Lichen Planus Lesions Research Articles

Prevalence of oral white lesions in patients with end-stage renal disease: A Cross sectional study

Introduction: End stage renal disease (ESRD) has accompanying oral pathologies that emerge from the disease process or from the impact of hemodialysis or both. Inevitably, untreated oral lesions may aggravate clinical presentation and prognosis of renal disease. The aim of our study was to investigate the clinical patterns of white lesions in the oral cavity in the patients having end-stage renal disease, and to study the factors associated with the appearance of these lesions. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study was designed to determine prevalence of oral white lesions among patients with ESRD attending the nephrology hemodialysis department for more than six months at Qalyub Hospital in Qalyub, Al Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt. A total of 114 adult participants of both genders from 30 up to 60 years were included in the study. A salivary pH and salivary flow rate were estimated. Results: Oral white lesions were found among 33 patients out of 114 with a prevalence of 28.9 % in the studied sample of ESRD patients. The most common oral white lesions were oral candidiasis (11.4%), Lichen planus or lichenoid reaction lesions (10.5%) and oral keratotic lesions (6.1%), while the least oral white lesions were Leukoplakia (2.6%) and uremic stomatitis (2.6%). Conclusion: An association between the prevalence of oral candidiasis and the following (salivary pH, salivary flow rate) was found. Also an association between uremic stomatitis and the higher blood urea and higher serum creatinine level was found in our studied sample of the patients with ESRD.

Malignant Transformation and Treatment Recommendations of Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis-A Six-year Retrospective Cohort Study.

Oral chronic hyperplastic candidiasis (CHC) is the most uncommon type of oral candidiasis with diverse manifestations. Up to date the diagnosis, long-term management and prognosis of this oral potentially malignant disorder remain obscure. The aim of this study was to provide the recommendations guiding the diagnostic procedure, clinical management and prognosis assessment of CHC. A retrospective cohort study was performed during January 2015 to April 2021 involving patients with a definite diagnosis of CHC in the Department of Oral Medicine of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. Demographic features, clinical and histopathological features, treatment protocols and follow-ups including malignancy transformation were analysed. Fourty eight CHC patients were collected and reviewed, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.69:1. The average age at diagnosis was 54.92±9.79 (36-80) years old. Clinically, the multiform oral lesions were diverse and frequently presented as white plaque and erythematous lesions. As a result, the initial diagnostic accordance rate was only 54.17%, and the most common presumptive initial diagnoses were oral lichen planus (22.92%), oral leukoplakia (20.83%) and traumatic lesion (2.08%). Histopathologically, ten (20.83%) patients had varying degrees of epithelial dysplasia, and two (4.17%) patients had malignant transformation with a mean transformation time of 6.5±6.36months. Among the 28 patients who underwent fungal culture, 24 patients were exclusively infected by Candida albicans, with two patients each mixed infected by Cglabrata and Ctropicalis, respectively. Notably, treatment with fluconazole had the lower recurrence rate compared with topical nystatin. The diagnosis and management of CHC remain a challenge due to its polymorphic clinical presentations, chronic progression and potential of malignant transformation.

Expression of Interleukin-1ß and Interleukin-8 in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Carcinomas.

Objective: To evaluate interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) epithelial expressions in potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa as malignant predictive markers.Study design: About 55 tissues embedded in paraffin, comprising 15 oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions, 15 leukoplakias, 15 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC), and 10 samples of normal oral mucosa were included in the study. IL-1ß and 8 expressions were assessed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies antihuman IL-1ß human (sc-7884, Santa Cruz® H-153) and antihuman IL-8 (ab7747, abcam®). The number of positive cells was compared using Student's t-test. Any p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Nuclear and cytoplasmatic keratinocyte staining were positive for both cytokines in all study groups. However, a statistically significant decrease was observed within all cases compared to normal mucosa, both staining for IL-1β and 8. Moreover, IL-8 showed significant differences between OLP and leukoplakia, and when compared to OSCC.Conclusions: Oral epithelial expression of IL-1β and 8 seems to decrease when the malignant transformation of the oral mucosa increases.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ВЗГЛЯД НА ЭТИОЛОГИЮ И ПАТОГЕНЕЗ ПЛОСКОГО ЛИШАЯ И ЛИХЕНОИДНЫХ ПОРАЖЕНИЙ СЛИЗИСТОЙ ОБОЛОЧКИ РТА

