Linguistic Sources Research Articles

«Киргизско-русскiй словарь» (1897): культурные и языковые эксплика-ции

The article is devoted to relevant topic in turkology – analysis of Turkic (Kazakh) monument of XIX centuries which was written in Cyrillic graphics. The author of the article reveals reasons of this transition at the turn of XIX-XX centuries by many Turkic folks, including Kazakhs, into Cyrillic script that gave an opportunity to broaden people’s minds, get Turkic folks familiar with Russian and Western culture and science, and meanwhile it had become possible for Kazakh folk to create own graphic and writing systems. Aim of the article: release dictionary as Cyrillic monument, as a cultural and linguistic source where language and non-language knowledge regarding Turkic world are stated. Linguistic knowledge exposes world view through the lens of lexical items: key concepts of Kazakhs at the turn of the century, non-language knowledge is presented in rituals, traditions and customs which have been reflected in monument. Significant case of this article is a semantic analysis of the monument’s lexical items which uncovers historical process of semantical transformation of Turkic words, on one side, and demonstrates semantic successive bond between lexical items of monument and vocabulary fund of modern Kazakh language and Turkic languages at all, on the other. The dictionary fund of the monument is a bright indicator of the functioning of historical vocabulary, as well as an indicator of the sense trasformation of lexems or their semantic continuity with the dictionary fund of modern Kazakh language, in particular, and Turkic languages in general.

Модернизация учебного перевода как методического приема обучения русскому языку в турецкой аудитории

The article analyzes the concept of training translation as a means of forming the professional competence of future philologists in the context of Turkish-Russian bilingualism. It is revealed that the using of training translation, along with the methods of comparison and comparative studying, could have made the contribution to the development of students’s communicative personality. It is emphasized that in the functional bilingualism’s conditions modernized training translation has a positive effect on the creation of an assertive educational environment. It also helps to overcome the cultural and speech shock. The features of the using of this method during the study of Russian as a foreign language are considered as well. A wide range of scientific, methodological and linguistic sources has been analyzed, on the basis of which a classification of bilingual translation exercises has been proposed.

Ukrainian linguistic refined source study

Ukrainian linguistic refined source study

Особливості вертикального та горизонтального вимірів мовної варіативності

The article reveals the problem of different dimensions of language variation, as well as the factors of the appearance of territorial and social language variants. The realization of language variants is directly related to the territorial and socio-cultural environment of the speaker. Thus, the problem of connection of the language variation with the geographical area and a certain sociolinguistic situation in which the speaker implements his speech, remains topical. It was found that variation in linguistics is interpreted as a general social property and a way of existence of the language system and language norm. Variation is more obvious on the lexical level, which is the most open to new borrowings. As a result of modern linguistic sources analysis it was defined that each language can be considered in horizontal and vertical planes. Horizontal division is explained with the presence of territorial variability in the language (territorial dialects and subdialects), and the vertical one is due to the existence of separate groups in society, which use one or another sociolect. Due to the fact that the language is considered to be a collection of its varieties, taking into account the territorial, social and other types of stratification, variation continues to be an extremely important language phenomenon, which is open for further study.

ДО ПИТАННЯ ЛІНГВІСТИЧНОГО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ТЕРМІНА «АСОЦІАЦІЯ»

The analysis of dictionary definitions of the term «association» in various Ukrainian, English, German, and Russian linguistic sources has revealed the lack of an inherently linguistic definition of this term, whose roots can be traced back to its psychological origin. The article discusses distinctive traits of the word association, similar linguistic phenomena and the types of the word association. A new text-based understanding of word association is suggested, as well as a new definition of this term, giving more possibilities for its linguistic research.

Unusual Antonymy: Inter-Part-Of-Speech Interaction in English Fictional Discourse

The article focuses on the phenomenon of inter-part-of-speech antonymy and types of inter-part-of-speech antonymic oppositions typical of the English language and represented in authentic sources, in particular, fiction books of English-speaking writers. The paper analyzes cognitive foundation and linguistic sources of the oppositions in question, describes their range within each part of speech as well as contextual means of intensifying the oppositional contrast. The authors argue that the traditional point of view, according to which only words belonging to one and the same part of speech can form antonymic oppositions, is insufficient and claims that inter-part-of-speech antonymy has a semantical and grammatical nature as it is based on the ability of the language to give different categorial form to the same fragments of reality. The results of the research show that practically all works of fiction include inter-part-of-speech antonymic oppositions, which thus can be treated as a regular language phenomenon. The paper contributes to the theory of parts of speech, giving additional information about their interaction and its cognitive basis. It also enriches the theory of antonymy, proposing a wide approach to antonymic oppositions.

