Linguistic Borrowing Research Articles

War and Linguistic Borrowing: The Influence of Military Conflicts on Lexical Expansion.

This article explores the phenomenon of linguistic borrowing in the context of military conflicts, with a particular focus on how war introduces new terms and phrases into languages. By analyzing wars from the 20th and 21st centuries, including World War II and modern-day conflicts, the study investigates how borrowed military terminology becomes part of the lexicon in both combatant and non-combatant countries. The study also considers how these linguistic changes reflect broader socio-political shifts. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between language and conflict, as well as the mechanisms of lexical expansion.

Der gut strukturierte Tod

Abstract Based on the example of King Conrad I’s death, this paper wants to contribute to the question of how medieval historiography chose and arranged its contents. It postulates that chroniclers narrated their histories just like medieval authors of fictional literature by using plot schemes. Before King Conrad I died, Ottonian sources tell us, he had called for his brother and designated the Saxonian Duke Henry I king. Former research saw vast similarities between the sources as either evidence for their reliability, as textual references, or regarded them as written result of an oral tradition at the Ottonian court. A comparison with several ( East-/West- ) Franconian and English narratives about other rulers’ deaths ( e. g. Pepin the Younger, William the Conqueror or Saladin ) shows us that not only Ottonian, but chroniclers in general used the same textual elements, which they arranged in a similar order. One reason for this might be references to the Bible and hagiography. However, since there are no obvious linguistic borrowings tangible between the narratives, the death of Conrad I in the Ottonian sources can be interpreted as a variation of narratives, based on a more widespread scheme used probably all over Latin Europe. This scheme was distributed in different ways: by the use of textual models, but also by the adaption of oral narratives.

Linguistic borrowings in trade terminologies: an analysis of ancient Indian and Egyptian languages from 3300 BCE to 500 CE

The research delves into the intricate web of linguistic borrowings in trade terminologies between Ancient Indian languages (Sanskrit, Prakrit) and Egyptian languages (Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs, Demotic script) spanning from approximately 3300 BCE to 500 CE. Through a meticulous analysis of selected literary texts and inscriptions, including the Hathigumpha Inscription, Rudradaman I Inscription, Junagadh Rock Inscriptions, Nasik Cave Inscriptions, Rosetta Stone, Satirical Papyrus, and Turin Taxation Papyrus, the study unravels the linguistic evolution and cultural exchanges embedded within ancient trade networks. Contextualizing these linguistic borrowings within the historical framework of trade routes, maritime activities, and economic exchanges, the research sheds light on the nuances of communication and adaptation in commercial interactions. By employing rigorous research methodologies and comparative studies, the findings offer a comprehensive understanding of how language served as a bridge for commerce, diplomacy, and cultural exchange between these ancient civilizations. This study not only contributes to the fields of linguistic history and ancient trade studies but also offers valuable insights into the dynamic interplay of language, trade, and cultural connectivity in the ancient world.

On a Unique Christian Appropriation of Plato in the Dialogue Ammonius by Zacharias Scholasticus

Abstract This essay investigates the little-known dialogue by Zacharias Scholasticus entitled Ammonius, a philosophical dispute over the creation of the world. It examines in particular Zacharias’ skill in portraying the character of Ammonius, a pagan teacher of philosophy in Alexandria. Even before illustrating his own eternalist theses, which are later refuted by Zacharias, Ammonius is introduced through subtle yet unequivocal allusions as a malus Socrates, i.e. a bad teacher who corrupts young people and alienates them from philosophy, while being well received by the city in which he teaches. This reversal forms the broader plot that runs through the narrative framework of the dialogue, which is based on the borrowing – and inversion – of narrative schemes, mainly from Plato’s Phaedrus. The Ammonius will ultimately be presented as a paradigm of the appropriation of Plato not only on a superficial level (linguistic borrowings, the dialogue form itself), but also on a deeper and more structural level, i.e. as a remarkable case of borrowing Plato’s dramaturgy and irony.