Subject. The review which has been carried out allows us to consider the issues of etiopathogenesis of lichen planus and lichenoid lesions of the oral mucosa adapted to the modern classification. The analysis of clinical features must be carried out with an emphasis on differential diagnosis. The aim is to conduct a systematic analysis of modern native and foreign literature sources to determine some features of the etiology and pathogenesis of lichen planus and lichenoid reactions of the oral mucosa, depending on risk factors. Methodology. The search for research papers on the etiology and pathogenesis of this dermatosis was carried out using the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, elibrary.ru, Scopus in the period from 2010 to 2021, and the review includes selected significant publications for the period from 2015 to 2021. The following keywords were used: lichen planus, oral lichenoid lesions, prevalence, clinical symptoms, clinical forms, risk factors. Special attention was paid to articles published in peer-reviewed scientific publications. Research methods used in the analysis process: content and descriptive-analytical analysis. As a result of an electronic search, 74 publications were found. The conducted research has a wide geography: Austria, Australia, Belarus, Great Britain, India, Spain, Italy, Iran, Yemen, China, Korea, Russia, Romania, USA, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, Taiwan, Thailand, Tehran, Croatia, Scotland, Philadelphia, Japan. Results. Among all the pathological processes that were diagnosed on the oral mucosa, lichen planus occurs on average from 35 to 70% of cases, while only isolated or oral forms are diagnosed on average from 50 to 75% of cases of examinations, the frequency of simultaneous lesions of the mucous membranes and skin is 23-28.6%. The pathogenesis of the studied pathology has significant differences depending on the diagnosed form of lichen planus, or manifestations of lichenoid lesions. Conclusions. In a comprehensive examination of these patients, it is very important to analyze not only the clinical features of oral forms of lichen planus, but also to evaluate the topographic location of morphological elements, their symmetry, and size. These data together allow for a differentiated approach in making an accurate diagnosis. The diagnostic process of oral forms of lichen planus and lichenoid lesions also includes the identification of general somatic diseases, the assessment of local risk factors, and the identification of the relative frequency and intensity of their clinical forms. The main diagnostic feature that allows you to distinguish lichenoid lesions from lichen planus is the fact that the elimination of the factor that provoked the symptoms leads to the disappearance of the damage.

Comparative Analyses of Clinical Features, Histopathology, and CD123 Immunohistochemistry of Oral Lupus Erythematosus, Lichen Planus, and Other Lichenoid Lesions

Background: Oral lupus erythematosus (OLE) and oral lichen planus (OLP) are among the common causes of oral lichenoid lesions (OLLs). The differential diagnosis among causes of OLLs, particularly between OLE and OLP, is challenging as they have significant clinical and histopathological overlap. Objectives: To compare and summarize the clinical, histopathological, and direct immunofluorescence (DIF) findings between OLE, OLP, and other OLLs and to explore the diagnostic value of CD123 immunohistochemistry. Methods: A retrospective study on patients with OLE, OLP, and other OLLs was performed between January 2014 and December 2019. The baseline characteristics, the clinical, histopathological, and DIF features, as well as CD123 immunohistochemistry for plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) were statistically analyzed and compared between groups. Results: Of 70 patients, 12 had OLE, 39 had OLP, and 19 had other OLLs. Oral erosions/ulcers were the most common findings in all three groups. Red macules, telangiectases, and discoid plaques were more common in OLE patients, while OLP cases were typified by reticulated patches (p < 0.05). Additionally, white patches were found more often in other OLLs than in both OLE and OLP (p = 0.002). Histologically, mucosal atrophy, basal vacuolization, and perivascular infiltrate were observed in OLE, whereas OLP specimens possessed mucosal hyperplasia, hypergranulosis, and compact orthokeratosis (p < 0.05). Mucosal spongiosis was a histologic feature that favored other OLLs over OLE and OLP (p < 0.001). Data on DIF were nonspecific for all three conditions. For immunohistochemical staining, the median number of total CD123+ PDCs was observed to be higher in OLE than OLP in the mucosal-submucosal junction (MSJ) (p = 0.021), the superficial perivascular area (p = 0.026), and the superficial and deep perivascular areas (p = 0.001). Likewise, PDCs in clusters ≥2+ were seen in significantly higher numbers on OLE than OLP along the MSJ (p = 0.002), the superficial perivascular area (p < 0.001), as well as the superficial and deep perivascular areas (p = 0.011). CD123+ PDCs were found to be significantly more numerous in both OLE and OLP than other OLLs in all of the abovementioned areas (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: While there are some differences in the clinicopathological features between OLE, OLP, as well as other OLLs, a significant overlap remains. The quantity and distribution pattern of CD123 immunohistochemical staining has a diagnostic implication in differentiating OLE from OLP and other OLLs.

