Lithuanian Press Research Articles

MARTYNO JANKAUS LEIDYBINĖ VEIKLA IR VAIDMUO KULTŪRINIAME IR POLITINIAME SĄJŪDYJE

Martynas Jankus (1858–1946) is a historical personality. His importance does not diminish with time. The myth of Jankus was created during his life, monuments for him were erected, streets and organisations were named after him. Jankus still makes a significant influence because his interests coincided and coincide with the vital interests of the Lithuanian nation and state. He played an important role in the history of Lithuanian publishing. He established a multifunctional publishing, printing and trading enterprise in Lithuania Minor governed by Prussia. The enterprise was active in 1889−1923. It was mainly oriented towards publishing and production of Lithuanian publications in Latin script prohibited by Tsarist government, and smuggling it to Great Lithuania. It published 400 books and 27 periodicals in the Lithuanian, German, Polish and Byelorussian languages. There were two priorities in Jankus’ activity: commercial and idealist. The first ensured existence of the enterprise and the family; the second allowed him to implement spiritual, educational and political goals. One of the achievements by Jankus’ enterprise was the productivity of his publishing work, a variety of publications as well as their orientation towards secular and polemic issues. This was an important innovation within Lithuanian publishing, formed by Jankus’ orientation towards maturing the national movement, co-operation with the majority of the nation, rapidly evolving social and political powers. Jankus’ historical role is also associated with the innovative experiments in publishing (he tried to produce satirical, daily, and evening periodicals), with expansion of publishing relations between Lithuanian national-revolutionary movement and similar movements in neighbouring countries. A number of Lithuanian young people acquired the qualifications in typography in Jankus’ enterprise. Some of them became initiators and professionals of publishing business in Great Lithuania after the ban on Lithuanian press had been lifted in 1904. At present, the heritage published by Jankus is increasing in value. Almost all books, brochures, periodical and small publications published by him belong to the category of rarities. The search and retrieval of this published heritage is continuing, therefore, we still do not know the precise number of publications produced by Jankus.

MARTYNO JANKAUS IR PRŪSŲ LIETUVIŲ TAUTINĖS KULTŪRINĖS VEIKLOS ATSPINDYS „VARPO“ PUSLAPIUOSE (1889–1905)

“Varpas” is the newspaper, published in the years 1889–1905 in the Prussian Lithuania (Lithuania Minor). It was intended for people from the Lithuania Major belonging to the Tsarist Russia at that time, where the Lithuanian language press in Latin letters was prohibited by the Empire government in 1864–1904. The main goals of the article are: (a) to highlight the culture movement aspirations of Martynas Jankus as the most representative figure of Prussian Lithuanians (lietuvininkai), as well as other lietuvininkai culture movement members; (b) to analyse the most important national actualities in Prussian Lithuania at that time; and (c) to introduce the opinion about lietuvininkai way of living to the Lithuania Major people. All this is made on the basis of materials from the “Varpas” publications. Such analysis is possible because of the fact that we can find important Lithuanian culture figures such as Martynas Jankus, Morta Zauniūtė, Jurgis Lapinas, etc. among the “Varpas” editors. The problems of the Lithuanian culture situation in Prussian Lithuania were also pointed by outstanding Lithuania Major culture workers, such as Vincas Kudirka, Jonas Basanavičius, Jonas Šliūpas, etc.The theme is new and actual for the following reasons. In spite of rather wide research studies on the nationalist movement by Vincas Kudirka, reflected from “Varpas” social and national aspirations, our historians still didn’t pay actual attention to the same activities by Martynas Jankus in Lithuanian historiography. We can define some actual and predominant themes in “Varpas” publications: (a) local nationality situation and the problem of lietuvininkai denationalization; (b) the decreasing number of local Lithuanian-speaking people; (c) cultural and political activities of lietuvininkai; and (d) national collaboration and contacts between Lithuanians from Prussian Lithuania and Lithuania Major, including obstruction aspects here.The analysis of actual texts allowed us the following conclusion. Lithuanians in Lithuania Major understood the Lithuanian culture societies in Prussian Lithuania as an appropriate possibility to realize their own national and political aspirations. Anyway, the integration process of all people from both Lithuanias, separated historically by the Nemunas river at that time, was very problematic because of a different political, confessional and cultural situation in the period of the end of the 19th–beginning of 20th Centuries here. The ideas of joint Lithuanian culture movement were first pointed by the most active lietuvininkai culture figures, including Martynas Jankus. On the other hand, the main part of common lietuvininkai people were defined locally by a conservative understanding of their living area, determined by different political, cultural and economic life experience as compared with the situation in Lithuania Major.

