LL Lines Research Articles

Characterization of the chemical shift and asymmetry indices of praseodium, neodymium, samarium, gadolinium, and terbium compounds by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF)

Emitted X-ray energies, line shapes, fluorescence yields, absorption probabilities and absorption edges of the elements are X-ray fundamental parameters that are of practical significance because they facilitate compositional analysis of complex materials. They are also a potent test of atomic theory. The chemical effects may cause changes in the energy of the X-ray lines and line shapes, such as the full width at half maximum and asymmetry index values depending on the chemical state of the substance. Although these effects vary for each element, the causes of these differences have been investigated. In this study, changes in chemical action values of lanthanide group compounds were investigated using a single crystal wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer equipped with a rhodium anode X-ray tube. The Ll and Lη X-ray emission lines are characterized by fitting of the Lorentz function. The chemical shift was investigated according to the chemical bond type, molecular structure, and oxidation number.

Impact Energy and Angular Dependence of L X-ray Emission from a Thick Polycrystalline Tungsten Element Induced by 15–25 keV Electrons

The impact energy and angular dependence of L X-rays of a thick polycrystalline tungsten (W; atomic number, Z = 74) target induced by 15–25 keV electrons has been measured at different angles varying from 15° to 75° at intervals of 5° using a Si PIN photodiode detector. The variation of measured relative intensity of Ll, Lα, Lβ and Lγ characteristic lines as a function of incidence angle is found to be anisotropic and the measured variation compares well with the PENELOPE simulation results. The angular variation of intensity ratio of Ll/Lα and Lβ/Lα shows anisotropic distribution, whereas the angular variation of the Lγ/Lα ratio exhibits almost isotropic distribution within the uncertainty of measurements. These measured ratios are found to be in good agreement with Monte Carlo (MC) calculations. The measured intensity ratios of Lβ/Lα and Lγ/Lα at a given incidence angle show a linear dependence with impact energy and exhibit good agreement with simulation results; however, the measured intensity ratio of Ll/Lα shows a non-linear variation with the impact energy and yields poor agreement with theoretical calculations.

Experimental and theoretical L-shell ionization cross sections of heavy atoms by impact of Si ions

We present a theoretical and experimental study of the subshell resolved L-shell ionization of relativistic targets such as 73Ta, 78Pt, 90Th, and 92U. The measurements of x-ray production cross sections by (84–140 MeV) Si+q ions (q = 8; 12), were held at the Inter-University Accelerator Centre of New Delhi. Multiple-hole fluorescence and Coster-Kronig yields were used to obtain the Li(i = 1–3) ionization cross sections from the measured x-ray production cross sections of Lℓ, Lα, and Lβ, Lη, and Lγ lines. The experimental results are compared with ab initio theoretical calculations by means of the shell-wise local plasma approximation (SLPA). This model uses the quantum dielectric formalism to obtain the total ionization cross sections from an initial ground state. The wave functions and binding energies of the different targets were obtained by solving the fully relativistic Dirac equation using the HULLAC code package. These calculations are based on first order perturbation theory with a central field, including Breit interaction and quantum electrodynamics corrections. The present SLPA ionization cross sections of the L-shell are found to be independent of the charge state of the Si ions. The experimental observations display also quite similar character if the correct mean projectile charge state inside the target is used for including the multiple ionization effect during ion-solid collisions. A general good agreement between the experimental measurements and full theoretical calculations supports the reliability of present results. The comparison also includes the well-known ECPSSR and ECUSAR semi empirical approximations. We noted that the ECUSAR results agree well with the SLPA, while the ECPSSR cross sections are rather low.

