Lexical-semantic Level Research Articles

Cross-Linguistic and Multicultural Considerations in Evaluating Bilingual Adults With Aphasia.

The current study delineated a clinical and theoretical framework that clinicians and researchers can use to guide the assessment of bilingual aphasia at morphosyntactic, lexical-semantic, and phonological levels of language processing. This tutorial outlines cross-linguistic and multicultural considerations that should be addressed in evaluating bilingual adults with aphasia (BWAs). At the morphosyntactic level, we presented three features that should be taken into account when evaluating linguistic symptoms in languages considering whether they are typologically similar or dissimilar: word order, pro(noun)-drop, and morphological inflections of verbs. We suggest that clinicians need to conduct additional error analyses that reflect typological differences in syntactic templates, argument-deletion phenomena, and morphological inflections to better understand linguistic characteristics of impairments arising from the interactions of the two languages that may differ in many ways. At the lexical-semantic level, we addressed three cross-linguistic features that may impact naming performance in BWAs: cognates, lexical frequency, and semantic typicality. The presence of cognates between the two languages can lead to differential interpretations of naming performance. In addition, the same lexical items may exhibit varying lexical frequency and typicality across languages due to cultural and linguistic differences. We suggest that clinicians should thoroughly prepare the testing items considering the linguistic distance. Finally, we emphasized differences in segmental and suprasegmental features of phonology that could contribute to cross-linguistic phenomena during assessment of two or more languages. This cross-linguistic assessment framework contributes to a better understanding of linguistic impairments and communication difficulties experienced by BWAs. This framework can be utilized in current clinical practice to facilitate culturally and linguistically appropriate assessment and treatment approaches for BWAs.

STYLISTIC ROLE OF DETERMINED VOCABULARY IN PUBLICISTIC STYLE (Based on the material of Lina Kostenko’s article “The Humanitarian Aura of a Nation, or The Defect of the Main Mirror”)

This research aims to analyze the stylistic possibilities of deterministic vocabulary in a journalistic style based on the material of Lina Kostenko’s article “The Humanitarian Aura of the Nation, or the Defect of the Main Mirror”. To achieve this goal, we have carried out a continuous selection of quotes from the analyzed article using lexical units that have undergone determination; described the thematic classes of deterministic lexemes, distinguished the decisions of the functional, lexical-semantic, and traced semantic-stylistic levels, the semantic modifications of the deterministic vocabulary; revealed the stylistic role of determinations for achieving a communicative goal. The article uses several linguistic and general scientific research methods: the continuous selection method that we used to single out quotes in which the author used deterministic lexemes; based on semantic analysis, we have carried out a thematic classification of the studied material; statistical methods made it possible to reveal quantitative parameters of thematic groups of deterministic vocabulary; with the help of structural-thematic and semantic analysis, we have classified selected lexemes according to the levels of determination; we have also applied the interpretive method to reveal the semantics of deterministic lexical units in specific contexts, of analysis. We have also used descriptive, comparative, component, and deductive research methods to accomplish the article’s aim. We have singled out 167 quotations with lexical units that underwent determination and were used for different stylistic or content purposes. We have identified 146 terms of twenty-one thematic groups. The most frequently presented general scientific terms (19.2%), political science (13.8%), psychological (9.6%), and historical (8.9%) terms, the dominance of which can be explained primarily by the content features of the analyzed work. Considering the degree of loss of the signs of the term by the lexeme, 67% of determined lexemes are functional determinations that belong mainly to the groups of general scientific terms and terms of the socio-political sphere. We have established that the functional determinations reflect the features of the modern communicative space, testify to the high intellectual level of the author, and are aimed at the same educated readers. Determinations of the lexical-semantic level arise due to the modification of term semantics and the emergence of a new, universal meaning of the lexeme, usually recorded in explanatory dictionaries. Thanks to the combination of language units from different thematic fields, seven intentions are actualized, additional common language connotations are superimposed, and original imagery arises – all this contributes to the emergence of a specific expression inherent in the journalistic style of literary language. We have revealed that the term gets the semantic-stylistic level of determination when it undergoes certain semantic modifications and becomes an element of an artistic device (trope, stylistic figure). The specificity of Lina Kostenko’s creative style determines the presence of complex artistic images in the analyzed work, which combine semantic transformations and stylistic means – figures, and tropes. Usually, artistic metaphors with antitheses, oxymorons, epithets, phraseology, etc., are intertwined in one quote. Determinations contribute to the semantic accuracy, exactness, and imagery of speech and reflect the author’s subjective perception of the corresponding subject or phenomenon, strengthen the author’s assessment of what was said, and contribute to the statement’s expression.