THE PUBLISHING ASSOCIATION “ŠALTINIS”

The dean of Plungė V. Jarulaitis and his entourage started actively organising Catholic Lithuanian book publishing after the Lithuanian press ban. A project of a Lithuanian Catholic publishing organization establishment was originated with the lower clergy reaches. That project was implemented on July 17, 1905. The publishing association “Šaltinis” was established in Plungė. The structure of the association was created, publishing plans and financial reserve were also anticipated. The association was stock and it was run by a chairman and priest V. Jarulaitis and his assistant J. Bikinas, who was also a priest. The association was specialized in publishing popular religious literature. The association “Šaltinis” functioned surreptitiously. Only its members, associates and the hierarchs of the Samogitian see knew about that association. The publishing centre actively massed the intellectual power. The vast majority of nationally conscious priests from the Samogitain region belonged to the association. In those days the eminent participants of Lithuanian National Revival such as J. Tumas-Vaižgantas, a poet J. Šnapštys, a writer Šatrijos Ragana and others belonged to the association “Šaltinis”. The association showed accomplished work, P. Turauskas’ and Šnapštys’ translations were made ready and they continued the other editions though a Samogitian bishop M. Paliulionis for his personal reasons moved the association “Šaltinis” to Kaunas. On October 12, 1905 the organization was reorganized and initiated Saint Kazimieras association creation. Plungė lost a part of Catholic book publishing centre and the association had problems in Kaunas. The shown example of the association “Šaltinis” inspired the further organizational Catholic publishing tone, which was continued by Saint Kazimieras association.

VILIAUS GAIGALAIČIO KNYGOTYRINĖS NUOSTATOS IR VEIKLA

stillenhandschrift aus dem Jahre 1573” (A manuscript of Wolfenbütteler Lithuanian Postilla published in 1573) that he defended in 1900, a historiographic essay on Lithuanina book in Lithuania Minor “Lithuanian history and our writings” (1912), some chapters in other books and articles in a journal Pagalba (Help) edited by himself. Gaigalaitis always investigated the printed or manuscript heritage de visu. Old manuscripts, books, periodicals, and calendors were primary sources for his research, data analysis, synthesis, and formulation of conclusions. During his studies he developed bibliographic skills and provided bibliographic data to Silvestras Baltramaitis – the librarian of the Imperial Public Library in St. Petersburg, to a serial published by Lithuanian Literary Society in Tilsit, to the professor Vaclovas Biržiška at Kaunas University. In 1905–1939 he headed a cultural-educational society „Sandora“ and established its library of great scientific and cultural significance as well as increased its publishing activity. Gaigalaitis used press as an important means in realisation of strategic political and spiritual goals. He employed Lithuanian press and publications to unite the national community, to ensure its internal communication and develop NATIONAL identity, to ensure its self-expression and public relations.

CROSSING THE BORDERS OF THE TRADITIONAL CULTURE IN LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN CHILDREN PERIODICALS (1866–1940)

CROSSING THE BORDERS OF THE TRADITIONAL CULTURE IN LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN CHILDREN PERIODICALS (1866–1940)

Waiting for the Sequel: Serial novels and Early Readers of Lithuanian Periodicals

