processes of neologization, lexical borrowings, semantic features of new lexical units and their functions), media linguistics, journalism, and sociology as it takes into account socio-political factors.

Запозичення як спосіб номінації їжі та напоїв у центральноподільських говірках / Borrowing as a way of nominating food and drinks in the Central Podillya dialect

The article presents a description and systematization of lexical borrowings in the Central Podillia dialect in 10 settlements of Vinnytsia and Khmelnytskyi regions. The object of study is the Central Podillia dialect, because this area has a high heuristic potential for studing the mechanisms of interlanguage contact: Podillia is located on the border of different states, on the borders of the lands of different peoples, the borders of the Kyiv, Volyn and Halytsky principalities, the Tatar uluses, of the Principality of Lithuania, Poland, Moldova and Turkey, Russia and Austria came together here at different times. The subject of the analysis is the names of food and drinks. In the analyzed dialect materials, it was recorded 98 lexemes (17.8% of all nomens) for food and drinks, the etymons of which go back to Indo-European, Turkic, Caucasian, Finno-Hungarian, Sino-Tibetan languages. The largest number of borrowings in the thematic group of food and drink names of the Central Podillia dialect is attested from the languages of the Indo-European language family. The most frequently borrowed lexemes were recorded from the Romance group (41 nomens), in particular from the following languages: French (18 nomens), Latin (11 nomens), Italian (8 nomens), Romanian (3 nomens), Spanish (1 nomen). The least represented Greek language group, from which 6 nomens were borrowed. Many borrowings (24 nomens) are attested from Slavic languages, in particular from Russian (12 nomens), Polish (11 nomens) and Czech (1 nomen) languages. The Germanic group of languages, in particular German (12 nomens) and English (2 nomens), is also represented by various names for food and drinks in the dialects of Central Podillia. The following language families were less popular for borrowing the names of food and drinks in the dialects of Podillia: Turkic (6 nomens), Finno-Hungarian (3 nomens), Caucasian (3 nomens) and Sino-Tibetan (1 nomen). The established genetic affiliation of the identified lexical borrowings to a specific linguistic source is determined by historical, socio-economic, political and cultural factors of the development of Podillia. In the future, the analysis of isolex borrowings in the Podillia dialect may become a perspective for the study of foreign loanwords in the dialects of Podillia.

Lexical Borrowings from Spanish into Wayuunaiki: Contact, Classification, and Motivations

This study identifies and analyzes lexical borrowings from Spanish into Wayuunaiki (an Arawak language spoken in Colombia and Venezuela). The analysis, based on bibliographic documentation and fieldwork, focuses on the borrowability and semantic domains of Spanish loanwords and the factors motivating Spanish loanword adoption into Wayuunaiki. The results show that, despite the typological distance, Wayuunaiki is prone to adopting lexical items from Spanish, as evident in the moderate number of lexical borrowings identified. A key motivating factor for Spanish loanword incorporation is Wayuunaiki speakers’ need for lexical items to refer to new concepts adopted from the dominant Spanish-speaking culture. This phenomenon is partly due to the contact dynamics between Wayuunaiki and Spanish. Besides expanding on the description of the Wayuunaiki language and its contact with Spanish, this study contributes to identifying factors and motivations favoring the adoption of loanwords between typologically distant languages.

Code-switching and code-mixing among users of social media

<p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>This conceptual paper aims to examine the use and application of code-switching and code-mixing among users of social media based on recent studies in Sociolinguistics. Communication in general has evolved tremendously in the 21<sup>st</sup> century, as it has made interactions with people all around the world much faster and easier. Social media is an important platform that allows these interactions to take place. Having multiple users from different countries influences the utilization of the first language (mother tongue), code-switching, code-mixing and borrowed words. Social media users have been shown to extensively use code-mixing and code-switching, particularly among speakers in the bilingual or multilingual society. Thus, this conceptual paper will attempt to deliberate on the use of code-switching as well as code-mixing among users of social media; namely people’s preference of social media, types and use of code-switching and code-mixing on social media, and lastly factors which influence the use of code-switching and code-mixing on social media.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: Code switching; Code mixing; Sociolinguistics; Social media</p>

Диалектизмы и архаизмы в охотничьей лексике якутского языка (на материале «Краткого словаря якутского языка» Г. Ф. Сивцева)