Assessment of Language Function in Older Mandarin-Speaking Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment using Multifaceted Language Tests.

Individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), especially for those with multidomain cognitive deficits, should be clinically examined for determining risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. English-speakers with aMCI exhibit language impairments mostly at the lexical-semantic level. Given that the language processing of Mandarin Chinese is different from that of alphabetic languages, whether previous findings for English-speakers with aMCI can be generalized to Mandarin Chinese speakers with aMCI remains unclear. This study examined the multifaceted language functions of Mandarin Chinese speakers with aMCI and compared them with those without cognitive impairment by using a newly developed language test battery. Twenty-three individuals with aMCI and 29 individuals without cognitive impairment were recruited. The new language test battery comprises five language domains (oral production, auditory and reading comprehension, reading aloud, repetition, and writing). Compared with the controls, the individuals with aMCI exhibited poorer performance in the oral production and auditory and reading comprehension domains, especially on tests involving effortful lexical and semantic processing. Moreover, the aMCI group made more semantic naming errors compared with their counterparts and tended to experience difficulty in processing items belonging to the categories of living objects. The pattern identified in the present study is similar to that of English-speaking individuals with aMCI across multiple language domains. Incorporating language tests involving lexical and semantic processing into clinical practice is essential and can help identify early language dysfunction in Mandarin Chinese speakers with aMCI.

Translatability of Ancillary Antonymy in the Qur’an: A Lexicosyntactic Approach

Among Muslims there is a dogmatic belief in the linguistic inimitability of Qur’anic discourse that places limitations on its translatability at different linguistic levels and constitutes a minefield of hurdles when translating it between incongruous and incommensurable languages. One understudied linguistic level is the lexical-semantic level and one unstudied issue is the frames and functions of ancillary antonymy in the Qur’anic discourse. This article explores the translatability of ancillary antonym frames and functions from Qur’anic Arabic into English, using a lexicosyntactic approach to seven English translations available and accessible in the Quranic Arabic Corpus (QAC). Findings demonstrate that the Qur’an translators in focus are at great variance in rendering the syntactic frames and discourse functions of ancillary antonymy into English. There are also noticeable variations in the translatorial syntagmatic chains and paradigmatic choices as a result of adopting different translational strategies, notably explicitation, implicitation, domestication, foreignization, reproduction, substitution, and exonymy. The main conclusion is that ancillary antonym pairs co-occur within syntactic frames and co-perform discourse functions which must be attended and rendered into target texts.

A study of the distribution of classes of lexical aspect in Spanish by Chinese learners of Spanish in oral narration

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the non-native use of Spanish verbs of different aspectual classes by Mandarin Chinese speakers performing oral narrative tasks. In this work, we adopt Vendler’s (Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Linguistics in philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press) lexical-aspect classification (states, activities, accomplishments, and achievements), and we analyze the Spanish L2 acquisition of these categories by sinophones both at the level of the lexical form acquisition and at the semantic level. Based on data obtained from two oral narrative tasks elicited from storyboard vignettes performed by three groups of learners of L2/L3 Spanish (ranging from B1 to C1 levels of the CEFR), this work supports Jiang’s (Jiang, Nan. 2000. Lexical development and representation in a second language. Applied Linguistics 21(1). 47–77) L2 lexical acquisition pattern at the lexical form level, as our sinophone learners show a similar pattern to the one observed in native speakers in the use of aspectual class of compositional form (accomplishments)and aspectual classes of individual form (states, activities and achievements). However, at the lexical semantic level, we found that, besides L2 proficiency, the properties of lexical semantics may also impact learners’ L2 lexical processing.