التضمین وأثره فی المعنى والإعراب دراسة تطبیقیة نحویة لغویة دلالیة على نماذج مختارة من القرآن الکریم

تتناول هذه الدراسة ظاهرة من الظواهر اللغوية في النصوص العربية، وهي ظاهرة التضمين، وأثره في المعنى والإعراب. وذلک في قالب تطبيقي مادته نماذج مختارة من القرآن الکريم. فمن المعلوم أن نشأة الدراسات اللغوية العربية بفروعها إنما ربت لنزول القرآن الکريم باللغة العربية، وتعدد معاني سياقاته ودلالات ألفاظه. وظاهرة التضمين إحدى الظواهر اللغوية الشائعة في کتاب الله – عز وجل – التي تناولها العلماء بالدرس والتعليل على نحو دقيق واسع. وقد کان ذلک متفرقا في کتب التفسير، والقراءات، والمعاجم اللغوية، والنحو والصرف، والبلاغة، وفقه اللغة. ويتجه البحث لدراسة ظاهرة التضمين وأثره في المعنى والإعراب في القرآن الکريم خاصة بوصفه عاملا عظيما من عوامل إرفاد المعنى والتوسع فيه؛ ولغرض الوصول إلى جملة من الأهداف، أهمها: رصد مظاهر التضمين في نماذج عدة من القرآن الکريم، وبيان کيفية تأثيره في المعنى بأنواعه: المعجمي والصرفي والوظيفي. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى جملة من النتائج، منها: أن التضمين من الظواهر اللغوية الشائعة في کتاب الله - عز وجل -، وأن التضمين ينبني على تغير المعنى بأنواعه: المعجمي والصرفي والوظيفي، وأنه ينبني على أنواع التغير هذه أحکام معنوية أو إعرابية، أو معنوية إعرابية معا. وأن التضمين والاشتراک اللغوي وجهان لموضوع واحد، وإن کان الأول أدخل في النحو، والثاني أدخل في اللغة. الکلمات المفتاحية: التضمين الدلالي - معنى - بناء الجملة - الظواهر اللغوية - القواعد الدلالية Taḍmīn (Semantic Inclusion): Its Impact on Meaning and Grammatical Function: An Applied Grammatical and Semantic Study on Selected Examples from the Holy Qur᾿ān By: Shaimaa Muhammad Tawfiq Barakat zabdullah.g@gmail.com Abstract This study tackles a linguistic phenomenon of the Arabic language, which is taḍmīn (semantic inclusion), and its impact on meaning and grammatical function, applying it to selected examples from the Holy Qur᾿ān. It is known that Arabic linguistic studies, with their various branches, emerged mainly in relation to the Holy Qur᾿ān, which was revealed in Arabic, with its layers of contextual meaning and lexical denotations. The phenomenon of taḍmīn or semantic inclusion is commonplace in the Holy Qur᾿ān, discussed extensively and scrutinized thoroughly by scholars. However, that heritage was scattered across books on Qur᾿ānic exegesis, Qur᾿ānic readings, as well as in lexicons, syntax, morphology, rhetoric, and philology literature. The research aims to study the phenomenon of semantic inclusion and its impact on meaning and grammar, specifically in the Holy Qur᾿ān, being a great linguistic source of the nuances of meanings. The most important objective of the study, among others, is to track the instances of semantic inclusion in several examples in the Qur᾿ān, illustrating how they affect the meaning on a number of levels: lexically, morphologically, and functionally. The study reaches several findings, including the following: semantic inclusion is a commonplace linguistic phenomenon in the Qur᾿ān; it leads to changing the meaning based on lexical, morphological, or functional elements; each kind of these changes leads in turn to certain syntactic or sematic rules; together with it, there is also the similar linguistic phenomenon of polysemy, the former being more treated in syntax, whereas the latter is more of semantics. Key words: semantic inclusion – meaning – syntax – linguistic phenomena – semantic rules

A systematic literature review on the detection of smells and their evolution in object‐oriented and service‐oriented systems

SummaryThis systematic literature review paper investigates the key techniques employed to identify smells in different paradigms of software engineering from object‐oriented (OO) to service‐oriented (SO). In this review, we want to identify commonalities and differences in the identification of smells in OO and SO systems. Our research method relies on an automatic search from the relevant digital libraries to find the studies published since January 2000 on smells until December 2017. We have conducted a pilot and author‐based search that allows us to select the 78 most relevant studies after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. We evaluated the studies based on the smell detection techniques and the evolution of different methodologies in OO and SO. Among the 78 relevant studies selected, we have identified six different studies in which linguistic source code analysis received less attention from the researchers as compared to the static source code analysis. Smells like the yo‐yo problem, unnamed coupling, intensive coupling, and interface bloat received considerably less attention in the literature. We also identified a catalog of 30 smells infrequently reported for SO systems and that require further attention. Moreover, a suite of 20 smells reported for SO systems can also be detected using static source code metrics in OO. Finally, our review highlighted three major research trends that are further subdivided into 20 research patterns initiating the detection of smells toward their correction.