In this analysis the author discusses the interplay between late nineteenth century readers and the first Lithuanian periodicals, proposing that the history of the Lithuanian press be seen as the writing of a single text. To interpret the reader-text relationship, the author draws on the concepts of Paul Ricoeur (who sees the text as offering a project for a possible world) and Rita Felski (who argues that recognition is a significant mark of the reader-text relationship) – their description of the interaction with the text and its restructuring of the reader’s world. The author posits that in this situation the collective authors of a text create a projection of the world and propose a way of being in it; as a result, the plots lived out by early readers who gradually became “heavy-handed scribes” become part of press history.Recovery of voice and the need for a sequel emerge as the most important motifs in the reader’s inscription into press history. Recovery of voice is related to melodramatic expression, whose characteristics are manifest in translations of the Polish author Maria Rodziewiczówna’s novels. The promise of a sequel is guaranteed by the means of the texts’ distribution – their serialization in magazines. This writer’s work appears as a modification of positivist attitudes and a recognition-based invitation to the reader to inscribe herself/himself into the text. Rodziewiczówna’s melodramatic narrative establishes the most common kind of recognition structure – rituals of moral address appear as narratives of self-discovery, encouraging the reader to become part of the sequel.

References to Lithuanian musical life in Lithuanian periodicals, 1914-1915: A review of the 'Lithuanian News' daily

During the initial wartime years, the music life in Lithuania was slowed down first of all by the prevailing mood. On the other hand, Lithuanian evenings that were held at that time (their programmes usually consisted of one or two plays/performances and a musical part - a choir concert) acquired the role of fostering and promoting nationalism. The Lithuanian press often carried items about local choirs in various parts of the country (most often formed and led by the local organist). Systemised information in the years 1914 and 1915 is presented in the article: how musical life in Lithuania was covered in one of the main Lithuanian newspapers published in Vilnius - Lithuanian News.

Atsakingo pranešimo apie savižudybes rekomendacijų raiška Lietuvos žiniasklaidoje

The article reveals the policy of promoting public awareness of suicide prevention and its expression in the media. The article analyzes how the reports of suicide and suicide attempts in Lithuanian press and internet portals follow to the specialists recommendations to inform and educate the public about suicide and psychological support as well as opportunities of prevention. It also analyzes whether the recommendations of the nature of the report are taken into account, whether the report is illustrated by photographs or video material, is there mentioning of the person identification data in the report, and whether the report is about famous people suicide or suicide attempt of a famous person. The content analysis of the reports was based on the Lithuanian Journalists and Publishers Ethics Code and the 2008 WHO report on responsible suicide guidelines for media professionals. Three largest Lithuanian circulation newspapers and the most visited websites were selected for the research.WHO suicide prevention specialists and psychologists have developed guidelines for journalists and publishers how to responsibly develop and disseminate information about the suicide. Recommendations can change the writing style and thus protect from imitation syndrome. However, only in partnership providing consultations and training to the development the maximum benefit will be achieved.The study showed that recommendations of professionals are partially applied. The recommendations to educate and inform the public about the potential psychological assistance, preventive measures, how to recognize a person with suicidal thoughts and to offer him any help are completely ignored. A name of a famous person is frequently used, and it is provided as an intriguing and sensational news. In the most popular Lithuanian’s media sources, sensational, emotional, detailed and attempting to attract the reader of suicide or suicide attempts descriptions dominate.

MAŽA LEIDYKLA MAŽOJE ŠALYJE: ARTSERIA ATVEJIS

The article analyses a case study of artseria, a publisher of the Lithuanian Artists’ Association, with the goal of analysing the situation of a small participant of the Lithuanian book publishing and bookselling in terms of financial sources and demand group of specialized literature. The problems encountered by artseria and other small publishers are approached from the historical and statistical aspects as well as commercial perspective. The article has used the data provided by the Lithuanian Statistics Department, the bulletin Lietuvos spaudos statistika 2012 [Statistics of Lithuanian Press 2012], reports by UAB Creditreform Lietuva and other documents.The Lithuanian publishers, especially small ones, have to cope with two major challenges, those of securing resources for book publishing and selling of their production. Creative problems related to book content, book production and printing quality are no longer an issue, though there have been different times during the 23 years of independence.In contrast to Western countries, Lithuanian publishers do not specialize in the strict sense, most of them produce books across a range of themes. This situation is caused by the type of the local market and strong competition for broadened readership. The artseria stands out among other Lithuanian publishers by its ambitious goal to keep to the established repertoire, with the focus on the aesthetics and the art of the book. The collection by the publisher is composed of publications dedicated to professional art of the 20th–21st century Lithuanian art, Dailė [Art] magazine published semi-annually, art folio publications, monographs dedicated to Lithuanian artists and exhibition catalogues.With over 15 years of work under its belt, artseria has developed a strategy for securing financial resources. It explores all the avenues of support through a range of programmes run by the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Education and Science and the Press, Radio and Television Support Fund (SRTRF), applying for grants under the Culture and Publications Programme by the Fund. Though artseria is not among the leaders enjoying the biggest financing under the programme, Dailė ranks, in the reports developed by the Fund, among the most valuable Lithuanian cultural periodicals, such as Kultūros barai, Šiaurės Atėnai, Krantai, Lietuvos fotografija, Archiforma and Teatro scena.Lithuanian book market is desperate for changes: it is waiting for a stronger legislative foundation and taxing policy, for revisiting of criteria applied to state financing of publishing and grant allocation, for closer cooperation between publishers and bookselling, for legal regulation of the monopoly policy in bookselling – and above all, for harnessing of unemployment and emigration, so that books may have their readership.