Analyzing translations of culturally-bound expressions in span of Time

Translation of masterpieces of a nation’s classic literature poses great challenges to translators. One of the major challenges is the issue of dealing with culturally-bound expressions (CBEs). In the current study, the researcher aimed at exploring the effect of time-span on rendering Sa’di’s Gulistan. To this end, two English translations by Ross (1823) and Arnold (1899) were studied based on Davies’s (2003) model. She has proposed seven procedures among which ‘Preservation’, ‘Transformation’, and ‘Omission’ were deemed low-productive. These, together with ‘Mistranslated’ CBEs, were regarded as a criterion for assessing the performance of the two translators on lexical-semantic level. As far as rendering CBEs were concerned, findings of the study showed that time-span has had no positive effect on avoiding low-productive procedures. Since most of the challenging CBEs were categorized in the realm of ‘Social life’ and ‘Religion’, the prospective translators, who intend to re-translate a classical Persian masterpiece, are highly recommended to gain adequate knowledge in the two realms. Inaccessibility to other translations of the Gulistan was a limitation of the study; therefore, researchers are suggested to find other translations from the 20th or 21st century and also focus on other potential factors affecting the quality of rendering CBEs.

TYPICAL MISTAKES UKRAINIAN STUDENTS MAKE WHILE STUDYING THE CZECH LANGUAGE: THE PROBLEMS OF INTERFERENCE

Introduction. The topicality of the work is determined by the direction of present-day linguistic researches on the study of the influence of the Ukrainian-language interference on the structure of the Czech language, the establishment and interpretation of the causes of interference and the disclosure of the mechanisms of its generation, the establishment of regularities of functional changes that accompany this phenomenon.Purpose. The aim of the article is to focus on analysis of the most common mistakes while studying the Czech language by Ukrainian students for taking them into considerationin the teaching process.Methods. The investigation is grounded on the observation method, descriptive method, contrasting method and the method of structural analysis.Results. The results of the investigation showed that students make the biggest mistakes in grammar and spelling. Studying the ways of teaching the Czech language as foreign one approved the necessity of applying of such complex methodology of teaching, which covers translation, comparison, audio-linguistic and audiovisual practice, as well as communicative method.Conclusions. The interference of the features of the Ukrainian language takes place at all levels of the language skills of the Czech language. The interference in the phonetic level in the speech of the Bohemian students is manifested in their subconscious orientation towards the system of the native language during the implementation of the Czech language, that is, the application of its own articulation base and the spoken language skills of the native language.At the grammatical level, the interference of native-language peculiarities lies in the misuse of case endings and іn incorrect construction of phrases. At the lexical-semantic level, interference leads to the use of words that are inappropriate in a particular context.The inclusion of interference while studying the Czech language allows to prevent students’ mistakes and reduce their number, thereby facilitating the learning process and identifying it, contributes to a more effective development of secondary linguistic competence, reduces the learning time to master the new material and allows to prevent the emergence of interference phenomena among students.

TWO «END OF THE WORLD»: APOCALYPSE AS A CODE OF MODERN POETRY AND ITS FUNCTIONALS

The apocalyptic code of modernist poetry is studied on the example of the poem «The End of the World» by the Ukrainian modernist poet, a native of Lemkivshchyna Bohdan-Ihor Antonych, and a poem of the same name by a German expressionist poet of Jewish origin, a representative of the apocalyptic Aesthetic, socio-critical and eschatological functionalities of the apocalyptic code of modernist poetry are singled out, characteristic verbal practices are analyzed, the connection between lexical-semantic level and the level of poetic semantics is highlighted, mechanisms of formation are revealed, a detailed figurative-semantic, contextual and cultural-historical analysis of apocalyptic themes was carried out, the cultural-reference field of apocalyptic speech of modernism was determined. It is pointed out that expressionism subjects the religious apocalypse to a powerful reinterpretation, on the one hand secularizing the religious aspect, on the other – significantly expanding the field of reference by introducing signs and symbols of other cultures, beliefs, mythologies, and synthesizing a new apocalyptic vision space, does not claim the quality that was decisive for the Christian apocalypse. It is argued that expressionism transforms the apocalypse from eschatological inevitability into a capacious, semantically rich cultural code as a set of symbols and meanings, as well as their combinations, that through language (language of words, image language, language of spatial objects, language of acoustic and visual units) world. The formally and figuratively diverse, substantially, however, homogeneous poetics of apocalyptic visionary work developed in expressionism has been studied. It is established that 1) the apocalypse appeals to the elements, returns the world, in particular the world of figurative speech to the essential - water and fire, the thunder of heavenly heights and the roar of the earth's depths; 2) signs and symbols of culture are superimposed on natural elements, the latter is dynamized, the purpose of which is to calm them down, to involve them in the apocalyptic algorithm; 3) symbols and signs of culture lose the centuries-old stabilizing semantics and return to dull essence. Methods of textual, contextual, functional, poetic, semantic analysis, hermeneutic and poststructuralist methods are used. It is noted that Bohdan Ihor Antonych's «The End of the World» and Jakob van Goddys's «The End of the World» also solve socio-cultural and eschatological functionalities in different ways.