On the Model of “National” and “International” Style (Illustrated by vocalises of S. Pavliuchenko, M. Zavalyshyna, O. and R. Voronin)

On the Model of “National” and “International” Style (Illustrated by vocalises of S. Pavliuchenko, M. Zavalyshyna, O. and R. Voronin)

Using experiential optimization to build lexical representations.

To account for natural variability in cognitive processing, it is standard practice to optimize a model's parameters by fitting it to behavioral data. Although most language-related theories acknowledge a large role for experience in language processing, variability reflecting that knowledge is usually ignored when evaluating a model's fit to representative data. We fit language-based behavioral data using experiential optimization, a method that optimizes the materials that a model is given while retaining the learning and processing mechanisms of standard practice. Rather than using default materials, experiential optimization selects the optimal linguistic sources to create a memory representation that maximizes task performance. We demonstrate performance on multiple benchmark tasks by optimizing the experience on which a model's representation is based.

THE WORD OF ‘BASAR’ AND ITS MERONYM IN QURAN: COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN QURANIC DICTIONARIES

The knowledge on the meaning of Quranic individual words is one of the essential prerequisite in order to comprehend the verses of Quran. A specific semantic relation to linguistics namely as meronym, represents a structural sense relation between meanings that become a fundamental part of, and refers to a bundle of different part-to-whole relationships of a word. The understanding of meronym relations, are at the heart of many question-answering systems and define the root meaning of the word itself. Therefore, this study aims to discuss the meaning of the word Basar and its meronym in Quran based on a comparison between four Quran dictionaries which are Quran Corpus, Al-Mu’jam Al-Mufahras li Alfaz Al-Quran, Qaimah Mu'jamiyah bi Alfaz Al-Quran Al-Karim wa Darajat Tikrariha and Mu’jam Alfaz Al-Qur'an Al Karim. The study applied document analysis by identifying the meronym of word basar in Quran. Then the data was analysed and compared between those aformentioned dictionaries. The findings obtained shows that ʿAyn is the meronym of the word Basar that means eye. The study also found that there are similarities and differences regarding the frequency of word Basar and ʿAyn between these sources. A comparative study of these words in Quran would therefore be of great interest, and the further discussions are expected to explain the comparison of the word Basar and ʿAyn in Quran based on other Quran linguistic sources.

THE WORD OF ‘BASAR’ IN QURAN AND ITS SYNONYM: COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN QURAN CORPUS AND AL-MU’JAM AL-MUFAHRAS LI ALFAZ AL-QURAN

Synonym is a linguistic term means similar meaning for the particular word. In different periods of time, there were many studies and discussions of synonyms on words in the text of Quran especially in terms of its accurate meaning. Some scholars argue the meaning of the word and its synonyms based on their views and arguments that led to sources diversity. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the meaning of the word Basar in Quran and discuss the synonyms of this word based on a comparison between Quran Corpus and Mu’jam Mufahras Li Alfaz Al-Quran, which are the Quran dictionaries. This study applied content analysis by identifying the synonym of word of basar in Quran. Then the data was analysed and compared between those two dictionaries in order to find similarities and differences. The result shows that Ra’a, Syahida and Nazara are the synonyms of Basar, which means vision and all of them can be found in both dictionaries. In addition, the finding also shows that the frequencies of all words are similar except for the word Ra’a. The further discussions are expected to explain the comparison of the word Basar and its synonyms in Quran based on other Quran linguistic sources.