Impact éloquent des mots empruntés et arabisés dans la traduction: Analyse des emprunts lexicaux dans les œuvres d’Al-Ghazāli «Al-munqid Min Addalâl (Erreur et Délivrance)» et «Le livre des Bons Usages en Matière de Mariage»

Eloquent Impact of Borrowed and Arabicized Words in Translation: Analysis of loanwords in Al- Ghazāli’s work «'Al-munqid min addalâl (Erreur et Délivrance)» and «Le livre des Bons Usages en Matière de Mariage» The Arabisation of words is a common practice in Arabic translation. It involves borrowing words from other languages and adjusting their phonetics to fit Arabic phonology. Sometimes, these words undergo semantic adaptations to fit into specific contexts, enriching the Arabic lexicon with essential terms. Such linguistic borrowings have seamlessly integrated into Arabic over time, serving both specialised and everyday functions. In the French translation of two works by Al-Ghazāli, "Al-munqid Min Addalâl (The Deliverance from Error)" and "Le livre des Bons Usages en Matière de Mariage (The Book of Good Practices in Marriage)," it is noteworthy that several Arabised words have been retained without translation. Instead, they are presented alongside their equivalents or with explanatory notes. The translator’decision to preserve these Arabised words by the translator reflects a desire to convey the original author's specific messages. It underlines a commitment to maintain the semantic depth of the original texts while honoring the cultural and linguistic richness of Arabic. These words imbue the analysed texts with profound meaning, adding a semantic dimension that enhances the works in both Arabic and French. This approach caters to a French readership interested in exploring the nuances of Al-Ghazāli's works, ensuring the integrity of his writings is preserved. It guarantees an authentic and comprehensive reading experience that captures the richness and subtleties of the original texts.

Borrowings in linguistics and their causes: a case study of the english language

The advancement of human civilization entails the advancement of each of its distinct cultures and, by extension, every language spoken within them. This study delves into the phenomenon of linguistic borrowing, particularly within the context of the English language, examining its underlying causes and defining the concept itself. Numerous scholars have explored the topic of borrowing, emphasizing its enduring relevance and noting its escalating significance as the dynamics of the borrowing process continue to evolve over time

Japanese and Chinese Lexical Borrowing as an Outcome of Language Contact and Influence

As a commonly observed phenomenon, no language has not borrowed lexical items from some other language(s), just as no culture has developed with no influence from some other culture(s). There have been numerous studies of linguistic borrowing to explore why a particular language incorporates some linguistic elements from another language into its linguistic repertoire. This is known as a phenomenon of linguistic transference. Abundant research findings provide strong evidence that such a transference most commonly occurs in the realm of vocabulary because the borrowing language (i.e., the recipient language) incorporates some cultural items or conceptual elements and the names along with them from some external source. More specifically, this particular linguistic phenomenon is recognized as lexical borrowing. From some cross-linguistic and cross-cultural perspectives, this study describes and explains lexical borrowing in terms of linguistic transformation as an outcome of language contact. Linguistic transformation is defined as adaptation of one linguistic form in one language to another linguistic form in another language. Language contact is defined as the phenomenon where two languages come into contact at various cross-linguistic and cross-cultural levels. Based on the representative examples as observed in contemporary Japanese and Chinese lexical borrowing, this paper presents a case study of such a particular language contact phenomenon by categorizing the borrowed lexical items into several areas of language contact. It describes linguistic transformation in terms of phonological/morphological adaptation and semantic transfer/creation/substitution. Thus, this study presents a model of lexical borrowing through language contact and its linguistic outcome.

Dynamique plurilingue dans la chronique algérienne

In this article, our main objective is to define lexical peculiarities to outline an approach that integrates theoretical data from different conceptual frameworks while considering the reality of plurilingual practices in Algeria within a specific context and at a particular moment. Our analysis highlights that the author likely favors local terms for their precision and style, aiming to provide the reader with a specific image of the Arabo-Algerian context. The use of linguistic borrowing appears to be motivated by the desire to preserve the indigenous character of discourse and express social distinction, thereby reflecting a reality specific to Algeria.