The concept of “Linguistic structure” as the basis of the Methodic for analyzing Vocal Composition

Relevance of the study. In the art vocal music of the second half of the 20 th — early 21st centuries the approaches to the selection of verbal texts are changing, they become the fundamental principle of musical works. The variety of verbal lines gives rise to a variety of composer’s work with them. Composers offer different, including previously unused, ways of working with a verbal text. In this regard, it is necessary to find new methods for the analysis of modern compositions, because traditional methods are no longer suitable for such material.
 The purpose of the study. The using of the concept of linguistic structure for the analysis of modern vocal scores and its approbation on the example of “Choven” (“Boat”) for three voices a cappella by Alla Zagaykevych is proposed.
 Methods. The article is based on general scientific and especially scientific methods. Among general scientific methods descriptive, comparative, systemic ones are applied. Among special scientific methods structural and functional ones are used.
 The results and conclusions. The conception of “language structure” was developed in structural linguistics and is now common in linguistics. It is based on the consideration of verbal language as a holistic system, which is divided into four tiers: phonological, morphological, lexicalsemantic and syntactic. Each tier has a main element, which is the smallest component in its layer. The composer, choosing a specific verbal text, works with it, applying changes at different language levels, which leads to individualization in the interpretation and sound embodiment of the verbal source. Based on the concept of language structure, a method of analysis of a modern vocal work is proposed, which in the article finds approbation on the example by Alla Zagaykevycs work “Choven” [“Boat”] on the text by Mykola Vorobyov’s poetry. It is proved that the composer works only on three language levels: phonological, morphological and lexical-semantic. It was found that when the composer is working at the phonological level it is important to highlight a separate phoneme, presenting its sound color. At the morphological level, the key is the morpheme, which becomes the main expression of the image. If M. Vorobyov works only at the lexical-semantic level, then A. Zagaykevych develops two other levels (phonological and morphological), based on the fact that the lexeme is a combination of smaller quantities. To identify the core of the lexeme, the composer breaks it down into smaller details: from the most important lexeme “choven” the phoneme “ch” stands out, which becomes the core of the whole composition.

Лингвистическая ситуация на Крайнем Северо-Востоке России на рубеже ХХ–ХХI веков

The article describes a specific linguistic situation that developed in the Far North-East of Russia (CWS) using the example of the Magadan region in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. The study used theoretical and empirical general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, observation and generalization), as well as proper linguistic and sociolinguistic modifications of general scientific methods (quantitative and conceptual analysis, inclusive observation, interviewing native speakers). The main extralinguistic factors, under the influence of which the modern linguistic situation was formed, were determined: harsh climatic conditions, low population density, poorly developed transport infrastructure, remoteness from centers of science and culture, the presence of an autochthonous population, a heterogeneous and unstable composition of inhabitants, etc. It is proved that the combination of the influence of extralinguistic factors with the action of internal linguistic laws has led to the formation of a special linguistic situation on the CWS, which is characterized by the following features: the presence of borrowings from the languages of the indigenous peoples of the North, minimization of dialectal influence, the existence of a particular Kolyma regional dialect functioning in the region. As an illustration, there are examples of lexemes borrowed from the languages of autochthonous ethnic groups in the Russian literary language, in old-time dialects, in the Kolyma region. The article covers the issue of old-timers' dialects that have survived in certain settlements of the Magadan region but do not have an impact on the speech of the Kolyma residents today. The structure of the lexical-semantic level of the Kolyma region is described, it is represented by several types of localisms: semantic, lexical, relative and substratum regionalisms. The conclusion is made about the formation of a special linguistic situation in the Far North-East of Russia, which, on the one hand, is in many respects specific, and on the other hand, corresponds to the global trends in the development of language systems.