РОЗОВ ВОЛОДИМИР ОЛЕКСІЙОВИЧ В ІСТОРІЇ УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ СВЯТОГО ВОЛОДИМИРА

The article for the first time introduces into scientific discourse information about the unique archive of V.Rozov, Ukrainian researcher in the history of language, as well as literature, culture, philosophy. The uniqueness of the archive lies, firstly, in the value of works on historical linguistics and dialectology, secondly, in the development of topics “language – history – literature – cultureˮ in their interrelation, and thirdly, in the “new discoveryˮ of ideas of V. Rozov as one of the major linguists of the first half of the XX century and consideration of the prospects of his conclusions in modern linguistics. The archive contains the manuscripts of V.Rozov, which have not yet been systematically described and published, as well as printed materials. They open up to now a scientific heritage not appreciated sufficiently of the great Ukrainian linguist, who was only mentioned fragmentarily as a publisher of Ukrainian letters of the XIV-XV centuries. The archive impresses with the erudition of the linguist, his vocation in the works known in European linguistics, the profound knowledge of languages – Slavic and non-Slavic, and the scientific argumentation of the presentation. The languages of printed and handwritten works – Ukrainian, Russian, Serbian, among the most studied genres – letters of the XIV-XV centuries, as well as Ukrainian school drama. The study of the scientific heritage of V.Rozov needs to be presented in a series of articles, the first of which covers his teaching and scientific activities at the University of St.Volodymyr, the Kyiv period of his life. It was during this period that his interest in the issues of the Ukrainian literary language, dialectology, and linguistic source studies began, which in fact determined the main directions of scientific activity in subsequent periods of his life, although the factual material acquires a wider generalization and thoughtful comprehension.

Classification of the Ebla Language: Developments from the Ebla Archive and Contemporary Evidence

The Archives of Ebla constitute the most important linguistic source for 3rd millennium BC Syria and Upper Mesopotamia. The Archives clearly reflect the broad contacts deriving from the dense network of local and “international” trade and political relations managed by the kingdom of Ebla: several features emerged in the writing system as well as in the language and not only in toponymy and anthroponymy, providing evidence of a complex and articulated dialectal situation. During the past forty years, our knowledge of the language of Ebla has improved greatly. The identification of many of these features as foreign importations has certainly highlighted the composite character of the contemporary Syrian and Mesopotamian linguistic picture, which is characterised by marked diatopic and diachronic discontinuities. Moreover, and even more important for our knowledge of Eblaite, it has evidenced a greater coherence of the local language and syllabary than previously thought. Despite its location in the same area as later North West Semitic, it was excluded at quite an early stage that Eblaite could belong to West Semitic. Divergences still remain among scholars regarding its classification within East Semitic. However, as we shall try to demonstrate, the data available currently, and continuing research, confirm that Eblaite can no longer be considered as an Akkadian dialect.

Historicodogmatic Treatise by Elias Meniates and its 18th-century Serbian Translators from Greek

The article discusses the history of translation by the 18th-century Serbian translators of the Greek treatise “Πέτρα σκανδάλου” (“Rock of Offence”) written by the theologian and preacher Elias Meniates (1667–1714) in which he deals with the causes of interconfessional polemic between the Orthodox and the Catholic Churches. The history of these translations is placed within the context of interest in Meniates’ works, evidenced in Europe and in the Christian East throughout the 18th century. The vivid style and argumentation of Meniates inspired Stefan Pisarev, inter alia, to translate “Πέτρα σκανδάλου” into Russian, which he did in 1744. In the focus of our research are manuscripts stored in several Serbian libraries and archive collections, namely, manuscripts of “Πέτρα σκανδάλου” translations made by Jovan Mladenović (in 1742) and Vićentije Rakić (in 1797/98). In the study we present, the biographies of the two authors of these unpublished translations are traced and defined more accurately. At the final stage of the study, we correlate the historical settings and probable reasons motivating Mladenović and Rakić to make the Serbian translations of the Greek treatise “Πέτρα σκανδάλου”, on the one hand, and the factors leading to the emergence of a Russian translation of the same treatise by Pisarev, on the other. As believed by the author of this article, the aforementioned translations will serve as a valuable linguistic source for historians of Slavic languages and letters in their comparative studies.

Иноязычные заимствования в русском языке второй половины XIX века (на материале писем Н. С. Лескова)

Neology of the Russian language of the 19th century is a promising field of historical lexicology. Russian neologisms of that era are among the main objects of attention for the compilers of the Dictionary of the Russian language of 19th century. Letters of Russian writers represent an important source for the study of neologisms, since in their correspondence with friends, colleagues, relatives, acquaintances, writers responded to changes in the sociopolitical, economic, and cultural life of Russia in the second half of the 19th century, and this was reflected in the language of the letters. We used the letters of N. S. Leskov as our source, in which one can observe different types of foreign language units. Borrowed words are often reflected in dictionaries with great delay. Leskov’s letters offer interesting material for the observation the initial stages of the use of foreign words in the Russian language. In addition, letters allow us to analyze the peculiarities of functioning of borrowed words in the Russian language. The purpose of the study is to identify loan words in Leskov's letters and to analyze their peculiarities in the aspect of the overall dynamics of Russian lexical-semantic system. The article gives the definition of the term «borrowing», and specifies criteria of the emergence of foreign language units in the lexical system of the Russian language. Material of Leskov’s letters proves that they are a valuable linguistic source for exact dating of the emergence of foreign words in the Russian language, and thus they can be used to adjust data dictionaries; and to trace the processes of adaptation of loan words in the 19th century Russian language (the processes of expansion and narrowing of the semantic structure of words, determinologization, metaphorization values).