Accurate EPMA Quantification of the First Series Transition Metals using Ll Lines

Accurate EPMA Quantification of the First Series Transition Metals using Ll Lines

Angular Distribution of Fluorescent L X-Rays and Compton-Scattering Photons

ABSTRACT The angular distribution of fluorescent L X-rays and Compton-scattering photons was investigated by measuring differential cross sections for high–atomic-number elements. The measurements were taken simultaneously for L X-ray and Compton-scattering photons using Am-241 radioisotope as photon sources and a Si(Li) detector in various emission angles. The measurements confirm well-known angular dependency of the Compton-scattering differential cross section. L X-ray angular distribution measurements were carried out for the Ll, Lα, Lβ, and Lγ lines. It was observed from measured differential cross sections that Ll and Lα X-ray differential cross sections for the L3 substate depended on the emission angle, meaning that Ll and Lα X-rays had an anisotropic spatial distribution. On the other hand, the Lβ and Lγ X-rays do not show any significant anisotropy.

Determination of Body Weight and Some Carcass Traits in Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) of Different Lines

Summary The purpose of this study was to determination of body weight and some carcass traits in Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) of different lines. The material used in this experiment was selected from three lines: high body weight line (HL), low body weight line (LL) of 5-week body weight and a random bred control line (C). There were significant differences among the lines in respect to body weight and carcass weight. Highest and lowest body weight and carcass weight were measured in HL and LL lines, respectively. While there were no significant differences among the lines in terms of relative proportion of breast, the sex affected significantly (P<0.01). No significant differences were found in terms of left wing, right wing, neck and back percent of body weight for lines and sexes. Also, there were found significant correlations among the carcass traits..

Effects of Selection for Body Weight and Egg Production on Egg Quality Traits in Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) of Different Lines and Relationships between These Traits

Summary This research was conducted to investigate the effects of selection on egg weight, shell thickness, shell weight, shape index, albumen index, yolk index and Haugh Unit in 11 generations selected Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The material used in this research was selected for 11 generations from high (HL) or low (LL) body weight Japanese quail lines according to 5-week body weights and their random bred control line (C) and layer line (L) for 120 d egg production. There were found significant differences among the lines in terms of all egg traits (P<0.01). The egg weights were determined in HL, LL, L and C lines as 14.14±0.17 g, 9.23±0.07, 10.49±0.10 and 11.43±0.13 g respectively. Besides there were significant (P<0.01) differences among the lines for the shell weight, and highest and lowest values were determined as 1.15±0.02 g and 0.84±0.02 g in HL and LL lines. Once again, there were found significant (P<0.05) differences among the lines in point of Haugh Unit. The highest positive correlation (P<0.01) was found between egg weight and egg width (0.938), and the highest negative correlation (P<0.01) was found between shape index and egg length (-0.531). Almost all of the internal quality traits of the egg changes depending on external quality traits of the egg.

A microcalorimeter EDS system suitable for low acceleration voltage analysis

AbstractWhen a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used for analysis, a low acceleration voltage must be used to reduce damage to the sample and to obtain information near the sample surface. Here, a microcalorimeter energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) system without external cryogen was developed to analyze material samples under low acceleration voltages (&lt;5 kV) with high energy resolution (&lt;20 eV). This EDS system can maintain the operating temperature of the transition edge X‐ray sensor (TES) composing of the microcalorimeter system continuously at 100 mK to measure the X‐ray spectrum with high reproducibility and with high energy resolution. This system resembles a conventional EDS system, but also has a snout to allow the X‐ray detector to be close to the sample. The measured energy resolution was 19 eV (5.9 keV) and the count rate was 300 cps. A thin X‐ray window of aluminum/polyimide bilayer was designed to transmit the X rays at a low acceleration voltage (5 keV). When SUS‐304 was analyzed using this EDS system at an acceleration voltage less than 3 kV, the Cr Lα (573 eV) was distinguished between the closely spaced O Kα (525 eV) and Fe Ll (615 eV)lines, whereas when a solid‐state detector(SSD) was used, it was not distinguished owing to inadequate energy resolution (130 eV). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Antibody Responses and Morbidity Following Infection with Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Challenge with Escherichia coli, in Lines Divergently Selected on Antibody Response

