Methods Of Linguistic Analysis Research Articles

CONCLUSION ON THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE ISTANBUL CONVENTION OF THE LITHUANIAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT: CONTEXT, REASONING, AND LEGAL CONSEQUENCES

Background: On 14 March 2024, the Lithuanian Constitutional Court issued a conclusion on the constitutionality of certain provisions of the Istanbul Convention, becoming the fourth constitutional court in Eastern and Central Europe to rule on this issue. Thus, this conclusion reflects a broader trend in the region. This article aims to analyse this conclusion and reveal its similarities and differences with decisions made by other constitutional courts in the region on the same matter. To achieve this goal, the following objectives are addressed: 1) to reveal the context in which the Lithuanian Parliament submitted an inquiry to the Constitutional Court on the constitutionality of the Convention and the issues raised in this inquiry; 2) to analyse the arguments of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court in this conclusion; and 3) to reveal the legal consequences of this conclusion and the possible impact of this conclusion on the ratification of this treaty in Lithuania. These issues are examined in the broader context of the judgments of other constitutional courts in the region on the constitutionality of the Istanbul Convention. Methods: To explore the theoretical and practical dimensions of the issue at hand, this article utilises a variety of methods. The document content analysis method was employed to examine relevant normative and jurisprudential research sources, focusing on identifying key terms and phrases within the text and linking them to existing statements in specialised literature. The paper relied heavily on systemic and logical analysis to examine nearly all issues discussed in the article. Comparative analysis was employed to compare the decisions of the constitutional courts on the constitutionality of the Istanbul Convention of other Eastern and Central European countries and the conclusion on this issue adopted by the Lithuanian Constitutional Court. The linguistic and teleological analysis methods were employed to clarify the content of provisions of the legal acts examined in this article, uncovering the true intentions of the creators of these provisions and the meaning of the concepts within these provisions. Results and conclusions: The article concludes that the Lithuanian Parliament's inquiry to the Lithuanian Constitutional Court regarding the constitutionality of the Istanbul Convention reflects a general trend in Eastern and Central Europe, as the Lithuanian Constitutional Court has been asked to address the constitutionality of essentially the same provisions of the Convention as other constitutional courts of the region. In assessing the constitutionality of the Convention's provisions, the Lithuanian Constitutional Court, like the constitutional courts of Latvia and Moldova, focused on the Convention's objective – eradicating violence against women and domestic violence by promoting gender equality. This approach has led to a similarity in the reasoning of these courts. The Lithuanian Constitutional Court became the third constitutional court in the region, which, like those in Latvia and Moldova, did not find the provisions of the Convention unconstitutional. The conclusion of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court has been met with mixed reactions in society, political, and academic circles; therefore, even after the conclusion regarding the constitutionality of the Istanbul Convention, this international treaty has still not been ratified in Lithuania. Nevertheless, the Constitutional Court is the only institution with the power to assess the compatibility of this international treaty with the constitutional provisions, so Parliament can no longer rely on the argument that this Convention is incompatible with the Constitution.

The Role of Language in the Effectiveness of Social Advertising

The study aims to analyse and evaluate language's role in shaping social advertising's effectiveness from a linguistic perspective. Methods. The survey method, the method of linguistic analysis and classification of linguistic strategies and techniques, and the Weissman-Ricks Emotional State Inventory (WRESI) were used in the study. The statistical analysis was carried out using the Pearson criterion. The validity of the methods was tested using Cronbach's coefficient. Results. 52% of advertising materials contain emotional words. This result indicates a strong reaction from the audience, which is confirmed by the high Pearson's coefficient (0.83). Words describing the problem were also prevalent in 47% of the advertising materials. They had a high Pearson's coefficient (0.75), which underscores their importance in clearly addressing the problem and strengthening the effectiveness of advertising. The highlighted language means helped to increase the emotional involvement of respondents. Thus, it contributed to the effectiveness of the advertising message. Conclusions. Language plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of social advertising. It conveys information and creates emotional connections with the audience, helping to form and maintain social beliefs and cause changes. This approach increases the effectiveness of social advertising and its impact on society. Prospects. Future research perspectives may include analysing the effect of different language strategies on various audience groups, considering their age categories, social status, cultural characteristics, etc.