MARTYNO JANKAUS LEIDYBINĖ VEIKLA IKI SPAUSTUVĖS ĮKŪRIMO (1879–1889)

Martynas Jankus (1858–1946) is a famous worker of Lithuanian press in Prussia, a participant of national movement, a politician who supported bringing together two parts of the Lithuanian nation separated by the borders between German and Russian empires. Over more than 40 years he had published and printed 395 non-periodical and 27 periodical publications in Lithuanian and some in German and Byelorussian languages. Among the authors of these publications, there were many significant representatives of Lithuanian and other nations: writers, ethnologists, historians, Protestant theologians and politicians. Jankus’ personality was formed by the life style of a peasant family, social environment of his native Bitėnai village and the pressure of national discrimination affecting the indigenous people. He attended only a primary school and later self-educated himself by reading voratiously literature about Lithuania and Lithuanians. Lithuanian newspapers and especially the works by Georg Sauerwein, a defender of the interests of small nations in the German empire, published in them have increased his motivation for social activity. The active political movement of the end of the 19th century and the election campaigns to the Prussian Landtag and German Reichstag directly influenced his decision to participate in publishing. In 1879–1888 he published several leaflets in support of Lithuanian candidates, some books, pamphlets and calendars for the cultural education of Lithuanians. Among these publications Jankus included his own collections of original and folk poetry as well as prose translated from German and Polish languages augmented by polemic articles. When Jankus got acquainted with the members of the national movement in Great Lithuania, he became an editor and administrator of the Lithuanian periodical “Auszra” established by them. Other editors stayed on his farm in Bitėnai. As there was a lack of popular literature,Jankus and his companion published the Lithuanian “Auszra” calendar (“Lietuviškas “Auszros“ kalendorius”) in 1883 and 1884. The texts of educational and applied character were published in the calendar as well as literary texts, such as original and translated poetry and prose. They were written by Lithuanian authors Jonas Basanavičius, Andrius Jonas Vištelis, Petras Vileišis, and writers of other nations such as Sauerwein, Józef Ignac Kraszewski, Adam Mickiewicz, Ivan Krylov, Aleksandr Puškin, William Shakespeare and Guy de Maupasannt. For many Lithuanians these translations were the first acquaintance with the world literature.Martynas Jankus used to order printing of his books, calendars and “Auszra” in the printing houses of nearby towns, such as Ragnit (Lith.: Ragainė) and Tilsit (Lith.: Tilžė). Their production was disseminated in Lithuania Minor and smuggled to the Great Lithuania, which was under the strict ban on Latin printing introduced by the Russian tsarist regime. For this purpose, Jankus established a network of illegal disseminators of literature. It consisted of two sectors: secret book transporters over the border and disseminators in the Great Lithuania and legal storage owners near the border on the side of Prussia. This network was extended along the German-Russian border from Palanga till Dubeningken (Lith.: Dūbininkai; Dubeninki in present day Poland).The first stage of publishing activity was successful for Martynas Jankus. He acquired publishing expertise, knowledge of organizing illegal business, created long-term relations with the owners of printing houses, established the network for the dissemination of publications, developed skills to supply it with different printing materials and information. By March of 1889, the publisher from Bitėnai had established his own printing house in Ragnit and started printing business. This was the start of the second stage of Martynas Jankus’ activity.