27154 Lichen planus pemphigoides in a patient recently started on lisinopril

Background: Lichen planus pemphigoides (LPP) is a rare autoimmune subepidermal blistering disorder with autoantibodies to BP180. Lesions of lichen planus (LP) are seen in combination with tense blisters most often involving sites not affected by LP. In contrast to bullous pemphigoid patients are generally younger and the clinical course is usually shorter and less severe.

Evaluation of mast cell count in oral and cutaneous lichen planus lesions

Introduction: Lichen planus (LP) is a relatively common chronic mucocutaneous disorder diagnosed based on clinical manifestations and histopathological findings. Mast cells (MCs) are multifunctional immune cells that are involved in the pathogenesis of LP by releasing certain chemical mediators. Objectives: The purpose of this comparative study was to estimate the number of intact (granulated), degranulated and total MCs in oral lichen planus (OLP) and cutaneous lichen planus (CLP) lesions. Patients and Methods: The present descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted on 125 LP blocks, including 40 OLP samples and 85 CLP samples. The mean number of granulated, degranulated and total MCs were counted under light microscope (×100 and ×400). Data were analyzed by SPSS version 24 software using Mann-Whitney U and Pearson’s chi-square tests. Results: The mean total MC count was 14.92 ± 3.90 in OLP samples and 14.04 ± 5.60 in CLP samples respectively which was not statistically significant. The mean granulated MC count in CLP (10.53 ± 5.70) was higher than in OLP (4.34 ± 3.46) (P&lt;0.001). The mean degranulated MC count in OLP (10.57 ± 2.99) was higher than in CLP (3.51 ± 2.72) (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: No statistically significant difference was observed in the total MC count between OLP and CLP; however the difference in the degranulated MC count was detected between OLP and CLP. Despite the homogeneity in the total MC count, the MCs appear to play different pathological roles in OLP and CLP.

The role of autophagy-related gene 9B in lichen planus.

Lichen planus (LP) is an idiopathic, chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, autoimmune dermatological disease. The etiopathogenesis of LP is still unclear. Autophagy is a strictly regulated lysosomal degradation pathway that is crucial for maintaining intracellular homeostasis and normal development. The dysregulation of autophagy-associated genes was recognized to increase the susceptibility to multiple diseases, including inflammation, autoimmune disorders and cancer. Our study aimed to detect the expression of autophagy-related gene 9 b (ATG9B) in LP patients compared to normal control persons to investigate the possible role of autophagy in pathogenesis of this disease. This case-control study included 30 LP patients and 30 age-, gender-matched healthy controls. Four millimeters punch skin biopsies were obtained from LP lesions and from the controls and they were kept in lysis solution for the stability of the studied parameters and were kept frozen at -80°C till analysis of ATG9B using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The level of ATG9B in lesional skin of LP was significantly decreased compared to normal control persons (P < 0.01); also, there was a non-significant relation between ATG9B level and age, sex, duration and family history among LP patients. Limited number of patients included in our study (30 patients). Autophagy may play a role in the pathogenesis of cutaneous LP.

Oxidative Stress in Cutaneous Lichen Planus-A Narrative Review.

Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin condition that mainly affects the skin (cutaneous LP, CLP) and oral mucosa (oral LP, OLP). However, the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the disease are not fully elucidated. Over time, several theories that could explain the appearance of LP lesions have been postulated. The key players in LP pathogenesis are the inflammatory infiltrate consisting of T cells and the proinflammatory cytokines. The cytokines stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species that induce cell apoptosis, a defining element encountered in LP. The lead inquiry triggered by this revolves around the role of oxidative stress in LP development. There are currently numerous studies showing the involvement of oxidative stress in OLP, but in terms of CLP, data are scarce. In this review, we analyze for the first time the currently existing studies on oxidative stress in CLP and summarize the results in order to assess the role of oxidative stress in skin lesions offering a fresher updated perspective.

The Interleukin-17 (IL-17) Concentration in Saliva of Patients with The Interleukin-17 (IL-17) Concentration in Saliva of Patients with Oral Lichen Planus

Background: The aim of the present study was to measure the clinical and pain score in these patients and to measure the level of IL-17 in saliva of patients having different forms of Oral lichen planus lesions (OLP). Subjects and methods: According to sample size calculation, the present study was done on a total of 40 subjects divided into 3 groups Group (I) Twenty patients having erosive/atrophic OLP. Group (II) Ten patients having reticular OLP and Group (III) Ten healthy control patients. Salivary samples were collected from the subjects of the three groups to evaluate the levels of IL-17 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The values of the clinical and pain score were statistically significantly higher in the erosive/atrophic group than both the reticular and healthy control subjects. The levels of IL-17 in saliva of patients with erosive/atrophic OLP were statistically significantly higher than in patients with the reticular OLP and healthy control subjects, and there was a high statistically significant difference between the reticular group and the healthy control subjects p&lt;0.001. Conclusions: According to the results, the salivary levels of IL-17 are higher in the erosive/ atrophic type of OLP than the reticular type and both are higher than the healthy control subjects. This suggested that IL- 17 has a great role in the immunepathogenesis of OLP and may be of diagnostic value for the severity of the condition of the erosive/atrophic OLP.

Comparison of low dose oral Methotrexate vs Systemic Corticosteroids for treatment of Oral Lichen Planus

Background: Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is a relatively common chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disorder. WHO considers OLP a premalignant lesion. This makes management of OLP important to avoid its malignant transformation. Corticosteroids are considered as the first-line of treatment. Different other treatment modalities are also in use for OLP. But there is no statistically significant data available for a particular therapy. The recent evidences suggest methotrexate may effectively be used in low dose in the treatment of OLP. Aim: To compare the frequency of complete resolution of mucosal lesions of oral lichen planus with low dose oral methotrexate versus systemic corticosteroids. Methods: It was a randomized control trial conducted at Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Surgery Department, King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital Lahore in six months. A sample of 60 patients was divided into two sub groups namely Group -A (methotrexate) and Group - B (corticosteroid) using lottery method. More than 75% resolution of mucosal lesions clinically was considered as complete resolution at the end of 8th week. Results: The mean age of the patients was 44.55±12.38 years. On 8th week, frequency of complete resolution of mucosal lesions was 73.3% in Group A and 60% in Group B with an insignificant difference (p-value&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Methotrexate group A showed more complete resolution of mucosal lesions than corticosteroid group B with insignificant statistical difference. Keywords: Oral Lichen Planus, Mucosal lesions, Malignant transformation, Methotrexate, Corticosteroids

ORAL LICHEN PLANUS – A CLINICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY

Lichen planus is one of the most common dermatologic 1 lesions to manifest in the oral cavity . The importance of understanding this disease lies in the fact that a large percentage of these cases present only oral lesions. Also the different clinical forms mimic some other more serious disease. The precise aetiology of lichen planus still remains unclear with recent works suggesting an autoimmune role. The skin lesions in lichen planus are distinctive and the primary lesion is a small, angular, flat-topped papule which may be discrete or gradually coalesce into large plaques.The oral lesions are highly variable and can be described as popular, annular, reticular, plaque, verrucuous, atrophic, 2 erosive, and ulcerative and vesiculo-bullous types .The main symptom is burning sensation of the affected areas.

Vulvovaginal lichen planus: A case report

Genital lichen planus (LP) forms a small but significant proportion of non-venereal genital dermatoses. Lesions of vulvovaginal LP are often asymptomatic and may be overlooked on self-examination. Clinical features are very similar to lichen sclerosus which is frequently seen in children whereas mucosal vulval LP commonly affects adult females. Histopathological examination of the lesion is an important diagnostic tool for its early diagnosis as progressive disease poses a risk of scarring. We report a case of vulvovaginal LP in a 56-year-old postmenopausal female presenting with hypopigmented patches on vulva for 10 years.

