Lexicographic Data Research Articles

Phraseological Units of the Concept of “Happiness” in Modern Chinese (On Material “中华五福古祥图典”)

The article provides a semantic analysis of phraseological units with the concept of “happiness” on the basis of lexicographic data “中华五福古祥图典”. The analysis of the concepts of “happiness”, represented by such components as 福, 禄, 寿, 喜 in the phraseological units of the concept sphere “happiness” is carried out.

Spanish and Italian Diminutives Compared: Two Alternatives of a Single Diasystem

The relexification of diminutives has been one of the most productive ways to create new words in the Romance languages. The phenomenon is defined as the historical reanalysis of a lexical item composed of root plus diminutive suffix, whereby the original semantic value of the suffix is bleached over time and its combined form is subsequently reanalyzed as part of a new single morphological root carrying new meaning. This study provides a quantitative lexicographic analysis of the entirety of diminutives that have relexified in the history of Italian. When compared to results for Spanish by Ryan and Parra-Guinaldo (2016), data of this study suggest that Italian followed a very different trajectory of diminutive relexification from Latin than that for Spanish. Specifically, Italian appears to have developed a preference for the alternate ad hoc diminutive suffixes -ino/a and -etto/a (based on non-diminutive Latin forms) at a much earlier period than did Spanish, allowing for greater absorption and the time necessary for relexification. Contrastively, lexicographic data for Spanish suggest that Spanish instead continued to favor reflexes of the original Latin diminutive suffixes. The reasons proposed for this divergence is the relatively early colonization of the Iberian Peninsula and continued preference for traditional Latin diminutive endings over innovative endings that were being adopted Empire-wide, beyond Castile, including other regions of Hispania Keywords: morphology, lexicon, diminutives, Italian, Spanish

Media text as a reflection of dynamic chronological changes in vocabulary and phraseology

The article deals with the informativeness of the media text in relation to the representation of language dynamic chronological processes. A “dictionary” approach is applied, which is based on the comparison of the language material of modern media with the representation of outdated and neological vocabulary and phraseology in modern Russian language dictionaries of different types. The article describes the functions of outdated vocabulary (traditionally distinguished historicisms and archaisms) and neologisms in the language of modern media, as well as the redistribution of vocabulary between active and passive language stock reflected in the media text. Promptly reacting to all extralinguistic changes, the media text is a source of neologisms in the language, a polygon for using the vocabulary of different epochs in actual meanings and with modern connotations, also it sensitively responds to the process of updating outdated vocabulary in the modern language and demonstrates the redistribution of words and expressions between active and passive language stock. As a result of the analysis of the vocabulary of different chronological layers in comparison of media language materials with lexicographic data, the conclusion is made that when reflecting dynamic chronological processes, the “media text dictionary” should be an interaction and be carried out in both directions. On the one hand, dictionaries of modern Russian draw information about the real functioning of the vocabulary of the passive reserve from the media texts. On the other hand, the use of dictionaries by journalists and knowledge of the conditions for using both outdated vocabulary and emerging neologisms is necessary to avoid speech errors and to achieve the goal of competently using this part of the passive stock of the Russian language.

Uchodźca i inne nazwy osób opuszczających swój kraj

The article is devoted to the semantic-pragmatic analysis of the word uchodźca (‘refugee’), chosen for the word of the year 2015, and discussing other synonymous names of people leaving their country. The author cites lexicographic data, mainly from Slownik jezyka polskiego edited by Witold Doroszewski and Wielki slownik jezyka polskiego PAN as well as information about the frequency and typical contexts of the words under discussion, extracted from the National Corpus of Polish. It shows the mutual connections between lexemes in this semantic field and the place of these words on the mental map of Poles.