The aim of the research is to identify the dialect features and archaisms of the hunting vocabulary of the Yakut language. The paper analyzes dialectisms and archaisms in the hunting vocabulary of the Yakut language found in Gavriil Fedotovich Sivtsev’s “A Short Dictionary of the Yakut Language”. The research is novel in that it is the first in Yakut studies to identify archaisms and variants of dialects of terminological vocabulary involving the material of G. F. Sivtsev’s “A Short Dictionary of the Yakut Language”. In total, 15 dialectisms and 9 archaisms were analyzed. As a result, it has been determined that the literary word куобах ‘hare’ has the most dialect variants, which is explained by its wide area of distribution. Some names related to hunting in the modern Yakut language are used in other meanings, mainly figurative ones. Most of the names considered have a common Turkic origin and a Yakut origin, however, there are a small number of borrowed words from Russian, Mongolian and Evenki. Hunting-related dialectisms and archaisms recorded in this dictionary can serve as a valuable resource for extending the terminological vocabulary of the Yakut language.

Lexical Borrowings and Adaptations of Anglicism

Lexical borrowings, or the adoption of words from one language into another, are a common phenomenon in language evolution. One language that has had a significant impact on the lexicon of other languages is English, particularly through the use of Anglicism. These are words borrowed from English that are used in other languages, often in the context of globalization and the spread of English as a global lingua franca. However, the adoption of these words is not always straightforward, and they often undergo adaptations to fit the phonological, morphological, and semantic patterns of the borrowing language. This paper will examine the process of lexical borrowing and adaptation of Anglicism in different languages, exploring the factors that influence the adoption and adaptation of these words, the linguistic and cultural implications of these processes, and the challenges and opportunities they present for language users and language planning. Through this analysis, we can gain a better understanding of the complex dynamics of language contact and change, and the ways in which different languages interact and influence one another in a globalized world.

LEXIS OF PAKISTANI ENGLISH: A STUDY OF LEXICAL BORROWING IN PAKISTANI ANGLOPHONE LITERATURE

Pakistani English, an institutionalized variation of English, developed as a result of language contact between English and the Pakistani language. One of the most notable features of this variant is the significant creativity in the lexis. In this study, based on Shah's, A Season for Martyrs (2014), and Mueenuddin's, In Other Rooms, Other Wonders (2009) the researchers explored the language's vocabulary through the lexical borrowings of single words and their assimilation in Pakistani English. They used qualitative content analysis method to analyze lexical borrowings of single items and their level of integration into Pakistani English, on a three-fold grade-ability scale, in the selected works. The study’s findings posit that Pakistani English frequently borrows lexical items from Pakistani languages either to fill the lexical gaps or to transmit various shades of meaning, which reinforces the notion that this variety has its own distinctive lexicon. In addition, the study endorsed the notion that Pakistani English should be considered an independent variety since it represents the linguistic and cultural characteristics of English speakers in Pakistan and is widely used in Pakistani Anglophone literature. Keywords. Pakistani English; Lexical Borrowing; Contextual Areas; Lexical Integration.

Bilingual Phenomena Occurring in the Speech of Albanian Native Speakers

This study aims to determine whether bilingual phenomena occur in the speech of Albanian bilingual students with high exposure to English, in an attempt to detect the influence of English on the Albanian language. Special attention is paid to bilingual aspects like codeswitching, lexical borrowings, calques, and hybrid compounds. Data have been gathered through participant systematic observation: Albanian bilingual students have been observed within informal settings of Pristina international schools. Their conversations have been recorded and transcribed for further analysis. The study shows that code-switching is the most common linguistic behaviour among the students under investigation. However, in addition to code-switching, lexical borrowings and calques also play a roughly equivalent role in their speech. This research provides evidence of bilingual phenomena resulting from direct, everyday language contact between English and Albanian in Pristina international schools, which aids in understanding the sociolinguistic changes brought about by such contact.

Стилистическая мотивированность при использовании языка амхарских СМИ

<p>This article looked into the stylistic motivations of English words used in Amharic media. It used the qualitative descriptive approach to examine the data of this research so as to be able to investigate the stylistic motivation of language use in the Amharic media programs that are concerned with sport, medical science, and science and technology. Purposive sampling was used to select these programs, resulting in 1090 bilingual extracts. The English words were given due focus to examine the stylistic motivation that they have served in the Amharic media. In this study, it is found that there are numerous examples of English borrowing used in the Amharic media because they are shorter and more economical (i.e., for their brevity) than their Amharic counterparts. It is also found in this study that English loan words are used in Amharic media in order to precise some words for which there is no unequivocal Amharic equivalent. Employing variation of expression to avoid tedious recurrence of words in Amharic media is another finding in this study. Therefore, three aspects of the stylistic motivation developed by Galinsky are found to be available in the Amharic media language.</p>