We evaluated the association between antibody (Ab) production and disease resistance. A controlled-challenge protocol was developed to mimic natural infection and to yield a higher rate of mortality following Escherichia coli (EC) challenge. Chicks were first infected with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) by injecting a high dose of vaccine (attenuated virus) into their air sacs and then were infected with pathogenic EC introduced intratracheally. The experimental population consisted of lines divergently selected for high (HH) or low (LL) Ab response to EC vaccination, an HH × LL cross (HL), and commercial broilers (CC). When chicks were vaccinated with EC vaccine, mean Ab titer 15 d post-EC challenge was threefold higher in HH than LL lines, but both lines exhibited very low mortality (~2%). When chicks were not vaccinated prior to EC challenge, high mortality (8 to 20%) occurred in the slow-growing HH, LL, and HL lines, and much higher mortality (~40%) occurred among the CC broilers that were 38% heavier than the HH, LL, and HL lines. Mean level of Ab to EC, 7 d after EC challenge, was about twofold higher in HH vs. LL chicks and intermediate in HL and CC chicks. Within each line, Ab levels were higher in chicks exhibiting colibacillosis than in healthy ones, suggesting that these Ab were produced as a result of ongoing infection but were too late to fully prevent morbidity and mortality. These results indicate that rapid growth rate substantially reduces broiler viability, whereas Ab levels produced in response to acute pathogenic challenge without prior vaccination do not contribute to disease resistance. Among the relatively slow-growing lines, mortality was about twofold higher in HH than in LL lines. This finding may confirm previous reports that without prior vaccination, high Ab response to acute challenge increases consequent mortality; alternatively, the LL line may be superior in nonspecific defense mechanisms.

Immune Response and Resistance to Infectious Bursal Disease Virus of Chicken Lines Selected for High or Low Antibody Response to Escherichia coli

Two experimental broiler lines were developed by divergent selection for high (HH) and low (LL) antibody response to Escherichia coli. Antibody response of these lines to immunization with a commercial vaccine (whole inactivated virus, WIV) against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) or with proteins VP2 and VP3 of that virus, and their resistance to challenge with a virulent IBDV, were tested. The study was performed with 213 male and female chicks from the tenth generation of the HH and LL lines. At 15 d of age, after disappearance of maternal antibodies, chicks from each line were randomly divided into four groups and injected with WIV, VP2, VP3, or adjuvant alone as a negative control. Chicks were bled 18 d postinjection, and antibody titers were determined by ELISA. Ten days later, the chicks were challenged with a virulent strain of the virus and killed after 10 d; the ratio of bursa of Fabricius to 100 g BW was determined for each bird. Significant differences in antibody titers were found among immunized and control chicks. Chicks from the HH line exhibited significantly higher antibody titers than LL chicks in response to WIV and VP2 vaccines but not to VP3 vaccine. Following challenge, bursa weight (relative to BW) of HH and LL chicks vaccinated with WIV and VP2 was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that of chicks vaccinated with VP3 or the challenged unvaccinated control. No difference was found in this parameter between the latter two groups. Possible explanations for the differences in the line response to VP2 and VP3 are discussed.

Effects of divergent selection for incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) on purebred and crossbred performance. 1. TD incidence and calcium and phosphorus plasma concentrations

1. The effect of divergent selection for high (H) or low (L) incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) for 7 generations on blood calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) concentrations was studied. 2. The chicks used in this experiment were obtained from diallel crosses between H and L lines to obtain HH, HL, LH, and LL lines. A random-bred control (CC) line was also used. 3. The chicks were reared under standard management conditions. Body weight and plasma Ca and P concentrations were measured at 2, 4, and 7 weeks of age. Incidence of TD was recorded at 4 and 7 weeks. 4. Although HH birds had lower body weights than the other lines, there was no significant effect attributable to line selection for body weight at 2, 4, and 7 weeks of age. 5. The LL line birds had no incidence of TD at 4 weeks of age; however, the incidence of TD in LL line birds was 5.3% at 7 weeks of age. The incidence of TD was higher in HH line birds than the other line at 4 and 7 weeks of age. 6. Plasma Ca and P concentrations and Ca:P ratios increased with age. These results showed that HH line birds had higher plasma Ca, lower plasma P and higher Ca:P ratios than birds of the LL line.