A cross-sectional observational study of clinicodermatoscopic features in cutaneous lichen planus in Indian skin

Background: Lichen planus (LP) is a papulosquamous skin disorder characterized by violaceous polygonal papules and plaques associated with itching. Dermoscopy in LP shows variable forms of whitish structures that correlate with Wickham striae (WS), vascular structures, and pigmentary changes that aid in its diagnosis. Aim: To study the correlation between clinical and dermatoscopic features in cutaneous variants of LP in Indian skin. Method: Patients with LP presenting over a period of 1 year were included. Dermoscopy of the lesions in polarized mode was done using video dermatoscope − Dino-Lite Premier AM4113ZT model. Both clinical and dermoscopy findings were photographed, recorded, and studied. Result: Fifty-six percent patients (39/70) had classical LP (CLP), 14% patients (10/70) had hypertrophic LP which were the most common clinical variants. Reticulate pattern of WS was the most common pattern observed in 40% (28/70) cases and a new rosette pattern of WS was observed in 13% (9/70) cases. Nonvascular findings such as WS, comedo-like openings, and grey blue dots showed statistically significant association with CLP. Among the pigmentary findings, pepper-like pigmentation was seen in 64% (25/39) CLP and reticulate pattern of pigmentation in 85% (6/7) cases of LP pigmentosus. Perifollicular pigmentation showed statistical significance in 100% cases of lichen planopilaris. Conclusion: In view of consistent dermoscopic features observed in LP, it aids as a valuable noninvasive diagnostic tool, many a times obviating the need for skin biopsy. Limitations: Small sample size and the exclusion of lesions of LP over the nails, genitals, and oral mucosa.

The Clinicopathological Study of Lichen Planus

Introduction: Lichen planus is an unknown origin subacute or chronic inflammatory, autoimmune disease occurring mainly in the epidermal parts of the body such as skin. Apart from commonly arising on cutaneous surfaces, it was also shown affect the oral mucosa, genital mucosa, scalp, or nails. and significantly affect the life styles of the humans. Lichen planus lesions can be explained the six P's -planar [flat-topped], purple, polygonal, pruritic, papules, and plaques. Lichen planus is said to have no cure and only the symptoms can be relieved or healed. Since there are different types of Lichens planus, it is important to study the types in detail for proper treatment.&#x0D; Objective: The present study is aimed to explore the spectrum of lesions in Lichen Planus and its prevalence on the patients.&#x0D; Methodology: Out of 100 cases analyzed in our study, 84 cases were clinically analyzed as Lichen planus of which 80 cases were diagnosed to be Lichen planus both clinically and histopathologically and 4 cases were diagnosed as Lichenoid dermatitis (HPE).&#x0D; Results: The correlation of clinical and histopathological types of Lichen Planus Sex incidence is higher in females (55%), having the ratio of 1:1.2 with a male to the female. Duration of the disease ranged from 10 days to 8 years. Majority of the cases (73%) showed less than 3 months’ duration of the disease.&#x0D; Conclusion: Our study revealed that the successes of the therapeutic regimes are purely dependent on the types of the lichens and an urgent need to take severe action against it.

Inter-Observer and Intra-Observer Variations in the Assessment of Epithelial Dysplasia in Oral Lichenoid Diseases.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) can both present with histological dysplasia. Despite the presence of WHO-defined criteria for the evaluation of epithelial dysplasia, its assessment is frequently subjective (inter-observer variability). The lack of reproducibility in the evaluation of dysplasia is even more complex in the presence of a lichenoid inflammation. We evaluated dysplasia in 112 oral biopsies with lichenoid inflammation in order to study the inter-observer and the intra-observer variability.

Association between oral lichen planus and hepatitis C virus infection among Kashmir population

Group 1 consisted of 175 patients with oral lichen planus lesions. Prevalance of HCV infection was carried out. Group 2 was composed of 24 patients with known and confirmed diagnosis of HCV infection. In this group prevalence of OLP lesion was carried out. Prevalence of HCV infection in oral lichen planus patients (Group 1) was found in only 1.7% of cases and overall frequency of OLP in HCV patients (group 2) was 4.1%. No correlation was seen in both groups because the overall frequencies of both diseases were very less and insignificant with their respective control groups.