Getting into bed with embeddings? A comparison of collocations and word embeddings for corpus-assisted discourse analysis

This paper discusses two approaches for identifying lexical patterns in discourse, namely the corpus linguistic method of collocation analysis and the natural language processing method of word embeddings. While both approaches can identify lexical patterns, they approach the task with different underlying frameworks, and the extent to which their results resemble one another has not been directly compared. This study uses two corpora, five collocation measures, and two word embedding algorithms to generate such comparisons. Results generally support the notion that many word pairs with similar embeddings are collocates, and that, to a lesser extent, many collocates have similar word embeddings. However, a major difference is that word pairs with similar embeddings do not need to co-occur often, or at all. Moreover, systematic differences in the kinds of words highlighted between the two word embedding algorithms were found and are discussed.

Science in the Language of the Heart: Ukrainian Language and Literature in the New Ukrainiian School as a Driver of STEM Development

The article outlines the pathways for integrating STEM disciplines into the planning of Ukrainian language and literature lessons in secondary education institutions within the framework of the New Ukrainian School. It substantiates the growing need for interdisciplinary approaches that foster the development of core competencies while considering the advantages, potential risks, and limitations of the proposed methods. The emphasis is placed on the importance of combining humanities with natural and mathematical sciences to enhance students' understanding of a holistic worldview, illustrating the need to avoid focusing solely on one aspect of development (so-called «humanitarians» and «technocrats»). The article offers theoretical and practical recommendations for developing STEM projects that engage students in creative literary exploration through applying scientific principles and doctrines. The effective combination of STEM education principles with the field of philology enables the creation of a dynamic and effective educational environment where students perceive the interconnectedness of knowledge, develop a well-rounded intellect, and receive foundational preparation for higher education. Methods of linguistic analysis of scientific texts are discussed, demonstrating how language skills can be enhanced through scientific discourse. To illustrate the material, approximate schemes for planning integrated lessons with specific examples from both linguistic-literary and scientific perspectives are provided. To improve understanding and engagement of modern students, emphasis is placed on using digital tools and platforms that ensure integration, including online resources, interactive modeling, multimedia content and artificial intelligence. The necessity for alignment among educators of various disciplines is evident to ensure a fair assessment of proficiency in the state language and scientific literacy, which is a crucial issue during wartime when language matters become increasingly prominent, alongside scientific and mathematical literacy, for building an intellectually developed country.

Rules of succession through a focus on everyday life based on the кadiaskers’ notes of the XVII–XVIII centuries

The goal of the research is to clarify the rules of succession through a focus on everyday life in the Crimean Khanate. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that until now both individual aspects and the general everyday life of the Crimean Khanate have not been studied. In turn, this is due to the fact that the sources of the Crimean Khanate period are mostly written in the Arabic script. Much attention in the article is paid to new facts revealed during the study of the Kadiaskers’ notebooks of the XVII–XVIII centuries. An analysis of the recorded court decisions allowed us to clarify not only one aspect of the extensive legislative system, but also to imagine the everyday life in the Crimean Khanate. When writing the article, the following scientific-research methods were used: comparative-historical method, linguistic analysis method and others. The identified examples of court decisions from the Kadiaskers’ notebooks have been transliterated and translated from Arabic (the Ottoman language) into Russian, which will significantly facilitate the work for future research. During the research, it has been found out that the executive and legal authorities in the Crimean Khanate worked strictly according to the established Muslim legislative system, the Sharia laws. Each individual example taken and examined reveals the details of life situations and gives an opportunity to look into the everyday life of an ordinary person.

SYSTEMATICITY OF THE FORMATION OF POTENTIAL WORDS AS AN EXPRESSION OF THE TRANSPARENCY OF THE LEXICAL SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

The work is devoted to the study of potential nouns and adjectives. The purpose of the study is to identify the place of potential words in the word-formation system of the Russian language. The following methods of linguistic analysis were used in the work: a synchronous-descriptive method, including observation, comparison, juxtaposition, generalization, interpretation of linguistic data, and system analysis method. The material for the description was mainly the works of E. Yevtushenko. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that potential words are a product of speech, not language. But they represent part of the general word formation and stand out in it. Potential words are laid down by the word-formation system of the language itself, created based on productive models of the Russian word-formation system. They can fill in the empty cells of word-formation paradigms using productive word-formation models. The study of trends in the development of modern Russian word formation has an undoubted theoretical significance for the development of the science of word formation, which makes it possible to study the mechanism of the emergence of new words. Also, it makes it possible to practically apply the findings in university teaching of word formation, lexicology of the Russian language, in the practice of compiling dictionaries, etc. KEYWORDS: derivation, methods of derivation, morphemes, derived word, potential word (potentialism).