Monoclonal Antibodies for Detection of Neotyphodium coenophialum

A simple endophyte detection system is vital for breeding efforts designed to produce low alkaloid, endophyte‐infected tall rescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cultivars. The objectives of this research were to generate monoclonal antibodies specific to endophytes for immunochcmical detection purposes. Protein extracts from Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan‐Jones and Gains) Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin comb. nov. isolate EDN11w ere injected into Balb/c mice to elicit an immuner esponse. Hybridomac ell lines were screened for antibody production to the Neotyphodium extract and for cross recognition of protein extracts from N. uncinatum Glen, Bacon, and Hanlin and N. starrii Glen, Bacon, and Hanlin, as well as other fungi in the genera Ciadosporlum, Penicilllum, Fusarium, and Aspergillus. Three hybridomace ll lines produceda ntibodies that reacted to Neotyphodium spp. proteins, but not with proteins isolated from the other fungi. Monoclonal antibody 5C7 was immunochemically tested for specificity to endophyte in leaf sheaths of plant genotype DN11. Fluorescent staining suggested the antibody preferentially bound to the cell wall of the endophyte. Antibodies were tested for affinity to protein extracts from 14 endophyte‐infected and endophyte‐free tall fescue genotypes by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbenta ssay (ELISA) method. Mean absorbance values for the protein extracts from the endophyte‐infected genotypcs differed and ranged from 0.317 to 0.583. Mean absorbance values for the endophyte‐free forms did not differ (P ≥ 0.05). All infected plants had higher absorbance values than non‐infected plants regardless of antibody tested. Monoclonal antibodies can be used in an ELISA to detect Neotyphodium spp. fungal mycelia present in tall fescue.

L-shell X-ray production cross sections of In, Sn, Te, Cs, La, Pr, Nd and Sm for protons of energy 2-6 MeV

The L-shell X-ray production cross sections of 49In, 50Sn, 52Te, 55Cs, 57La, 59Pr, 60Nd and 62Sm for protons of energy between 2 and 6 MeV have been measured. From these measurements, the individual X-ray production cross sections for the Lalpha , Lbeta 1.3.4, Lbeta 2,15, Lgamma 1.5, LL gamma 2.3, Lgamma 4.4' and Ll lines, together with the cross section ratios Lalpha /Lbeta and Lalpha /Lgamma , are calculated and reported. The results are compared with the experimental data published by other authors and with the predictions of the ECPSSR theory.

Two young Galactic globular clusters: Terzan 7 and ARP 2

view Abstract Citations (41) References (19) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS Two Young Galactic Globular Clusters: Terzan 7 and ARP 2 Buonanno, Roberto ; Corsi, C. E. ; Pecci, F. Fusi ; Fahlman, Gregory G. ; Richer, Harvey B. Abstract The two globular clusters, Terzan 7 and Arp 2, which lie close to each other on the sky, are found to be significantly younger than most other globular clusters of similar metal abundance. Terzan 7, with an (Fe/H) of -0.49 as inferred from a measurement of its Ca II line strength, seems to be approximately 4 Gyr younger than 47 Tuc while Arp 2, with (Fe/H) = -1.73, also measured from Ca ll lines, appears to be approximately 1 Gyr older than Ruprecht 106 which is known to be approximately 4 Gyr younger than other metal-poor clusters. These conclusions are supported by a differential comparison of the principal stellar sequences in the cluster color magnitude diagrams. They are thus independent of cluster distances and reddening estimates and are only weakly affected by uncertainties in the cluster metal abundances. The four Galactic globular clusters, Arp 2, Pal 12, Ruprecht 106, and Terzan 7, all of which are unequivocally younger than other globular clusters of similar metallicity, appear to lie along a great circle in the sky and thus conceivably are on similar orbits. This suggests that they may have been captured by the Milky Way Galaxy. Publication: The Astrophysical Journal Pub Date: August 1994 DOI: 10.1086/187453 Bibcode: 1994ApJ...430L.121B Keywords: Galactic Evolution; Galactic Halos; Globular Clusters; Milky Way Galaxy; Age Factor; Astronomical Photometry; Charge Coupled Devices; Color-Magnitude Diagram; Metallicity; Stellar Composition; Astrophysics; GALAXY: FORMATION; GALAXY: HALO; GALAXY: GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: TERZAN 7; GALAXY: GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL NAME: ARP 2 full text sources ADS | data products SIMBAD (16)