Semantyka ZDROWIA w języku białoruskim: analiza danych systemowych

The article presents a fragment of the reconstruction of the image of HEALTH in the modern Belarusian language. It is planned to identify the maximum complex of meanings of the concept of HEALTH using the cognitive definition developed by Jerzy Bartminski. The integral cognitive definition arises on the basis of the analysis of three types of data: systemic (lexicographic), empirical (obtained by survey) and textual. This publication contains the results of the analysis of the system data. The author uses obtainable lexicographic works from the field of Belarusian linguistics. Explanatory dictionaries in the meaning of HEALTH pri¬marily emphasize the physical state of the body, the mental state appears in examples, it can be deduced from them but it is absent in the definition. In lexicographic publications, other nuances of the meaning of the word also appear, for example, ‘healthy’ as ‘big, strong, sturdy’. However, etymological studies unambiguously show that the adjective ‘healthy’ originally meant 'tree’, 'good, healthy as a tree'. Etymologists convince us that initially the word characterized the tree as 'strong, hardy, not sick, healthy’, later it expanded its meaning to humans and animals. As follows from the proverbs and beliefs of Belarusians, health is a gift from God – it can be both good and weak, only in modern lexicographic data it is possible to find examples of human actions aimed at securing a good state of health, e. g. physical culture, a sober lifestyle, etc.

РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ КОНЦЕПТА ДИСТАНЦИОННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ РУССКОЙ ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРЕ

The article describes the concept distance learning which represents a certain fragment of the national world view typical of the native speakers of modern Russian. The study is based on the comparison of the interpretations of lexicographic data with the data obtained in the course of receptive and association experiments conducted with representatives of the modern Russian ethnic group. On the basis of the obtained linguistic material, the status of the studied concept in the minds of modern Russian speakers is determined and specified, its current semantic content is revealed. Besides, transformations that occur in its structure due to the influence of global extralinguistic factors are discovered. As a result of the research, the priority of conceptual cognitive features of the concept distance learning was established. Among the features of the concept that form its structure are characteristics indicating the possibility of receiving knowledge remotely, staying mainly at home as well as the need to develop students’ personal qualities associated with the ability to work independently, self-control and time management. Application of a comprehensive methodology for studying the structure of the concept also made it possible to reveal the additional cognitive attributes of the studied concept that are not stated in modern lexicographic sources. The inclusion of two new groups of features in the conceptual structure – a promising and perspective form of education and training in a home setting accompanied by relaxing comfort and procrastination can be observed. The analysis of the collected actual language material allowed identifying cognitive characteristics of the evaluation component of the concept distance learning. It facilitated concluding that the cognitive features forming the structure of the concept under study are characterized by various features of antinomian nature. This fact can, presumably, be explained by the insufficient development and representation of the concept in the minds of modern Russian language speakers. It should be noted that, at present, the concept distance learning is perceived as a mental product that actualizes mainly negative reactions from the participants of the educational process. Interpretation of the data obtained during a series of psycholinguistic experiments also allowed studying and comparing the content of the concept distance learning represented in the minds of Russian native speakers of different age groups. It can be concluded that the ideas implied in the concept under study are varied. The greatest variety of definitions of the concept name, as well as the actualization of numerous and versatile evaluative features, was revealed mainly in the younger age group. This fact can be explained by the greater involvement of its representatives in distance education

Концептуализация гордости в русской и сербской лингвокультурах (на материале лексических и фразеологических единиц)

The article presents a comparative analysis of the Russian concept гордость ‘pride’ and its rough equivalent pо̀nos ‘pride’. An integrated approach is used in which the etymology of the concept’s names and its synonyms have been analyzed, as well as the conceptual core of the concept through the generalization of the Russian- and Serbian-language lexicographic data. The conceptual characteristics have been identified; moreover, the analysis of image-bearing and axiological components of the concepts, based on standard collocations, has been carried out. The study proved that the conceptual core of both concepts is identical, and that 75% of characteristic in the semantic structure are positive. The study revealed paired concepts that have an approximate meaning ‘pride’: in Russian, гордость and гордыня, and in Serbian, pо̀nos and gordost. There is difference in frequency, connotations, and the discourses the concepts belong to, secular and religious discourse respectively. In general, the study of the conceptualization of гордость and pо̀nos ‘pride’ revealed both similarities and differences in the concepts’ structure. The conceptual core is mostly similar, while the differences were observed in the image-bearing and axiological components of the concepts.