Evaluation of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Oral Lichen Planus Using Immunohistochemistry

Introduction: Lichen planus is a relatively common chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. The World Health Organization has identified lichen planus as a potential precancerous lesion. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme for inflammatory processes and cell proliferation. The increased expression of COX-2 in some chronic precancerous inflammatory diseases and malignant neoplasms of the upper aerodigestive tract suggests its role in the early stages of carcinogenesis of the head and neck and can show its potential as a prognostic factor and marker of altered behavior. The aim of this study was to analyze the COX-2 marker in the pathogenesis and biological behavior of oral lichen planus and oral lichen planus with dysplasia. Materials and Methods: The incidence rate of the COX-2 marker in the 50 samples of the pathology archive of Mashhad Dental School, Mashad, Iran, including 25 samples of oral lichen planus and 25 samples of oral lichen planus with dysplasia, was evaluated using immunohistochemistry in 2017. In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, the Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square statistical tests were used to compare the incidence of the COX-2 marker in the study groups. Results: Based on the results of this study, there was no significant difference between the two groups of oral lichen planus and oral lichen planus with dysplasia in COX-2 staining pattern in the basal layer and connective tissue; however, it was significantly higher in the suprabasal layer of the lichen planus group with dysplasia than that of the oral lichen planus group. In terms of location, lichen planus lesions with dysplasia were more commonly observed in the buccal mucosa, and oral lichen planuslesions (without dysplasia) were more frequently noticed in lips. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that increased COX-2 expression is observed in oral lichen planus lesions, especially those with dysplasia. The presence of lesions in some areas of the mouth, such as the buccal mucosa, tongue, and border of the tongue, is also more associated with dysplasia.

Evaluating the Frequency of Histopathological Features of Oral and Cutaneous Lichen Planus Lesions: A Retrospective- Comparative Study

Background and Aim: Lichen planus (LP) is an immunological disease of skin and mucous membranes. Cutaneous and oral LP (CLP and OLP) have almost similar histopathological changes determined microscopically with symptoms such as basal cell layer degeneration, hyperkeratosis, band-like infiltration of lymphocytes, and saw tooth ridges. The present study aimed to determine the frequency and compare the histopathological features of OLP and CLP samples.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical, and cross-sectional research performed on 91 paraffin-embedded tissue blocks (41 OLP lesions and 50 CLP lesions). The frequency of histopathological features was determined by an optical microscope, and data analysis was performed in SPSS version 21 using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and Chi-square.&#x0D; Results: In this study, the frequency of LPs was higher in female subjects, compared to male participants. The frequency of histopathological features of hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, spongiosis, and epithelial hypertrophy was significantly higher in CLP samples, compared to OLP lesions (P&lt;0.005). Meanwhile, the frequency of saw tooth ridges was higher in OLP lesions, compared to CLP samples (P&lt;0.008).&#x0D; Moreover, there was a severe frequency of basal cell layer degeneration and the presence of civatte bodies (CBs) in most CLP lesions while they were moderate in most OLP samples.&#x0D; Conclusion: According to the results of the study, histopathological features of OLP and CLP lesions were not completely similar and had different frequencies in the two groups. It is recommended that more comprehensive studies be performed on these differences and their causes.

IFN-gamma Signaling in Lichen Planus

Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the skin, nails, urogenital tract, and oral mucosa. It ranges from mild inflammation to the destruction of the epithelial surface with painful wounds and squamous cell carcinoma development. The LP lesion differences in location and morphology determine the clinical disease subtypes which all share a histological feature of dense band-like sub-epithelial infiltration of lymphocytes and keratinocyte apoptosis. Despite the well-characterized clinical manifestations of LP, its pathogenesis remains mostly unknown. Recent studies revealed a role of IFN-γ signaling that renders keratinocytes more susceptible to T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity via upregulation of MHC class I molecules. Targeting IFN-γ signaling in LP has been proposed as a treatment option. These latest developments in research on the etiology of LP will be discussed herein.