The writer-reader interaction in publicistic style: a qualitative analysis of the editorial

The paper investigates writer-reader relationships in the Lithuanian press exploring the genre of the editorial. The pilot study aims to answer the question whether the expression of author stance depends on the type of the publication and the topic of the article. The study is based on 22 randomly selected editorials published between 2010 and 2012 in two different types of publications: the daily "Lietuvos rytas" and the weekly "Moters savaitė". The study indicated that the addressee, the way of expressing author stance and the interaction between the addressee and the addresser significantly differ depending on the type and purpose of the publication. A typical addressee of the "Lietuvos rytas" is a middle-aged, socially active, educated person interested in all fields of the public sphere, whereas a typical addressee of the "Moters savaitė" is a middle-aged woman, concerned about the well-being of herself and her family, interested in health matters, family values, and household issues. The addresser of the "Lietuvos rytas" typically represents himself as an expert of a certain subject. Eventhough the author aims at creating a close rapport with readers frequently employing the inclusive we, it is evident that there is no equal relationship between the addressee and the addresser. The author uses convincing strategies: selecting a fairly personal tone, he tries to involve readers into argumentation and guide them to a particular interpretation. Conversely, the addresser of the "Moters savaitė" attemps to create an equal relationship with the reader, and the link between the addressee and the addresser is much more intimate and dialogic. The paper also offers some further insights based on the qualitative analysis of the data.

TAUTINIO ATGIMIMO LIETUVIŠKOSIOS SPAUDOS ISTORIJOS NARATYVAI MARTYNO JANKAUS ATSIMINIMUOSE: KNYGOTYRINĖS ŠALTINIOTYROS ASPEKTAS

An owner of a printing house and a publisher, Martynas Jankus (1858–1946) was a citizen of Germany and a Lithuanian of the East Prussian region. He was an active member of the Lithuanian national movement of the 19th – early 20th century. He supported the opposition of the people of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which was annexed and integrated into the Russian empire in 1795. When the usage of the Lithuanian language in Latin script was banned in 1864–1904, Martynas Jankus started printing illegal books and newspapers in his printing house and transporting them secretly to the Russian empire. He supported publishing “Auszra” and “Varpas” the most influential newspapers of the national movement. In 1918, after the restoration of the independence of the Republic of Lithuania, this veteran of Lithuanian culture and politics was highly appreciated and attracted close attention of journalists. He publicised quite many memoirs about the publishing and distribution of illegal press, known newspaper editors and book authors, printers, and publishers. The greatest value for historiographic research of the book resides in three generalised memoirs that M. Jankus attempted in his late years. They include the publication “Smuggling of Lithuanian books” („Lietuviškų Kningų Kontrabanda“) which was published in the newspaper “Tėvynė” (1918) edited by Lithuanians in the USA, and two unpublished manuscripts: an exhaustive narrative (27 pages) without a title about the state of the Lithuanian press and language during the period of the growth of the national movement, sent to the professor linguist of the Göttingen university (Germany) Eduard Hermann, and the memoirs “An encyclopedia of my adventures” (,,Mano prietikių enciklopedija“) written in the form of a scholarly encyclopedic dictionary characterizing the acquaintances of M. Jankus. The advantage of the memoirs lays in the point of view of the author who is a direct participant and observer of the factual events, political and social processes, and characters of persons. Foreign researchers appreciate the knowledge of M. Jankus’ cooperation with the participants of Byelorusian, Polish, and German national and revolutionary movements and assistance in their literary publishing. On the other hand, although this author wrote many published and unpublished memoirs, they were small in size, written in the journalistic style and quite open. Therefore, they raised contradictions and critical comments of the public. Many did not understand the character of M. Jankus, which was conditioned by differences in cultural and religious traditions based on the civil rights of Prussian citizens, implying a much greater religious and political freedom. His publications and opinions were not self-controlled or limited in any way. The author sincerely depicted the positive and negative sides and character of the national movement and its participants. He was among the first to raise the issues of Polonized and estranged Catholic priests and the vices of the book smuggling as a social phenomenon. The Lithuanian society was not matured enough at his time and did not support him. The dethronement of the movements, communities, and leaders that had a national character was not tolerated during M. Jankus’ lifetime; it is not tolerated in modern society, either.