Text Mining Approaches to Language Use in Social Media: The Case of Portuguese Bué

This study describes processes of language change in Angolan Portuguese focusing on the use of intensifiers. Previous studies have shown that intensifiers are a relevant category for the study of language change due to their rapid change and variable meaning. It has been noted that intensifiers are particularly prone to renewal, suggesting speakers’ desire to innovate. Informed by a Digital Humanities approach, we collect and analyze data from Twitter (now X), focusing on the multi-functional intensifier bué, ‘very’, in Angolan Portuguese (AP). In this paper, we (1) provide an overview of the word’s distribution in AP, (2) consider the processes of change involved in bué’s variation, and (3) discuss the role of linguistic borrowing in language change and grammaticalization, shedding light on some of the cultural aspects that play a role in this word’s development, such as the influence of the media and the contact situation between Angolan and European Portuguese.

Nativazation of Hausa Loanwords in Kanuri through Deglottalization and Sonorization

The paper attempts to identify and study those linguistic items borrowed from Hausa to Kanuri language with special attentions to the deglottalization and sonorization processes employed in incorporating the loanwords. Borrowing is a phenomenon which is as old as human social, economic, and administrative contact. When a contact is established between two or more different linguistic communities, there is the tendency for linguistic borrowing to take place. Therefore, despite the fact that Hausa belongs to Chadic family and Kanuri belongs to Nilo-Sahara, there exists linguistic borrowing between them. The paper focuses on the deglottalization and sonorization in nativazation of the borrowed words. The research sought data from two sources. These sources are primary and secondary. The primary source includes unobtrusive observation when discourse is taking place in Kanuri language. Similarly, the researcher’s intuition plays significant role in identifying the loanwords being a native speaker of the language. On the other hand, the secondary sources include written records, such as journal articles, dissertations, thesis, dictionaries etc. The paper concludes that Kanuri, a Nilo-Saharan language uses deglottalization and sonorization in nativazation of some Hausa borrowed lexical items. This resulted in making the loanwords to behave like the native words of the target language (Kanuri).

CONCEPTO, TIPOS Y CONSECUENCIAS DE LOS CONTACTOS LINGÜÍSTICOS: NUEVOS ENFOQUES

The article studies a series of problems connected with the definition of linguistic contacts, such as the complicated sociolinguistic, linguocognitive and ethnic-cultural phenomenon. Such contact is accompanied by the specific processes of linguistic interferences, linguistic code change and linguistic borrowings. Linguistic contacts are due to non-linguistic phenomena such as population migration, the coexistence of different ethnic groups in the same territory or in the surrounding area, wars, colonization, political, economic, cultural and educational connections. Language contacts are closely linked with types of interethnic cultural contacts. There are several types of linguistic contacts: contacts according to their duration and stability; according to direct and indirect connections; contacts between related and unrelated languages; contacts with unilateral and with mutual influence; marginal and intraregional contacts; casual and permanent contacts; natural and artificial contacts. The consequences of language contacts. Language contacts are based on linguistic and sociolinguistic phenomena. Due to its significant nature, three aspects of language contact are distinguished: the consequences of language contact that affect the language; the consequences that concern the speaker of a language and the consequences that have effects on communication. Due to their duration, the consequences of linguistic contacts can be short-term and long-term. As a result of linguistic contacts can be formed pidgins and creole languages, which are the adstratum phenomena, or one of the contacted languages can be assimilated with the won/winning language, which are the substratum or superstratum phenomena. The different linguistic levels of linguistic contacts have a very stable character: the most stable is the lexical level, the least stable are the phonology and morphology levels.

Modelling the frequency of loanwords in different semantic fields in core vocabularies (based on WOLD data)

The present paper focuses on the statistical modelling of loanword frequencies in different semantic fields of ten selected languages of the world. The main question addressed in this paper is whether the occurrence of loanwords in different semantic fields (data are from the WOLD project) can be modelled by a (simple) power model or not. Within the framework of synergetic linguistics, the basic idea is that the transfer and integration of loanwords is a statistically well-regulated process. In the absence of deductively found models (theoretically, also a birth-and-death process could be a suitable starting point), the proposed modelling aims to shed some new light on the underlying statistical tendencies in linguistic borrowing.