The changes in body temperature, oxygen consumption, CO 2 production and muscle protein turnover rate by selection for body size in Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica

1. 1. Body temperature, oxygen consumption, CO 2 production and muscle protein degradation rate were measured in the three quail lines selected for body size, a random bred line (RR) and two lines selected for large (LL) or small (SS) body size. 2. 2. The body temperature at 15 weeks of age was highest for small body size line and lowest for large body size line. 3. 3. The body temperature, oxygen consumption and CO 2 production of females were significantly higher than that of males. 4. 4. The fractional degradation rate of muscle protein of SS, RR and LL lines were measured as 2.4, 1.6 and 1.2% per day in male, and 2.6, 1.7 and 1.4% per day in female.

Digestibility and Cell‐Wall Components of Alfalfa Following Selection for Divergent Herbage Lignin Concentration

Breeding schemes to improve alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) forage quality based on total herbage chemical composition can result in altered morphology. Additionally, cell‐wall composition of plant parts also may be altered. This study investigated the effects of divergent selection for lignin concentration in total herbage of alfalfa on concentration of cell‐wall components and digestibility of stems. Two groups of alfalfa previously derived from herbage‐based selection were studied. Group 1 consisted of six two‐parent Syn‐2 lines randomly selected from ‘Saranac‐AR’ for high (HL) or low (LL) acid‐detergent lignin (ADL) concentration in the total herbage. Group 2 had 11 HL and 13 LL lines produced from crossing pairs of parents of the Group 1 lines. Neutral‐detergent fiber (NDF) concentration in stem bases was 4 and 3% greater in HL lines than in LL lines in Group 1 and 2, respectively. Likewise, herbage NDF concentration was 8% greater in HL than in LL lines of Group 1 and 4% greater in Group 2. There were no differences between divergent lines in NDF concentration of stem tops. Lignin concentration in cell walls of Group 1 was 8 and 6% greater in LL lines than in HL lines in stem tops and stem bases, respectively. In Group 2, the LL lines had 2% greater cell‐wall lignin concentration than HL lines in both stem fractions. Total‐herbage NDF concentration correlated more closely with leaf‐to‐stem ratio of entire plants (r = − 0.96 and −0.78 for Group 1 and 2, respectively) than with stem length and maturity. Thus, herbage‐based selection for improved nutritive quality of alfalfa results in complex changes in stem cellwall component concentrations in addition to large morphological changes.