Language game in publicistic writing of V. V. Nabokov: transformation of meanings and peculiarities of word usage

In the light of deliberate attention of modern linguistic science and a range of social disciplines to the problem of personality and language, the unresolved question of the nature of language game in the texts of different stylistic orientation remains relevant and polemical. Comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon at hand requires the study of linguistic material that would reflect the specific nature of language game, which represents the organic synthesis of genre-stylistic affiliation and creative uniqueness of linguistic personality. Therefore, the examination of language game in the authorial publicistic writing, namely publications of V. V. Nabokov draws particular interest. The subject of this research is the various manifestations of language play on the lexical-semantic level, which implies occasional alignment of semantic plans, change of the usual meaning of the linguistic unit. It is established that the publicistic heritage of V. V. Nabokov is notable for the artistry that is atypical for such genres; it can be traced in the choice of lexical means, their subsequent interaction and transformation. The usual linguistic units acquire the new plane of content, which largely determines the functional-pragmatic vector of publications and the authorial position that reflects the the tendentious suggestive intentions characteristic to the authorial publicistic writing: accusatory, critical, etc. Change of the usual plan of perception is achieved by various means; most typical is the reference to semantic invariant, which in the authorial context contravenes the known presuppositions. The observations indicate that the language game based on the partial or full change of usual meaning of the word is of syncretic nature: as a rule, the new metaphorical level is not limited by modification of a single lexeme, but extends to the entire structure and compositional volume of the sentence.

FUNCTIONING OF STRUCTURAL TYPES OF SECONDARY NOMINATION IN FRENCH POETIC TEXTS (PIERRE DE MARBEUF, VINCENT VOITURE, CLAUDE DE MALLEVILLE, MADELEINE DE SCUDÉRY)

The research deals with the essence of text-forming aspects of structural types of secondary nomination in French poetic texts. The aesthetic directions of development of French culture of the XVII century are described. It is assumed that in the French literature of the period of Preciosity in the basis of secondary nominative activity rest cognitive mechanisms of knowledge of contemporary realities and their styling in art speech of the authors of the mentioned times. For the disclosure of cognitive-pragmatic mechanisms of secondary nomens to denote objects of reality, displayed in French precious literature, a comprehensive methodology has been developed that was proved effective in determination of structural-semantic types of secondary nomination with their varieties and performance in the works of Pierre de Marbeuf, Vincent Voiture, Claude de Malleville, Madeleine de Scudéry. A new criterion for the typification of secondary units according to their belonging to the grammatical or lexical-semantic level of the language has been proposed. Structural types of secondary nomination (grammatical anaphora) relate to the grammatical process of repetition of a word, phrase, or syntagm using a secondary nomen (anaphora). Pronoun, noun, adjectival, adverbial, verbal (simple, complex) and propositional structural types of secondary nomens are traced out. They are classified into such kinds as exact, inexact, conceptual, divergent, associative and zero ones. The semantic types of the secondary nomination are united by the common principle of creation: associative thinking and expressive-figurative content. Among them stand out the stylistic anaphora, metaphor (announced/explicit, direct/pure, developed, proportional, dead, contextual), metonymy and periphrasis.A lexical analysis of specific types of secondary nouns, such as nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verb anaphors and their varieties in the poetry of the brightest representatives of the Precision period is also presented. The functions and purpose of the use of the studied means by the mentioned authors are clarified.