PIDGINISATION AS LINGUOCULTURAL PHENOMENON (on the example of African linguoculture)

This article identifies the features of such a linguocultural phenomenon as pidginisation and creolisation on the example of African linguoculture. The scientific problem is caused by the influence of globalisation on the state of languages and cultures within the framework of intercultural and interlanguage interaction, on the one hand, and the need to preserve native languages and cultures, on the other hand. The purpose of the article is to identify the key properties of such hybrid languages as Pidgin English and Creole English which operate in the largest country in West Africa – Nigeria. The research work is based on a combination of linguistic and cultural analysis method, which revealed the peculiarities of language and culture in the process of historical development, and comparative analysis method, which is the key to distinguish similar and distinctive features of Nigerian Pidgin English in relation to British English. The research work systematised the key historical, linguistic and cultural factors that influenced the formation and Pidgin English and Creole English development in Africa, and identified its key characteristics. It was proved that English is a universal means of interethnic communication for all social groups, but Pidgin English has simple structure at all language levels – phonetic, grammatical, lexical ones – and suits for everyday communication perfectly. Adapting to local realities, Nigerian Pidgin English at the phonetic level is the subject to assimilation and dissimilation of consonants, quantitative and qualitative reduction of vowels. The grammatical structure of Nigerian Pidgin English is the subject to maximum simplification, this level is characterised by the omission of articles; the use of abstract nouns in the plural form; the formation of adjectives’ comparison degrees and adverbs on the principle of a monosyllabic adjective; the use of simple tense forms of verb. The lexical structure of Nigerian Pidgin English is characterised by the functioning of high-frequency lexemes of autochthonous languages, which is due to the desire to follow the norms of native culture. All deviations from British English are explained by the need to create an accessible form of communication for all social groups using minimal linguistic means.

Старинная немецкая песня в историко-культурном и переводческом аспектах (на примере баллады „Liebe ohne Stand“ из сборника А. фон Арнима и К. Брентано «Волшебный рог мальчика»)

The article is devoted to the problem of an old German song translation from German into Russian, which is relevant for modern linguistics. Aiming at an adequate poetic translation of the ballad “Liebe ohne Stand”, the author conducts a detailed pre-translation cultural and linguistic analysis of the original text. Using hermeneutical and comparative methods, as well as methods of structural and linguistic analysis, the author creates a basis for the further translation. As a result, a translation of the ballad with comments is presented, and the features of the poetic translation of a medieval song from German into Russian are established.

Фразеологічна експресивність у вінницькій пресі

Phraseology is a unique linguistic phenomenon and a communicative component of the language system, which functions actively and changes under the influence of extralingual and intralingual factors. Observations of modern media discourse convincingly show that the language of mass media reacts quite sensitively to the events and realities now, accumulating everything in the lexical and phraseological system of the language. In the article, mediaphraseology is considered as a complex of figuratively-expressive fixed expressions in the media language, which perform a text-creating role, give a special expressiveness, bright stylistic coloring to journalistic works. There are tendency to the use of such linguistic units in the original composition and in the transformed. The purpose of the article is to analyze the functioning peculiarities and expressiveness of phraseological units in modern regional press (on the material of the newspaper “Vinnychchyna”). The main research method is the descriptive method, which involves observation, classification, generalization and interpretation of phraseological means in journalistic works. At various stages of the research, the method of functional analysis was used to determine the expressive role of the phrase. General scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, systematization, as well as the special scientific methods of linguistic text analysis were also applied. Results. The phraseologisms, proverbs, sayings, aphorisms are obligatory linguistic-stylistic components of journalistic publications, a kind of source of expressive and emotional coloring of content, creating a special imagery and expressiveness in media texts. Analyzing the regional media discourse, we observe a variety of phraseological means. They express the stylistics and aesthetics of journalistic speech, aptly create an emotional flavor for a special perception of the text and a more effective impact on the reader's consciousness. The expressiveness of the phraseology relates to the concepts of imagery, evaluation, emotionality, connotation and intertextuality. Originality. Phraseological resources, like modern vocabulary, are dynamically updated, in particular in the media. It`s evidenced by linguistic and lexicographic works. Mediaphraseology was considered in structural-semantic, functional-stylistic and communicative-pragmatic aspects, mainly on materials of various all-Ukrainian publications. However, the regional segment of this media-linguistic field remains relevant and promising mainly for local researchers. Conclusion. In the Vinnytsia press (on the material of the weekly “Vinnychchyna”) we find various phraseological representations of figurative reinterpretation of the facts of reality, which strengthens the expressive potential of the presentation, condenses semantics and enlivens attention. Expressiveness acquires a kind of pragmatics in the phraseologized headlines of the Vinnytsia newspaper, which are less informative, but attract attention, intrigue with their veiled expression, give an impetus to decoding the title of the publication after reading it. Transformed phrasemes update the imagery of established expressions, actualize the emotional and expressive meaning, enrich the newly created context with certain connotations.