Correlated responses in development and distribution of fat depots in mice selected for body composition traits

Development of adipose tissue in five depots was investigated in mice selected for high or low 12-week epididymal fat pad weight as a percentage of body weight (HF and LF lines), or high or low 12-week hind carcass weight as a percentage of body weight (HL and LL lines). An unselected control line (RC) was maintained. Hind carcass (HC) and fat pads from subcutaneous hindlimb, subcutaneous forelimb, gonads, kidneys and mesentery were dissected and weighed at 4, 6, 9, 12 or 15 weeks of age. Generally, body weight (BW), daily gain (DG), feed intake (FI), feed efficiency (FE) and feed intake/metabolic body weight (FC) were higher (P≤0.05) in HF than in LF, and in LL than in HL. HF had more fat (as a percentage of BW) than LF in all depots (P≲-0.01), and asymmetry (P≤0.01) was detected for gonadal fat. LL consistently had a higher (P≤0.01) fat percentage than HL, and asymmetry (P≤0.01) was observed for perirenal fat. At age of selection, ranking of fat depot weights as a percentage of total fat depot weight was not changed by selection; however, gonadal fat accounted for more of the total fat in HF and LL compared with RC, while the opposite was found in LF and HL. HC percentage was higher (P≤0.01) in HL than LL, and higher (P≤0.01) in LF than HF. Growth rate of each fat depot relative to BW was not affected by selection. These results demonstrated that selection for proportion of fat in one depot or for HC percentage changed fat percentage in other depots. However, the rate of fat deposition in each depot relative to body weight gain was not altered.

Morphology of Alfalfa Divergently Selected for Herbage Lignin Concentration

Programs to improve alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) nutritive value have used selection criteria based on total herbage cell‐wall composition. There is only limited information addressing the effect of total‐herbage based phenotypic selection on changes in dry‐matter partitioning of the plant and on the nutritive value of plant parts. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of divergent herbage selection for alfalfa cell‐wall components on plant morphology. Two groups of germplasm were observed. Group 1 consisted of six syn‐2 lines derived from two‐parent combinations, which were randomly selected from ‘Saranac‐AR’ for high (HL) or low (LL) herbage acid‐detergent lignin concentration. Group 2 had HL and 13 LL lines that were full‐sib lines produced on pairs of parents from the Group 1 synthetics. Group 1 was grown for two harvests in a greenhouse and one harvest in the field, and Group 2 was grown for two harvests in the field. Compared with HL lines, LL lines had a greater leaf‐to‐stem ratio, especially in the fraction above the sixth node from the stem base. For LL lines, this ratio in the upper plant fraction was 53, 26, and 18% greater than HL lines for Group I greenhouse, Group 1 field, and Group 2, respectively. When harvested at the same time, LL lines were less mature than HL lines, and, for Group 2, main stem length of LL lines was about 30 mm shorter than HL lines. Dry‐matter yield of HL lines was 17, 28, and 28% greater than LL lines for Group 1 greenhouse, Group 1 field, and Group 2, respectively. Most of the differences between divergent types were related to changes above the sixth node. Thus, selection for improved nutritive value in total herbage of alfalfa may result in marked changes in plant morphology.

Wavelength measurements of soft X-ray emission lines in the range 13 to 110 AA

An earlier publication by the author presented a self-consistent set of soft X-ray emission line wavelengths from pure metal targets in the range 40-165 AA. Using the same spectrometer, now equipped with a grating giving a fourfold increase in dispersion, this set has been extended down to 13 AA with new measurements in several orders of the M zeta lines of the pure metals 38Sn through 50Sr, the Ll lines of 19K through 22Ti and the L alpha lines of 19K through 22Ti and of 26Fe through 29Cu. The measured line peak wavelengths were adjusted, as in the earlier work, by a least squares iteration which yielded a self-consistent set with standard deviations typically of the order of 0.05 AA. Wavelengths for the M zeta line and two other M series lines of 49In are reported for the first time; the wavelengths of the unresolved doublet Li-Lii,iii of 14Si and of the line N xi (Nv-Oiii) of 56Ba are also reported.

Experimental X-ray intensity ratios of the Lα Lβ, Lγ, Lℓ and Lη lines

Experimental, relative intensities for the components of L X-rays have been collected from the literature, and the atomic number dependence has been found for the Lβ/Lα, Lγ/Lα, Ll/Lα and Lη/Lα ratios. Among the L X-ray components Lα is predominant if Z 1.0 if Z≈100.