Raz jeszcze w sprawie zapoycze wschodniosowiaskich w "Pamitnikach" Samuela i Bogusawa Maskiewiczw oraz "Diariuszu" Antoniego Chrapowickiego

The article discusses the lexis of East Slavonic provenance, excerpted from 17th-century borderland diaries of Samuel and Bogusaw Maskiewicz and Jan Antoni Chrapowicki. Vocabulary of Turco-Tartar origin was also included, in accordance with the principle (commonly accepted in linguistics) that a given foreign word, regardless of its original source, is a borrowing from the language from which the borrowing language adopted it directly. This does not mean that the testimonies and opinions relating to borrowed words are equated with the testimonies and opinions relating to their designates, since the origin of the designate and the direct source of the word are two different phenomena. The material was confronted with works on the language of borderland writers and with dictionaries of the Polish language, covering material from the Middle Ages to the first half of the 20th century.

TRANSLINGUALISM ACROSS LANGUAGES: A TEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGES INTERACTION

The myth of a pure form of language is so deep-rooted in many people that, even though they accept the existence of different languages, they cannot accept the reality that there is no language that is fully independent of other languages. People believe that there is language contamination across languages and most of the time it is their own language contaminated by others. This confirms the colonial principle of compartmentalization or distribution of languages. Even in the post-colonial era, language isolation remains a serious challenge, especially in bi/multilingual classroom settings, where learners are discouraged to translanguage or code-mesh languages. It is against this background that this paper examines adaptation of several vocabularies and concepts from other languages in developing a language, usually through merging of cultures or colonization. This study looks at examples in Southern Africa and the Philippines of existing fusion that has taken place between those languages and other surrounding languages. Therefore, this study argues that boundaries between languages are fluid - not fixed. The boundaries do not exist. They are therefore uncalled for because they destabilize the fluidity between languages, yet there is autonomous fusion between languages. We further argue that indigenization of languages can work well in translanguaged classrooms where learners are allowed to utilize indigenized versions of loan words to express ideas and concepts. This can encourage a more liberal use of language and self-expression in formal classroom settings.

CONTEMPORARY ANGLICISMS IN UKRAINIANS SPEECH AND THEIR UKRAINIAN CORRESPONDENCES

In general, the article presents the problem of the borrowings functioning in contemporary Ukrainian. Considering the constant flood of loanwords into the Ukrainian language under the conditions of modern technologies rapid development, directions of activity, as well as the globalization of the world, the study of modern anglicisms is relevant since there is a constant need to analyse new linguistic phenomena. The article deals with the peculiarities of the adaptation of the latest borrowings from the English language to the rules of functioning of the Ukrainian language on the material of the «Slovotvir» platform. Modern Ukrainian orthography regulates some aspects of borrowed words spelling (norms for the transmission of certain sounds with specific letters), but in practice, transmission in writing may vary for a certain period, until it is finally fixed or gets out of use due to unnecessary use. The word can be transmitted both by transcription and by transliteration. Sometimes in English several words are used to denote a concept, and it entered the Ukrainian language as one, where all components are written together, which indicates that a borrowed word combination in Ukrainian is perceived as one whole word, unlike in English, where lexemes are self-sufficient and exist in syntagmatic relations. Several anglicisms acquire specific elements, including endings or suffixes. Words with different roots can be pronounced the same but spelled differently. But such homophones in English can turn into homonyms in Ukrainian (homophones, homographs at the same time) in connection with the transmission of foreign sounds by available means of language. So, it takes some time for the word to adapt. It is desirable to choose Ukrainian equivalents for anglicisms whenever possible because it nourishes the language and uses specific resources. Often a borrowed word has its own equivalents that are in circulation at the same time as it. In addition, in some cases, it is possible to translate an anglicism into Ukrainian, in which case the use of anglicisms is not appropriate. Another solution to the issue of finding equivalents for anglicisms is the involvement of the word-formation of the Ukrainian language – the formation of new words, as is actively happening in English. Key words: word structure, borrowing, transcription, transliteration, specific elements.