CHARLESO DICKENSO KŪRYBOS RECEPCIJA LIETUVIŲ LITERATŪROS KRITIKOJE (III dalis)

Pirmojoje ir antrojoje šios studijos, skirtos lietuviškajai Charleso Dickenso recepcijai, dalyse1 apsiribojome dviem šios recepcijos aspektais: anglų rašytojo kūrinių vertimais į lietuvių kalbą, sceninėmis jų adaptacijomis ir kritikų vertinimais. Šioje dalyje pabandysime aptarti kitą labai svarbų recepcijos aspektą: Dickenso kūrybos vertinimą lietuvių literatūros kritikoje ir galimą anglų romanisto estetikos įtaką lietuvių literatūrai ir kultūrai. [...]

SEARCH FOR OLD PRINTS BY VACLOVAS BIRŽIŠKA, DIRECTOR OF THE LIBRARY OF VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY, IN SAMOGITIA

In independent Lithuania, no legal framework for the protection of the press and manuscript heritage had been created, neither had the state a targeted strategy for its protection; therefore, only the public initiative in this area provided considerable results on the public grounds, by creating museums and libraries in province. The attention of V. Biržiška, Director of the library of Vytautas Magnus University (VMU) and the Institute of Lithuanian Bibliography, towards the press heritage could be characterized by single-mindedness. By shaping the University library funds, he tried to gather there the heritage of the old Lithuanian press and manuscripts as much as possible, as it could provide an appropriate framework for the further research in Lithuanian philology. In a systematic manner V. Biržiška had been using the help of Lithuanian educators and students in the search of the press heritage since 1924. In Samogitia, he kept in touch with educators from Šiauliai and Telšiai. In Telšiai, he received some publications from Viktoras Kamantauskas, the local gymnasium teacher, and doctor Jonas Mikulskis. The library was significantly supported also by the Šiauliai State Gymnasium, which within a few years gave more than four thousand publications to the library. For eight years Jonas A. Dargis from the Barstyčiai town had been collecting and supplying old books to V. Biržiška. He mostly acted in Northern and Western Samogitia. Within less than a decade, the funds of the VMU library had been supplemented by approximately four and a half thousand publications from Samogitia, among them several quite unique. The active search of the press heritage by V. Biržiška drew public attention to old books and caused an increase of their price, which in turn determined the subsequent movement of bibliophilia.

Identity and Stereotypes: Humor Manifestations

The traditional understanding of humor as being tolerant, full of nonaggressive life curiosities, funny situations, mocking national or human vices, and related to an optimistic and contemplative attitude towards reality, has changed its main supportive points: the optimistic view of reality has been altered into a pessimistic and destructive one, forbearing ridicule has turned into severe offence, strangeness into stupidity, funny situations into futile misunderstanding. Everything is regarded as a dramatic possibility to survive or an endless situational tragedy where the most strict evaluation criteria, censorship, and dogmatism are empowered, meaning that, in the current times of widely propagated tolerance and overwhelming comprehension, it is extremely dangerous to offend somebody with an innocent joke or light mockery, to evoke an urge to contradict or negate when ideological aspirations are beyond “decency” limits. One of the most advocated rules in the Lithuanian press is: “Joke carefully with foreign nationals” from an interview with Barry Tomelin, London “International house” consultant and teaching director, the author of the book “World’s Business Cultures: And How to Unlock Them” (with Michael Nicks)1. Identity is to be saved and nourished as the highest sanctity but its formation, meaningfulness and spread are not always attuned to the official approach. Our life is full of stereotypes and our neighboring countries are not to be excluded – we have a preconceived notion of them. Using the national stereotype term we characterize relatively stable generalized opinions, in an open or hidden form, containing one or another assessment of a nation. Our attitude towards neighbors is revealed in nicknames given to them – non-official ethnonyms usually bearing a negative connotation. Some monikers have already lasted for centuries while others have been coined during the last decades. Anecdotes with the most popular foreign-born Russians and Estonians are discussed.