Formation of the Linguosocial Model of Russian Culture: Historical Context

The article deals with the formation of the linguo-social model of Russian culture as being a result of historical processes and borrowings from foreign languages into Russian occurring at that time. The author compares various stages of the development of trade and diplomatic relations of the Russian state with other nations with the periods of enrichment of the Russian language with new lexical units. The author also justifies the need to borrow this vocabulary. The article provides examples of words and expressions were borrowed from Turkic, Arabic, Greek, Latin, Polish, Ukrainian, Belarusian, German and French and became part of the Russian language. The author demonstrates how these linguistic borrowings, which have no analogues in the Russian language or replace the words that are not commonly used, acquire social and cultural significance, since they denote clothing, everyday objects, phenomena, professional and scientific terms. Thus, by being introduced themselves into all spheres of people’s lives, they shape a linguo-social model of Russian culture of the VIII–XVIII centuries.

Lexical Nativization: Filipinized Hispanic Words in Select Hiligaynon Visayan Written Discourse

This linguistic research, Lexical Nativization: Filipinized Hispanic Words in Select Hiligaynon Visayan Written Discourse investigates and determines the phenomenon of lexical nativization in terms of morphology and phonology, in the Philippine languages, specifically Hiligaynon Visayan, from Hispanic words. To further find out the linguistic borrowing phenomenon in Philippine languages which nativized the borrowed Hispanic words, two magazine articles are focused as model textuality for lexical analysis: “Sa Aton Puluy-an: Magsupot sang Kinitaan”, and “Mga Sugilanon ni Mal-am Huana: Si Propesor Bukol,” which are extracted from Hiligaynon Magazine of Western Visayas, and uses Hiligaynon Visayan as their linguistic medium. Fifty-eight (58) Hiligaynon Visayan words are analyzed following Pesirla’s (2019) classification of words: nouns, verbs, and modifiers, utilizing separate descriptive matrices for each. The result of the study reveals that majority of the Hispanic borrowed words in Hiligaynon Visayan are nouns, followed by verbs, and modifiers. It is found out that these words are acculturated through nativization of their orthography that corresponds to nativized phonology. Lexical nativization is further displayed through the adding of native affixes which are dominant in Hiligaynon Visayan verbs. The result of the study may serve as a springboard for further researches involving bigger corpora in both spoken and written discourses in the Hiligaynon Visayan and other Philippine languages, as a resource material to language teachers and language students, and as a reference by the native speakers.

A influência das civilizações dos séculos XV-XX nos idiomas asiáticos e suas implicações linguísticas e filosófica

Abstract: Civilization exerts a profound influence on language, thereby shaping and promoting culture. In the 18th century, Herder acknowledged the historicity of language, contextualizing it within the broader framework of human development and culture. This paper examines the impact of Western-dominated civilization from the 15th to the 20th centuries on Asian languages, identifying several key characteristics. Firstly, Asia did not witness widespread adoption of foreign languages on a large scale. Secondly, extraterritorial linguistic borrowing in Asia surpassed intra-regional one, resulting in the emergence of diverse hybrid languages. Additionally, Asia employed various strategies to preserve and perpetuate its languages and civilizations. Language and civilization play crucial roles in mutually reinforcing and advancing each other. Therefore, this paper aims to elucidate the influence of civilization on Asian languages since the Age of Exploration, uncovering the nuances of Asian civilization embedded within it, and exploring the intricate relationship between civilization and languages in Asia.