Linguistic means of identity construction in media texts (comparative analysis of political interviews)

he study aimed to determine and explain the influence of discourse of political interviews on audience identity construction and their understanding of social and political processes. Methods of cross-cultural analysis, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), the method of linguistic analysis of identity markers in media text, and the method of linguistic analysis of identity markers were used in the study. The reliability of the methods was checked with Cronbach's alpha. The increase in the importance of media and social networks in identity construction indicates reorientation of the modern society towards digital platforms as a key factor of public position determination. Increased individualization was fixed in identity formation, where personal choices and clarity are important factors affecting the self-determination process. The study confirms that identity formation in media texts is a complex and multifaceted process, which includes the interaction of different aspects as individual, group, cultural and political identities. Further research perspectives are the study of the role of new technologies, including artificial intelligence and large data analysis in identity construction and interaction with the audience in the digital environment.

STRUCTURE AND SEMANTICS OF THE INAUGURAL SPEECH IN THE PRESIDENTIAL DISCOURSE (ON THE MATERIAL IN UKRAINIAN, POLISH, SLOVAK AND SERBIAN LANGUAGES)

The article is devoted to the study of structural and semantic features of the main speech genre of presidential rhetoric — the inaugural speech. We characterized the main approaches to defining the speech genre and highlighted the structural components of the inaugural speech in political discourse. The purpose of the study is to reveal the structural and semantic features of the presidents’ inaugural speeches presented in Slavic languages (Ukrainian, Polish, Slovak and Serbian). The object of the research is the presidential discourse implemented in the speech activity of the presidents of Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia and Serbia. The subject of the study is the structural components and semantic features of the inaugural speeches in the presidential discourse. We analyzed the inaugural speeches of the presidents who held this position in the first half of 2024: Volodymyr Zelensky (Ukraine), Andrzej Duda (Republic of Poland), Zuzana Čaputová (Slovak Republic), Aleksandar Vučić (Republic of Serbia). The material for the analysis was the texts of the inaugural speeches delivered by the presidents in the last term. The methods of component and linguistic stylistic analysis were used to analyze the structural and semantic features of the inaugural speeches. The component analysis made it possible to consider the lexical semantics, and the linguistic stylistic analysis became the basis for determining the stylistic features of the texts. The structure of the inaugural speech covers the framework elements of the greeting, conclusion, formulation of the political creed. Speech acts of thanksgiving are the main structural elements of the inaugural speech of the presidents. At the semantic level, the inaugural speech contains a description of the political situation in the country in the context of historical events and a specification of program provisions of a priority nature. Common elements for the inaugural speeches of the presidents of Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia and Serbia are the presence of mandatory structural elements, the dominance of speech acts of thanksgiving, appeals to the historical past and the formulation of future political steps. Among the specific features of presidential speeches, the use of ethnonyms in the speeches of V. Zelenskyi and A. Duda was recorded; the dominance of references to ancient history in the speeches of A. Duda and O. Vuchich; V. Zelenskyi’s criticism of the previous government, in particular the country’s presidents.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LINGUISTIC AND STYLISTIC PECUARITIES OF THE EPITHET IN THE ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN FAIRY TALES (BASED ON THE TALES OF O. WILDE AND M.E. SALTYKOV-SHCHEDRIN)

Background. Studying and understanding stylistic devices, and, in particular, the epithet, is an integral part of the world linguistic picture. The epithet is inextricably linked with all literary works and is therefore a key part of any language. It reveals the attitude of native speakers to certain phenomena, which is manifested in the use of words stable for epithets. However, the lack of certainty in various aspects of the study of the epithet determines the need for its further study. The subject of the study is the linguistic and stylistic features of the epithet in English and Russian fairy tales. Purpose. The article identifies and compares the linguistic and stylistic features of epithets in the English and Russian fairy tales. Materials and methods: The material for the study comprises 150 epithets from the fairy tales of O. Wilde the fairy tales of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. When analyzing the material, the following methods of linguistic analysis were used: semantic, stylistic, cultural, comparative and quantitative analysis, as well as the continuous sampling method. Results. As a result of a comparative study, identical and distinctive pecularities of epithets in two languages were identified. It was determined that the stylistic characteristics of epithets are largely similar, but it is emphasized that the English-language epithets are more unique and concise than Russian-language ones, which, in turn, are characterized by repetition and figurative meaning. In the English-language examples, there was greater neutrality and an emphasis on the positive and neutral qualities of the characters. Negative connotations were noted in the Russian-language epithets. Practical implications. The results of the study can be used in the study of the courses in stylistics, foreign literature, as well as in foreign language classes.