EXPLORING STUDENTS’ TRANSLATION STRATEGY ON THE GLIMPSE OF US SONG BY JOJI

Translating texts from one language to another is often used as a resolution to overcome many challenges nowadays, allowing individuals to understand content that they may not have been able to otherwise. In the case of song lyrics, translation can be particularly useful in helping individuals understand the meaning and emotion behind the words. This study explored the translation strategies employed by ten Translation and Interpretation (TI) students in translating the lyrics of Joji's Glimpse of Us song, and investigated their translation products whether they meet the criteria of good translation. Using a qualitative-descriptive research design, the study analyzed 23 sentences from the source text, finding that the most common strategy used was the use of a more general word (44%), followed by paraphrasing with unrelated words (21%) , by paraphrasing using related word (18%), by addition (9%), and omission (4%). The least common strategy was the use of loan words or loan words with explanations (3%). The study also evaluated the accuracy, naturalness, and clarity of the students' translation products based on Mona Baker's theory and the criteria of good translation proposed by Larson (1984) out of 230 total data collected, the study found 148 acceptable translations (64%) and 82 unacceptable translations (36%). These findings can inform future teaching practices in TI programs and contribute to the field of translation studies.

A WORD FORMATION IN PRODUCT NAMING ON SNACK BRANDS

Word formation processes have become one of the most important steps for company in creating brand names. This study aims to identify and describe the word formation processes on snack brands. There were 30 objects of snack brands in this study. The object of this study was snack names found in Alfamart and Indomaret. Qualitative descriptive method was applied in this study. The results show that that there were six words formation processes found on snack names, namely blending, compounding, borrowing, acronyms, coinage and multiple processes. From the data, the writer found 53,3% compound words, 23,3% blending words, 13,3% borrowing words, and 3,3% acronyms, 3,3% coinage and 3,3% multiple processes.

English Lexical Borrowings in Chabacano Television Newscasts: Categories, Patterns, Affixations, and Semantic Fields

English Lexical Borrowings in Chabacano Television Newscasts: Categories, Patterns, Affixations, and Semantic Fields

Liangmai phonology: An overview

Liangmai, a Tibeto-Burman member spoken in North East India (NEI), has twenty consonant phonemes and six vowel phonemes with four contrastive tones. Three stops and three nasals permitted at the end of a syllable and all consonants occurs at the beginning of a syllable. A voiceless libio-dental fricative which is rare in other NEI languages is a major consonant. Vowel system has several diphthongs. The close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/ can appear as an allophone of close front unrounded vowel /i/ and close back rounded vowel /u/ as in dūip í n ~ dūip ɨ́ n ‘spring’ and t ū n ~ t ɨ̄ n ‘push’. With or without coda, the position nucleus of a syllable is occupied by an obligatory vowel and also by a syllabic consonant. Syllable has  CV and CVC patterns.  After resllabification, the structure of the syllable will appear like CCVC. Consonnat cluster is not permitted in a syllable except for a few idiolects. Nasal syllabic is abundantly present in the language. Total assimiliation occurs in phonological proces in the manner of progressive and regressive assimiliation. Both consonant and vowel undergoes syncope. Epenthesis does not occur at word level except for loan words. In fast speech, voiceless consonants are voiced inter-vocally across morphemes. The morpheme /jēi/ can be realized in six allomorphs depending on the envriornment they occur, which due to morphophonological process. The tonal system has four contrastive level of tone. Register tones are plenty and contour tones are rare.

The language contact phenomenon in Thailand: English borrowing, comprehension, and public attitudes

As the English lexicon has become more frequently borrowed and used in Thai mass media and social media, Thais are quickly adapting to such foreignness and are open to language contact-induced change. The current study explores the extent of the public’s familiarity with borrowed words in contemporary Thai public media and attitudes toward language borrowing. The study participants comprised 120 Thais who voluntarily completed a questionnaire. They were from different age groups and were relatively highly educated. The instrument for the data collection was an online three-part questionnaire probing demographic information, an individual’s comprehension of the borrowed lexicon as tested via 15 questions of lexical borrowing in context, and personal views probed in the questionnaire questions about English lexical borrowing. Follow-up interviews with six selected respondents according to age groups verified and elicited attitudes toward lexical borrowing. The findings revealed that high exposure to English resulted in a high level of comprehension, especially when words were transcribed in the Thai script with tone markers. If the borrowing was in Romanized script, it was less likely to be understood. The majority of the respondents recognized the need for English language borrowing in Thai communication, especially for terminology. They also expressed positive views toward the adoption of the practice. English was perceived as necessary for effective Thai communication, particularly among acquaintances and professionals. The ubiquity of English in Thai society today has led to general adaptability and acceptance of borrowing as part of language evolution; such practices are no longer a sign of prestige. The study suggests that language classrooms should consider using borrowed English lexicons to assist Thai EFL learners in developing English proficiency.