The functioning of the Atomkraft nominative field vocabulary in German-language media against the background of nuclear power phase-out

Statement of the problem. The semantic-cognitive method of language analysis as a means of studying concepts is of interest, because it allows one to identify the cognitive attributes of the concept on a wide and representative material. In the present study, the claimed method is presented in part regarding the analysis of lexicographic data and the cognitive interpretation of the contexts of the use of Atomkraftnominative field lexemes in German. The purpose of the article is to establish the cognitive features of the Atomkraft nominative field lexemes, codified in dictionaries and revealed during the analysis of the text corpus of publications in the media and blogs from 1980 to 2014, for the subsequent construction of a field model of the concept. Of particular interest is the effect of technological disasters in the nuclear energy sector that occurred during this period on the frequency of use and semantics of designated lexical units. Results. Based on the analysis of vocabulary entries, as well as the involvement of a representative text corpus, it is established that the dominant cognitive feature of the concept is “rejection of nuclear energy”, the most widely represented by the tokenAtomenergie. The general field structure of the concept, taking into account all nominative units, is as follows: the core is a sign of “abandonment of nuclear energy” (31%); the near periphery – “political aspects” and “dangers of nuclear power” (31%); the far periphery – “environmental issues” and “the future of nuclear power” (17%); the outer periphery – “nuclear power as one of the problems of our time” and “peaceful use of nuclear energy” (9%). Conclusion. The question of whether there is a correlation between the frequency of use of the lexical units of the field in question and the technological disasters occurring in the world continues to remain debatable. In the framework of the presented study, no reliable evidence of such a relationship was revealed. In the course of the work, it was found that the peak of the use of lexical units of the nominative field occurred in 2008–2009, when preparations for and pre-election campaigns were held in Germany, which suggests the greater influence of the political situation on the semantic content of the concept. This problem, however, requires further research on an expanded corpus of texts.

Loan Words in the Kostel Dialect of Slovenian Language and the South Chakavian Dialect of Croatian Language

The article compares the lexis of the Kostel dialect of the Slovenian language and the dialect of the villages Pitve and Zavala, which belongs to the South Chakavian vernacular of the Croatian language. The study is based on lexicographic data. The analyzed dialects of the Slovenian and Croatian languages contain 17.08 % of common lexis. 19.58 % (217 in each dialect) of the common lexis are loan words. Both among common and differential words, Germanisms are prevalent in the Slovenian dialect as well as Romanisms in the Croatian dialect. Many internationalisms came into the Slovenian dialect through the German language, and into Croatian through Italian and its dialects. Two dialects also share several Turkisms; in addition, the lexis of the Kostel dialect of the Slovenian language contains Romanisms that could find different ways into it, through other Slovenian dialects or the Croatian language.

La imagen de la mujer en derivados morfológicos y léxico-sintácticos (según fuentes lexicográficas en ruso y español)

La dinámica de la imagen de la mujer se analiza a ejemplo de los derivados morfológicos y léxico-sintácticos y sus significados léxicos, registrados en los diccionarios de lenguas rusa y española de los siglos XVII–XXI. El objetivo del artículo es encontrar semejanzas y discrepancias en la percepción de la imagen femenina al contrastar los datos lexicográficos desde la perspectiva de la dinámica diacrónica para revelar la especificidad nacional en la mundividencia lingüística de cada idioma. El estudio ha sido realizado desde la perspectiva de enfoque comparativo - contrastivo por lo cual los principales métodos de análisis fueron: semántico, derivativo y cuantitativo, tomando en consideración las posibilidades formativas distintas de cada lengua, determinadas por su estructura lingüística en general, la riqueza de medios morfológicos y el desarrollo del sistema léxico.

Reavaliando a etimologia de abacaxi a partir de novos dados histórico-filológicos

A hipótese etimológica consensual para abacaxi é que esta unidade lexical se origina do tupi, pela junção dos elementos yvá “fruta” e katĩ “que recende”, “que exala cheiro”. No presente artigo, essa hipótese é reavaliada a partir de dados de atestações anteriores desta unidade lexical. Inicialmente, apresentam-se dados lexicográficos com descrições etimológicas (seção 2); em seguida, avaliam-se as transformações fonético-fonológicas implicadas pela hipótese consensual, que levam à conclusão de que se trata de hipótese controversa (seção 3). Na seção 4, apresentam-se dados histórico-filológicos que mostram que a unidade lexical abacaxi designou um povo indígena, um rio e uma missão jesuítica, no mínimo um século antes de passar a designar uma fruta. Dessa forma, torna-se incoerente supor que uma unidade lexical que se referia a um povo pudesse ter como étimo “fruta que recende”. Por fim, conclui-se que a hipótese etimológica consensual deve ser tratada como controversa e que uma nova hipótese etimológica deve ser buscada não para o nome de uma fruta, mas sim para o nome de um povo indígena.