LINGUISTIC REPRESENTATION OF POWER IN JUDICIAL DISCOURSE

This study sheds light on the terms discourse of power and power of discourse. The two concepts are closely intertwined and interdependent as manifested in the influence of power on discourse, on the selection of the linguistic means expressing that power. Such linguistic means of conveying power relations are cratologemes. Accordingly, the approach used to study cratologemes is thought to be linguocratological. From the perspective of the linguocratological approach discourse has become a vigorous resource of power. Therefore, language of discourse is of great interest an instrument of manipulation, which gives grounds to study it as an object, a process, and as a tool. During the process of investigation, the following research methods have been used: linguistic observation and analysis as well as cognitive method, pragmatic analysis method, critical discourse analysis method. These methods have allowed us to establish some of the cratologemes that are characteristic of judicial discourse.Such cratologemes have been singled out at different language levels: at the morphological level, at the lexical-semantic level, at the syntactic level.

Interpretive Factor in Translation: Methodological Aspect

The article illustrates the applied teaching method that helps to eliminate interlingual asymmetries brought about by the differences in the language and conceptional worldviews of the source and target languages (SL, TL). A translation act in a specific communicative situation establishes a contact between SL and TL, which inevitably leads to interference resulting from interlingual contacts and cross-cultural differences. Drawing upon the definition and assessment of interference caused by interlingual asymmetries, the authors offer the ways of eliminating it in translation by making use of interpretive translation transformations. The cases of interlingual asymmetry are illustrated on the examples of translated from English into Russian journalistic texts of political media-discourse, which serve as a teaching material for translators. In rendering denotative and expressive functions – the key functions of the functional style under analysis – the translator resorts to the interpretation of the invariant meaning, which requires moving beyond the structural and semantic parallelism between SL and TL and basing on presupposition knowledge. The comparative analysis carried out by the authors demonstrates that the most common translation techniques are transformations on grammatical and lexical-semantic levels, in addition, explication, or explicitation, and implication of the key features of the described referential situation while switching from SL to TL, the latter presenting the greatest difficulties in translators’ training process.

Pleonastic Application Of Synonyms In Alisher Navoi's Works

This article discusses the wide range of possibilities of the old Uzbek language in the example of Navoi's work led linguists to study the linguistic features of the poet's legacy on a deep scientific basis, which led to theoretical conclusions about the phonetic-phonological, morpheme-morphological, lexical-semantic and syntactic levels of the old Uzbek literary language. For today's linguists, it is important to study the lexical structure of literary works before Navoi, to compare the lexicon of the ancient Turkic language, the Old Turkic language and the old Uzbek language, to study the history of the Uzbek language. Identifying semantic differences in the semantics of synonymous lexemes, the works of A. Navoi serve as one of the main sources in the study of the historical roots of the Uzbek language, as well as in the study of the lingvo-poetic potential of language units. The lingvo-poetic possibilities of assimilation synonyms used pleonastically in a verse or byte further clarify these views.

Екзогенна лексика як компонент назв одягу

The study is focused on peculiarities of formation in the spheres of German and Ukrainian clothes. The article comprises etymological analyses and also the analysis of dictionary definitions which allow to single out the ways of term-formation. The material of the research was Ukrainian and German explanatory and etymological dictionaries. The study of the concept and means of its linguistic representation is one of the important problems of modern linguistics. The paper considers the concept of CLOTHES in Ukrainian and German linguistic cultures to find out how these linguistic cultures relate to each other and to identify differences and similarities based on the studied concept. The lexical-semantic level is the most dynamic subsystem in the structure of language, because it is here that the changes taking place in the real world are directly reflected, due to the openness of the vocabulary of each language is always tuned to the emergence of innovation; there are real opportunities for constant replenishment, in particular, through borrowing. However, a comparative study of lexical items that denote clothing in German and Ukrainian has not yet been the subject of separate studies. The concept under analysis is a constituent of macroconcept PERSONS APPEARANCE and comprises some micro concepts the investigation of which provides a detailed analysis of words verbalising CLOTHES concept. The ways of replenishment of the lexical-semantic Micro-field “Clothes” in the languages compared are highlighted in the work. Elements of this lexical-semantic microfield are analysed from the point of view of the comparative aspect. The article tackles the semantics of borrowed nouns defining clothes in modern German and Ukrainian whose native speakers have a long-lasting historical and cultural experience of cross cultural communication. The article presents the analysis of this lexical layer to determine the borrowing prototype as well as the primary meaning. Special attention is paid to the combination of intra and extra linguistic features of the analyzed units functioning. This article reviews the relationship between native and foreign words of the semantic group “Clothes”, provides the grounds for the semantic transformations in this group, and gives comments to some vocabulary represented in the modern German and Ukrainian.