Criminal Procedural and Forensic Means of Preliminary Forensic Research on Living Person Body

The main criminal procedural and forensic means of preliminary research on living person body are highlighted. The methods of linguistic analysis, formal-legal, formal-logical, forecasting, as well as activity and praxeological approaches in criminology are used. It is argued that as a result of a preliminary forensic examination of living person body, it is possible to obtain information about signs of its appearance (in particular, functional), materially fixed traces on body and clothes, as well as about the person who left them, as a social being. It was found that the leading procedural means of examining living person body of a is an examination aimed at identifying traces of a criminal offense and special signs on a person’s body and clothing. It is proved that special signs in the context of research should be understood as any individual (person-al) anatomical features of a person’s appearance. Visual observation is recognized as the main method of research within the scope of this investigative (research) action, and investigative experiment is procedural means of researching functional features of a person’s appearance. This research makes possible to determine a person’s ability to perform certain actions, the presence of professional and other special skills, as well as psychophysiological reactions to certain stimuli. It is noted that the functional signs of a person’s appearance can be recognized during other verbal and mixed investigative (search) actions: interrogation, search, presentation for identification. Information obtained in this way is indicative and can be used for tactical purposes. It is emphasized that further prospects of scientific research in this area are related to the development of criminal procedural and forensic means of preliminary forensic examination of corpses.

The Syntax of the Genitive Case in Longus’ Novel Daphnis and Chloe

This study aims to explore the syntactic functions and characteristics of the genitive case in the ancient Greek novel “Daphnis and Chloe” by Longus, a text from the 2nd century AD, which exemplifies the “second sophistic” period of rhetorical development. The primary source for this research is the text of “Daphnis and Chloe”, which has been thoroughly analysed to ascertain the usage of the genitive case in various syntactic roles. The research employs descriptive and structural methods of linguistic analysis. The descriptive method identifies and explains instances of the genitive case within the text, while the structural method examines the relationships between these instances and other linguistic elements. The genitive case in the novel is found to perform multiple syntactic functions, including controlling verbs, nouns, adjectives, and expressing various semantic nuances. Detailed examples are provided to illustrate these functions and their impact on the text’s meaning. The findings offer a foundation for further studies of the genitive case in ancient Greek texts, providing significant insights for researchers and linguists interested in ancient Greek grammar and its syntactic constructions. The study enhances understanding of ancient rhetorical techniques and their application in literary texts during the “second sophistic” period.

Shifting Communicative Roles through Subcode Switching and Blending in Works of Zadie Smith

This study is part of the discourse on code-switching in conversational discourse. The aim of this article is to describe frequent instances of subcode switching and mixing in a multicultural environment, as well as to determine their involvement in communicative role exchanges within the literary texts of a contemporary English writer. The object of description is examples of (sub)code switching and mixing in the literary texts of Zadie Smith. The research employs linguistic analysis methods alongside observation, comparison, and interpretation techniques to highlight the significance of role exchange in the context of subcode switching and mixing. The novelty of this study lies in its examination of role exchange in a multicultural setting. The author emphasizes the pace of role exchange as a crucial indicator of interaction dynamics in heterogeneous cultural environments. The relevance of this research stems from the importance of understanding complex communicative frameworks that involve participants, social parameters, intentions, and speech communication situations. Definitions of subcode mixing and subcode switching are provided, with a clear distinction between code and subcode concepts.