Between Shame and Fear. Review of Selected Cognitive Models of Shame in Lithuanian (On the Basis of Text and Lexicographic Data)

Linguistic and cultural research of concepts of emotional states and values finds its place among the most frequently chosen research directions in contemporary linguistics. Such popularity could be determined, on the one hand, by the desire to penetrate the complicated mental structure of human consciousness and its cognitive and cultural determinants. On the other hand, it is due to the belief in close links between language, human cognitive abilities and culture, resulting from cognitive sciences, as well as treating the research on linguistic structures and semantics of language as a tool for reaching the way of understanding and evaluating the world (cf. Bartmiński 2007; Geeraerts 2006, Evans, Green 2006). This conviction is of particular importance in the study of the lexicalization of objects and abstracts invisible to the naked eye, including emotional states.One of the main goals of the analysis of the names of emotions is revealing the way of understanding and evaluating the underlying emotional states and the experiences associated with them. In order to achieve this goal, conceptual representations of individual categories of feelings are reconstructed on the basis of the American cognitive models proposed by cognitive scientists or the base image profiles proposed by J. Bartmiński. The aim of this article is to present cognitive models and lexical units related to them, which constitute a specific borderline of emotional states of SHAME and FEAR, e. g. shame as fear of rejection, fear as a consequence of shame, etc. Thus, these are cases of linguistically certified transmissions of certain aspects of the feeling of shame and fear and their mutual convergence. The analysis presents a linguistic image of the areas of emotional experiences that constitute the periphery of the category of feelings from the family of SHAME, but not yet included in the category of feelings of FEAR in its basic sense.

Expression of Man’s Portrait in the Dictionary of the Southern South Aukštaitian Subdialects

The article examines the expression of a person living in the area of the Southern South Aukštaitian, describing the appearance and physical characteristics, features of the character and temper, social status and relationships based on the material in the two-volume Comprehensive Dictionary of the Southern South Aukštaitian Subdialects (Vol I published in 2016, Vol II in 2019).To begin with, the study includes all sentences that use the word man. It is also based on the examples where it is replaced by pronouns (I, you, he, she etc.), kinship terms (mother, father, brother, sister, grandson, granddaughter, aunt, uncle etc.), nouns that designate individuals by the gender (boy, girl, woman, woman, man etc.) and other. All the sentences in the dictionary that speak of man are analysed.The lexicographic data show that a person (man, woman, child) is an individual living in the Southern South Aukštaitian area. He/she is a kind-hearted, sincere, open, tolerant, cheerful and witty, hardworking and creative representative of the people and dialect; also energetic and persevering, though not always physically strong and capable.The analysis carried out reveals the genesis of the concept of man, and shows the attitude of several generations to man. The illustrative sentences highlight the stereotypical image of a person living in the Southern South Aukštaitian area (cheerful, generous, and hardworking, believes in God and is superstitious, values the family etc.) and show the new emerging traits (laziness, drinking, stealing, disobeying, immoral and dishonest etc.). The analysis of the dialectical discourse reveals the difference between the archaic and contemporary approaches; the ongoing changes in material and spiritual life are revealed.The material in the dictionary reveals the wonderful harmony of man and nature, which has been formed over several centuries, with the community living in a relatively isolated, closed environment. The worldview of man living in the area of the Southern South Aukštaitian area is interwoven with the old mythological world, the mysteries of the Catholic faith, and the realities of the present. Although the world is changing, old values and customs are disappearing and villages are abandoned, people are optimistic about the world. Work, family, faith in God and man are their greatest values.