Metonymy in human interaction

AbstractHuman communication is based on mutual interaction between participants. Much of this communication is linguistic in nature. Language is structured by grammar and grammar is inherently metonymic (Langacker 2009). Thus, language and interaction must be metonymic. In this article, I explore the metonymic basis of human interaction in both its linguistic and non-linguistic aspects. First, I make a distinction between linguistic and cultural metonymy. Both have a conceptual basis. The former, extensively studied from the view of cognitive linguistics, has a linguistic source. The latter, found in fields as diverse as art, theater, and film, does not necessarily have a linguistic source. The broader concept of cultural metonymy seems to structure human interaction. Second, I delineate distinguishing factors between the two types of metonymies. Those are the nature of the source and the (mis)match in the intentionality of producer and perceiver. Third, I make an overview and provide real examples of what aspects of human interaction are metonymic. Its elements, including the content of the message, the identity, proxemics, and kinesics of the participants, and the context of the interaction, can be metonymic. Its processes, namely those of language production and reception, are as well inherently metonymic. Overall, I show that metonymy, understood as relatedness or association, pervades human interaction and plays an important role in its success.

La nature de la signification: idéalité et plurivocité

Abstract We seek to understand the notion of meaning as Greimas has developed it in his work. In the first part, we seek the origin of this concept in linguistic and phenomenological sources of his thought. To this end, we confront Husserl’s phenomenological conception of meaning and Saussure’s linguistic conception, as a backdrop to our investigation. Secondly, we consider more specifically the thesis of the ideality of the semiotic fact as Greimas conceived it. We also compare the thesis of the ideality of meaning in Husserl and the thesis of semiotic ideality in Greimas.

Metapragmática del humor infantil

El número monográfico Metapragmática del humor infantil busca contribuir al desarrollo de una vía de investigación todavía poco explorada en España. Se trata del estudio de humor infantil desde la perspectiva lingüística. Las contribuciones que conforman el volumen abordan el análisis de generadores lingüísticos del humor –marcas e indicadores según la nomenclatura del grupo GRIALE (cfr. Ruiz Gurillo 2012: 78-86)– que aparecen en las narraciones escritas de niños y niñas de 8, 10 y 12 años procedentes de cinco colegios de la provincia de Alicante. Estas 448 redacciones de tema humorístico constituyen el germen del corpus CHILDHUM, actualmente en construcción al amparo de varios proyectos de investigación (https://dfelg.ua.es/griale). El humor es concebido en el marco de esta investigación como una habilidad metapragmática cuyo desarrollo a lo largo de la etapa de 8 a 12 años –correspondiente al periodo de educación primaria en el sistema educativo español– tiene su reflejo en los comportamientos humorísticos verbales de los escolares. La determinación de las pautas y las pistas lingüísticas que emplean los niños y las niñas de nuestro estudio en sus creaciones en formato escrito permite establecer patrones madurativos en relación con la competencia humorística, lo cual tiene importantes consecuencias aplicadas. La atención a las diversas variables lingüísticas, psicológicas y sociales en el análisis de la evolución metapragmática del humor durante el periodo estudiado constituye, a su vez, otro valor importante del presente trabajo colectivo.

Renovatio imperii Romanorum: quando Crescentius decollatus suspensus fuit. An analysis of the meaning of Otto III’s first lead bulla

ABSTRACTThe legend Renovatio imperii Romanorum, which appears on the lead bulla adopted by Otto III in April 998, was emblematic in defining the persona of this emperor. Since the nineteenth century, the text has been identified with the communication to the empire of a programme of reform. However, the notion that this legend had a programmatic value is not substantiated by the literary, archival or linguistic sources. In no document did Otto announce an intention for imperial reform and nor did he show any interest in planning – and the meaning of the words therefore needs reconsideration. The historical context of the appearance of the seal in April 998 merits wider discussion. In this study, contemporary sources, not least the bullae themselves, are reviewed, leading to a redefinition of the original celebratory function of the bulla’s legend.