FICTION AS SYNTHESIS OF MULTI-MODE MEANS OF PRESENTING NARRATIVE INFORMATION

Despite a considerable number of discoveries made in the XX and XXI centuries in the field of linguistics, there still remain a few global problems demanding their solution or treatment on the new level of scientific and social development. Amongst those, we shall mention the issue of giving a clearcut definition of fiction. This challenge has become even more difficult due to such new literary forms as digital literature, comics, fanfiction, narrative videogames, etc. Thus, the topicality of the article follows from the linguo-gnoseological importance of defining the very term “fiction” in a world with the dominance of computer technologies, providing more and more new ways of transmitting information. Our work is also motivated by the lack of serious research suggesting objective criteria for a modern piece of fiction. Hence, the research aims at specifying what can be understood as fiction in modern conditions and at characterizing the peculiarities of narrative representation in fiction today. The work is grounded on the postulates of information theory and narrative studies, coupled with classical methods of linguistic analysis. Thus, the results obtained in the process of investigation can be summarized in the following conclusions. A piece of fiction is a work of art which is built around a certain narrative. Its aesthetic component is shaped by the latter and by the communicative goal set up by the author. Narrative here is codified by means of verbal (and sometimes non-verbal) signs and presents an extra-lingual situation arousing the reader’s interest since it reflects or has nothing to do with their own cognitive experience, teases their ability to predict the plotline and influences their world pictures in the process of indirect communication with the author. The very existence of a number of modes objectivizing one and the same narrative (or its close invariants), like movies, comics, fanfiction, gamebooks, videogames, etc., enhances the reader’s immersion and the impact made by the narrative, granting the audience multi-existence and generating a new Gestalt-like quasi-universe in their minds.

AN ARTISTIC DIRECTION USING THE METHOD OF LINGUISTIC AND POETIC ANALYSIS IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING LITERATURE TO STUDENTS

The article discusses the scientific and theoretical foundations of the application of the method of linguistic analysis, which helps students of art education in higher educational institutions to delve into the content of a work of art, understand the meaning of a word, comprehend the art of poetry.

ABOUT BUSINESS E-MAIL AS A GENRE OF PROFESSIONAL INTERNET COMMUNICATION IN THE COURSE OF “LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION”

The research focuses on exploring lexical-grammatical, syntactic, punctuation features of the text of business e-mail as a genre of professional Internet communication in the course of “Language of business communication”. The tasks are outlined as follows: 1) to reveal the contents of the course of “Language of business communication”; 2) to highlight the importance of the content module on professional Internet communication; 3) to analyze business e-mail as a genre of professional Internet communication. The descriptive method and various types of linguistic analysis are applied. Emphasis is placed on the motivational-practical (speech) component of the course as a defining feature of the “Language of business communication” discipline, which determines the approach to the thematic content of the four content modules. The proposed research highlights the fourth content module, which reveals the peculiarities of Internet business communication and encompass follows themes: “Internet communication: specifics, types, genres”, “Language organization of business Internet communication”. The analyzed content module involves familiarizing students with the concept of Internet style, types of network communication, genres of business Internet communication, types of posts in social networks, and the culture of Internet communication. To improve the practical skills of business electronic correspondence, an educational model (formulated in linguistics) was used, which consists in the synthesis of four interrelated aspects. The first aspect is based on mastering the theoretical foundations of the researched problem: philology students reveal the essence of the concept of an electronic business letter, systematize the basic principles of creating and rules for writing business e-mails. The second aspect is practical. It consists primarily in the formation of skills and abilities to analyze the texts of business letters. For example, the structural-compositional, lexical-grammatical, and punctuation features of an electronic Cover Letter and a Request Letter are considered. The third aspect is research. It involves independent processing of the text of an electronic business letter in accordance with the proposed algorithm. The fourth stage is creative. It provides for the independent creation of an electronic business letter taking into account the specified requirements. The results of the research can be used as materials for practical classes on the language of business communication, Ukrainian language for professional purposes, language culture, etc. Key words: “Language of business communication”, business e-mail, professional Internet communication, etiquette of business correspondence.

THE FORMATION OF COLOR ASSOCIATIONS THROUGH STABLE UNITS FORMED WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF WORDS EXPRESSING COLOR

This research investigates the formation of color associations through stable units formed with the participation of words expressing color. Language plays a significant role in shaping our perception of colors, and the formation of stable units—linguistic constructs involving color words—provides a framework for understanding how these associations are established and maintained. Through a combination of linguistic analysis and experimental methods, this study explores how stable units influence color perception, categorization, and conceptualization. By uncovering the cognitive mechanisms underlying the formation of color associations through stable linguistic units, this research contributes to our understanding of the intricate interplay between language and cognition.

RETRACTED: Selection and application of building material suppliers based on the 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic number combined grey relational analysis method

This article has been retracted. A retraction notice can be found at https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-219433.