A window to the future: Proposal for a lexicography-assisted writing assistant

Abstract The paper initially discusses some of the challenges posed to contemporary lexicography and stresses the need to move upstream in the value chain to guarantee future work. Today’s lexicographers must accept that their product par excellence is not dictionaries, but lexicographical data that can either be presented to the users in the form of dictionaries or be integrated into various types of tools, platforms, and services. From this perspective, the paper describes the functionalities of various digital writing assistants and focuses on one of them, namely the Spanish-English Write Assistant. It illustrates some decisions that have to be taken to prepare a database to feed both this tool and a series of online dictionaries. A proposal on how a big amount of lexicographical data can be presented in a small pop-up window without resorting to data overload will be discussed. In this connection, alternative ways of doing user testing in a digital environment are introduced. Finally, the paper stresses the importance of a human-centered design and terminology.

LANGUAGE OBJECTIVIZATION OF THE ADJECTIVAL PHRASE OF CONCEPT “SUCCESSFUL WOMAN” IN UKRAINIAN PROSE OF THE END OF THE XX – BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURIES

AbstractBackground. The article under discussion focuses on the analysis of the dictionarydefinitions of adjectival group as a means of verbalization of concept successful woman inUkrainian prose of the end of the XX – the beginning of the XXI centuries. The major features ofconcept successful woman have been distinguished, its model has been recreated with the help ofthe theory of conceptual blending.
 The purpose of the study has been to recreate the peculiarities of the languageobjectivization of linguocultural concept successful woman in Ukrainian prose of the end of the XX– the beginning of the XXI centuries, analyse the facts of usage of the dictionary definitions ofadjective “successful” (“успішний”) and compare them to the real cases of usage, as well asrepresent the language objectivization of the adjectival group successful woman.
 Methods. The methods, belonging to the lexicographic approach to the language facts study,have been applied in the investigation, namely – continuous lexicographic sampling method and themethod of contextological analysis, feeding into the overall paradigm of the investigations,dedicated to the text study as of a complicated communicative unity.
 Results. It has been found out, that from the perspective of the theory of conceptualintegration (blending) in the role of methodological principle, concept successful woman is ablended space (output space or blend), formed from the generic term “успіх” through the agency ofthe input spaces “успішна людина” and “жінка”, containing their conceptual features.An important feature of successfulness is the notion of “positive result” of any activity.Successfulness as a social phenomenon is regarded from two sides – from the speaker’s side – asfor their successfulness and from the public opinion side – concerning someone’s successfulness.There is a substantial difference between the definitions in the language dictionaries and in thepsychology sources: success in psychology is a source, potential resource for further aimachievement, and success in language is a result, final stage of a certain business or activity.
 Discussion. The investigation of the adjectival group of concept successful woman hasdemonstrated the semantic deviation between lexicographic data, obtained by the continuoussampling method and the data from illustrative sources. In particular, the row of the dictionarydefinitions to the notion “успішна” can be extended by the following adjectives from illustrativematerial: талановита, активна, енергійна, динамічна, щедра, щира, сильна, заповзятлива,завзята, хазяйновита, гарна, розкішна, крута, etc. As the analysis has proved, the adjectivalgroup has conceptually changed – some adjectives have gone and the others – added.

Wyraz "gildia" w dawnej i współczesnej polszczyźnie

The paper is dedicated to a close analysis of the semantic development of the lexeme "gildia". The author considered etymological data, lexicographic information (from historical and contemporary general dictionaries), as well as textual data (from the corpus and the Internet). From the etymological perspective, the lexeme "gildia" is derived from the same source as "giełda", but the words were dissimilated and functioned as separate units. Lexicographic data indicate that the word "giełda" is used in general Polish in a few meanings, while the word "gildia" – as ‘merchants’ association’ and ‘merchants’ class’ and is contemporarily regarded as a historicism, however, it is still present in new contexts. It is used as a component of proper names from the field of social chrematonymy (in names of associations) and marketing chrematonymy (in names of companies). Moreover, the lexeme "gildia" acquires a new additional meaning in specialist vocabulary of computer players. The development of the word discussed is an example of broader trends which are visible in the lexis of contemporary Polish.