SAVILAIDA SOVIETINĖJE LIETUVOJE: ISTORIOGRAFINIS ASPEKTAS

The object of this work is samizdat publications in Lithuania during the Soviet occupation. The aim of this study was to identify what types of research have published by now and how to develop the further analysis of samizdat.The study has shown, that Lithuanian researchers analyze samizdat in three different aspects: as part of dissident movement, as part of the Lithuanian press history, and as a unique phenomenon. The terms defining samizdat are not used systematically, but the most frequent terms are samizdat, underground press, illegal press, and dissident press. There are diferent opinions about the emergence of samizdat. Some historians associate the beginning of samizdat with “Lietuvos Katalikų Bažnyčios kronika”, some say that samizdat is part of illegal press started in the nineteenth century, and others that samizdat emerged in the 1950s.Different authors suggest different classification models of the underground press. The basis of all classifications is the division into religious and secular press, but the terminology is different in every research. Also, there is no consensus in historiography, how the secular and the religious forms of samizdat are connected with each other. Some historians analyze only the religious underground press and ignore the other types of samizdat. Some say that other types of underground press have already been studied and nothing new can be said. Some scientists look for the ways to show connections between different types of samizdat.Only E. Jaseliūnas and V. Stonienė tried to analyze samizdat in the aspects of book science: to examine the authorship of articles, printing specifics and release date issues. There are only a few works about the secular periodical samizdat, and there is absolutely no analysis of the non-periodical underground press. The further scientific analysis requires a deeper study of sources; it is necessary to examine the recently detected samizdat press and search for more of it, because not all samizdat press has been found and registered.

The victim, the wicked and the ignored: Representation of mentally ill perpetrators of violent crime in news reports in the Norwegian, Swedish and Lithuanian press

News media reporting on mental illness in western countries shows that mentally ill persons are mostly portrayed as dangerous and as perpetrators of violent crimes. A comparison with news media in a post-Soviet nation shows the same result. A Lithuanian non governmental organization initiated a quantitative analysis on media reporting on mentally ill persons in comparison with Norway and Sweden. The most common topic in all three nations was violent crime stories. This article discusses some of the results from the quantitative study of 566 news articles in autumn 2008, and offers a deepened discussion about the reporting on violent crime stories with a mentally ill perpetrator via an exploratory qualitative analysis of one violent crime case from each nation.