Multilingual Learners' Strategies for Vocabulary Acquisition: Insights from Language Mixing and Borrowing

The purpose of this research is to examine the nuanced processes through which multilingual students in Saudi Arabia learn new words. In particular, it seeks to illuminate the significant role that linguistic admixture, linguistic borrowing, and linguistic competence play in this development. This study aims to add to the current literature on vocabulary learning in a bilingual or multilingual setting by investigating these factors. Fascinating insights on how these factors affect vocabulary development in a linguistically diverse setting are uncovered by the study. Three hundred people took part in in-depth tests of their ability to use Arabic and English words in context. At the same time, they were tested for their inclination toward combining and borrowing languages using carefully constructed questionnaires. Results highlight the transforming effect of lexical enrichment through linguistic borrowing and its positive correlation with vocabulary test scores. Vocabulary acquisition, especially in the target language's specific context, is also shown to be greatly aided by a high level of linguistic competence, as is made clear by the study's findings. However, a more detailed analysis is needed due to the complexity of the impact of lexical mixing. This suggests that, when used thoughtfully, blending languages may not hinder the development of one's vocabulary. The results presented here highlight the need for language education programs that are tailored to the unique linguistic needs of students and encourage the use of effective strategies for expanding students' vocabularies.

Русские заимствования в тувинской разговорной речи

This paper investigates the historical evolution of the Tuvan-Russian/Russian-Tuvan bilingualism and its current state in the Tuva Republic. In 1974, B. I. Tatarintsev examined bilingualism and Russian loanwords in the Tuvan language and identified three periods of linguistic borrowing. Here, we propose a classification of new periods in the history of Tuvan-Russian bilingualism: the 4th (1993–2015) and the 5th (from 2015 to the present time). These periods can be differentiated by the changes in the functional relations between the Russian and the Tuvan languages in national republics of the Russian Federation, including the Tuva Republic, following the dissolution of the USSR in the 1990s. The recent trend of globalization has contributed to the expansion of the Russian language’s functions and its dominance in everyday life and official communication. Tuvan, being primarily used in informal communication or within families, is becoming more colloquial. This paper demonstrates the influence of Russian on Tuvan through the emergence of new ways of word formation with evaluative meanings and the occurrence of semantic shifts in various Russian loanwords. Verbs are frequently derived from Russian stems, and Russian adverbs are sometimes used in Tuvan speech. Moreover, it is important to highlight the escalating number of loanwords in recent decades and the discernible influence of Russian on oral Tuvan. To substantiate our findings, we utilize oral speech records and examples of posts in VKontakte and Facebook, where informal communication between native speakers commonly takes place.

Lost in Translation? Nineteenth-century German Romanticism and Translingualism in Andrés Neuman’s El viajero del siglo (2009)

This article examines the connections between contemporary theories of translation and translingualism and the Romantic ideals of nineteenth-century Germany as presented by Andrés Neuman in his seminal work, El viajero del siglo (2009). After introducing the relevant theories, namely the Romantic ideologies of Friedrich Schleiermacher, and translingualism as a field of academic study, the article analyses the novel, paying particular attention to the presence of translingual writing techniques (namely, linguistic borrowing). Focusing on issues of languages, literatures and translation, the article attempts to posit translingual analysis as a means of understanding trans-temporal and transnational texts such as Neuman’s in a way that connects languages, time periods and peoples alike, bridging gaps and promoting equal representation within world literature

Models of Phonological Loanword Adaptation

Borrowing in linguistics refers to the process whereby a group of speakers incorporates certain foreign linguistic components into their home language via a process known as linguistic borrowing. The process by which these foreign linguistic elements, known as loanwords, go through phonological, morphological, or semantic changes in order for them to fit the grammar of the recipient language is referred to as loanword adaptation. Loanwords go through these changes in order for them to become compatible with the grammar of the recipient language. One of the most divisive topics in loanword phonology is whether adaptations occur at the phonemic or phonetic levels, and current literature distinguishes three primary viewpoints: nativization-through-perception, nativization-through-production, and the Optimality Model. This article provides an overview of lexical borrowing and then presents a detailed account of the three models of phonological loanword adaptation.

Vzaimnoe zaimstvovanie slov v hokienskom i tagal'skom yazykah

Hokkien and Tagalog have a long history of language contact, resulting in a large number of loanwords. This paper aims to provide an accurate and in-depth description of the phenomenon of mutual linguistic borrowing in Hokkien and Tagalog vocabularies. It also analyzes the characteristics of these loanwords in terms of semantic classes, borrowing methods, and vocabulary development and evolution, as well as the cultural and historical phenomena.