The Class of Adjective and Adverbial Intensifiers in the Russian Language and Mechanisms of its Expansion

The purpose of the article is to study the development of lexical intensifiers in modern Rus-sian. Using the methods of semantic analysis, the author examines lexicographical data and materials from the Russian National Corpus. Lexical intensifiers continue to inspire scholars’ interest in lexicological, lexicographic, and normative aspects, and this study makes a new theoretical contribution to the study of the functional and semantic category of intensity as well as to the conceptualization of active processes in the vocabulary and lexical collocations of modern Russian. The results of the study can be used in the work of compiling definition dictionaries of the Russian language, namely coinage dictionaries. The class of lexical intensifiers includes primarily adjectives and adverbs. The most well-developed part of the intensifying scale is its right extreme: there are more units that express meaning of the high and absolute degree than those that express the middle and low degree of intensity. New intensifiers that appear in the language are also concentrated in this area of the scale. Intensifiers present an open and constantly widening class of words, new additions typically being semantic derivations of adjectives and adverbs. In the late 20th and early 21st century, the Russian language acquired new intensifiers that can be categorized as semantic neologisms (исполнение распоряжения нереально — нереально вкусное мороженое). The authors singles out the following mechanisms of expanding the class of intensifiers: 1. Syntagmatic widening: going beyond the typical collocation circle, determined by the rules of lexical collocations and fixed in the dictionaries. Here syntagmatic changes involve not only units with the semantically motivated collocation (запредельный, космический), but also those phraseologically connected (кромешный, закадычный); 2. Stylistic changes, manifested in determinologization of words and their “escape” from the bookish style, which widens the possibilities of using them in new and non-typical contexts (астрономические цены, клиническая дура); 3. Grammatical widening, when an adjective intensifier acquires its adverb “pair,” i. e., its syntactic derivative (космический — космически, закадычный — закадычно).

Estudio funcional y lexicográfico de la polisemia simétrica y asimétrica en un corpus bilingüe de locuciones meteorológicas del español y del italiano

This article aims at presenting functional and lexicographical study focused on three pairs of Spanish and Italian polysemic idioms. In order to achieve this purpose, we have applied to the idioms considered the functional equivalence criterion (Mellado Blanco 2015) and the lexicographical proposal illustrated in Loncar, Dal Maso (2018). As a result, in the first part of this essay we describe the idioms, the lexicographical and online data consulted and the functional equivalence criterion. Secondly, we propose lexicographical records for an online bilingual bidirectional phraseological dictionary and some final remarks.

The Speech Acts of Approval and Acquittal in the Forensic Linguistic Examination

The article describes the approach proposed by the authors to the problem of distinguishing between the concepts of justification and approval in the context of forensic linguistic research. Currently, linguistics lacks a single, generally accepted classification of speech acts. At the same time, the conceptual apparatus and methods of the theory of speech acts are actively used in the field of judicial linguistic examination. Therefore, the urgent task for the expert community today is to unify the interpretation of those terms and the categories of the theory of speech acts that they designate that turned out to be the most popular in the examination. The concepts of justification and approval speech acts currently used in linguistic forensic practice have significant similarities; the distinction between these concepts, which, as practice shows, is not always a trivial task and may be crucial for litigation. The authors consider it necessary to take into account that the concept of public justification of terrorism in the form as defined in Note 1 to Article 205.2 of the Criminal Code, is correlated in terms of the theory of speech acts not with RA justification, but more with RA approval. The approach proposed in the article is justified by the authors based on (1) generally accepted lexicographic data, (2) methodological developments of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of the RFCE under the Ministry of Justice of Russia, which have been tested in real court cases and have received well-deserved recognition, and (3) an analysis of the definition to be applied by the legislator .

Семантические изменения общественно-политических лексем в кабардино-черкесском языке

The article examines semantic development of socio-political lexemes in the Kabardino-Circassian language. This problem is poorly investigated and requires further research. The paper aims to study semantic processes in socio-political vocabulary. The analysis of socio-political lexemes clearly shows that they undergo lexico-semantic transformations. Relying on lexicographical data and newspaper materials, the authors conclude that semantic changes in the Kabardino-Circassian language occur permanently and affect different strata of vocabulary.