BIBLIOTERAPIJOS PASLAUGŲ POREIKIS LIETUVOS VIEŠOSIOSE BIBLIOTEKOSE

The aim of the study was to analyse the feedback from participants of events held in libraries on the need for bibliotherapy service and access of the service in libraries and to explore the impact of the newly acquired knowledge on the opinion change.The study used observation, interview and group questionnaire survey methods, involving the participants of three bibliotherapy events in Skuodas, Mažeikiai and Šiauliai public libraries. Qualitative data analysis included data organization, grouping, searching for causal relations, comparing the first and repeated questionnaire data, determining the reliability of data and the opinion dynamics. Respondents: prior to the event, 140 questionnaires were handed out, and 108 were returned filled in; after the event 140 questionnaires were distributed and 129 were returned.The re-poll conducted after a short period of time, when the opinion was influenced by the newly obtained knowledge, reflects the reliability / unreliability of the main trends and expresses the dynamics of opinion change, born by the externalities – the information provided by a lector. There is not much articles on bibliotherapy in Lithuanian scientific or popular press. Lately, there is an increased need for such information, as shown by the abundant educational – informational events concerning bibliotherapy. The work partially fills this gap by summarizing the scientific and bibliotherapeutic service situation in Lithuanian libraries. The study analyses data collected during events in three different areas of Lithuania. The data may not reflect the trends of the country; in this case, the study should be regarded as a pilot one, expressing the general aspects which in other areas may occur in different ways.It has been found that the greatest incentive to participate in bibliotherapy for librarians is the desire of more knowledge that they could use in their work and personal development. It is important to note that among the reasons for participation in the event, a significant amount of responses (18%) included the situation at work – activities when the use of bibliotherapy could be useful knowledge. This highlights the need to expand the number of similar events, their coverage, diversity of forms, making it possible to exchange experience, analyse situations, and jointly seek for solutions.The lack of bibliotherapeutic knowledge influenced the opinion of respondents about the service provision. Initial results of the survey indicate that the prevailing opinion of bibliotherapy is associated with theoretical reflections but not with real possibilities to provide the service. During the event, limited information (of 1.5 to 2 hours duration) positively influenced the opinion. The number of respondents with a negative opinion of bibliotherapy service went down, but still survived (2%). This proves that there is a possibility to provide services in bibliotherapy. The librarians named the obstacles and offered the possible solutions. Some are already engaged and committed to providing bibliotherapy services to libraries. At the same time, there remains a clearly expressed opposition to this kind of service.When looking for the possibilities and thinking about the need for bibliotherapy, librarians suggest specific ways, indicating the importance of this service and the reasons for cognitive barriers. The main obstacle for the need of knowledge is the fact that it is not expressed; librarians agree that readers are not aware of service options. In addition, as one participant said, people who need this service are shy. Considering the reason why such a service is required (the environment is full of aggression, various social issues such as immigration, loneliness, people’s reticence and the resulting problems, etc.), librarians are of the opinion that such services are necessary.A theoretical analysis of bibliotherapeutic work has shown that bibliotherapy is considered by scientists and practitioners as a type of reading recommendations and informational activities, or as an educational and cognitive approach.The obtained results show the opinion of participants on the objective need for bibliotherapy services in library and librarians’ and other participants’ opinion on the real possibilities of and obstacles to providing this service in libraries. A repeated survey confirmed the main trends and illustrated the dynamics of a marginal change of opinion toward the positive side. It is likely that the dynamics is a result of the new information.The survey results are based on the opinion of librarians who directly interact with readers and know their needs. Analysis of the readers’ opinion would increase the reliability of the results. In practical terms, there is a lack of methodologies and literature on strengthening the bibliotherapy services in libraries.

Lietuvių inteligentų socialinis vaidmuo formuojant tautinės tapatybės modelius kultūrinėje spaudoje

Nagrinėjamas inteligentijos vaidmuo formuojant viešąją nuomonę ir kuriant tapatybės modelius kultūrinėje spaudoje, Lietuvos tautinių atgimimo sąjūdžių laikotarpiais. Analizuojant socialinį fenomeną – kaip spauda dalyvauja aktyvinant kaitos procesus – taikomas aiškinamasis tyrimas, kokybinės analizės, lyginamasis ir interpretacinis metodai, atliekama literatūros apžvalga.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: kaita, inteligentai, tapatybė, kultūrinė spauda.The Role of Lithuanian Intelligentsia in Establishing the Identity ConstructsJolita Linkevičiūtė-Rimavičienė SummaryThe article reviews the role of intelectuals in shaping the public opinion in Lithuania during the period of national revival movements and national consciousness development during political, social and economic changes in the public sphere, when in a revolutionary way the repressive regime is being destroyed and democracy begins developing, almost without a certain historical framework. When analysing in the media aspect, it becomes important that the nature and interpretation of information and reality are truthful when people are being mobilized for social changes, as are also social elite regulation, relevant for the implementation of the new goals and concepts.Historically, the cultural and political revival of the Lithuanian press is associated with the concept of freedom: freedom of speech, which arouses pepole’s awareness – raising and dissemination of national identity and publications as the national statehood, self-esteem and the idea of implementing measures of publishing and spreading advanced experience. When analysing the importance of culture publications in the periods of a social and political crisis, the role of intelectuals manifests itselfs. Academia and culture representatives become the editors of actual publications, and the limited periodicals are first of all vivifying and reconstructing historical memory and ethnic cultural heritage, identifying the revoliutionary situation and fulfilling the self-monitoring, self-observing function. Finding the connections between the previous periods of national liberation and their intellectual leaders is actual while analysing the significance of culture publications and their impact on the historical and social breaks.Keywords: intelligentsia, social changes, cultural periodics, identityx;">

ABOUT LATGALE IN LITHUANIAN: RENDERING PLACE-NAMES

ABOUT LATGALE IN LITHUANIAN: RENDERING PLACE-NAMES