Мовна гра у зовнiшнiй рекламi м. Києва

The main objective of the study is to analyze language play specificities in outdoor advertising in Kyiv. The research approach is based on classifying the tricks of language play according to the levels of the language system, as the most appropriate approach for the analysis of this material. It has been discovered that various tricks of language play relate to derivational level (such as contamination, abbreviation, occasion word formation), lexical-semantic level (different kinds of puns), phonetic level and others. There are also some cross-level language tricks that combine lexical and derivation levels and so on. The article also deals with cross-language play, mainly the combination of Ukrainian and English words. It is underlined that language play is also a very interesting subject for cognitive sciences, and linguodidactic and

Tipovi jezičkih odstupanja u pisanom diskursu učenika mlađeg osnovnoškolskog uzrasta: TIMSS 2019 u Srbiji

The analysis of language characteristics of pupils’ written discourse indi- cates, among other things, the functional application of the acquired knowledge of the Ser- bian language and provides the insight into the quality of their language literacy necessary for the acquisition and application of knowledge in various scientific disciplines. The aim of the paper is to examine the linguistic characteristics (types of deviations) in pupils’ answers to certain textual tasks regarding natural sciences in the TIMSS 2019 in Serbia. Moreover, we aim to establish to what extent the linguistic characteristics (types of deviations) of the answers reflect the standards of school achievement for the analysed age. The answers of three hundred pupils to three open-ended tasks from natural sciences have been analysed (each task belongs to one of the three examined areas in the TIMSS 2019). Pupils’ language literacy has been assessed by the qualitative analysis of the content of their answers at the orthographic, grammatical/syntactic, and lexical-semantic level. The observed deviations refer to: inadequate application of spelling rules, formulation of clear and precise sentences, insufficiently developed ability to understand the meaning and the use of the words that belong to the general lexical system, indicating insufficiently developed linguistic literacy of the pupils. The types of language deviations in the analysed answers mostly concern the requirements prescribed for the basic and intermediate level of educational standards of achievement when these characteristics are considered in the context of educational standards for the end of the first cycle of education for the subject Serbian language. The obtained findings indicate that more attention should be paid to language expression when teaching all school subjects in junior grades of elementary school. Additionally, it is necessary to revise national standards which will support the development of functional literacy, i.e. the competencies relevant to the knowledge society.

Features of a lullaby as a type of polycode text

The article is devoted to identification of the features of the Karachai-Balkarian lullaby as a text of a complex semiotic nature and determination of the role of verbal and non-verbal components in the organization of an integral communicative space. It is postulated that the difference in sign is characteristic not only of modern texts, born of scientific and technological progress, which changed the sign nature of information, but also of a lullaby. It is noted that in linguistics, the study of a lullaby as a polycode text is not one of the intensively developed ones, and in the Karachai-Balkarian language its linguistic understanding and description as a multilayered text is carried out for the first time, which determines the relevance of the work. The main method for analyzing empirical material is the semiotic method of studying the text as an integral system of interdependent signs and symbols. Elements of discourse and phonosemantic analysis are also used. The article separately examines various semiotic layers and components syncretically presented in the text of the lullaby. The article analyzes the units of the lexical-semantic and grammatical levels of the language, which represent the verbal layer, as well as non-verbal means used in addition to the language code that accompany the verbal text of the song. Refrain “ballyau-ballyau”, “bellyay-bellyay” and the dominant sounds of the text «l-l’», «б-б’» according to their acoustic and physical characteristics, they are subordinated to the main strategy of a lullaby - calming and lulling a child. Particular attention is paid to determining the role of verbal and non-verbal signs in the implementation of synsemantics of the text of a lullaby. The novelty of the research lies in the identification of the specificity of the lullaby as a text of a different-sign nature, which manifests itself in the syncretism of various semiotic components, which in the text space are in complementarity relations. The multidimensionality of vectors of interaction of verbal, paraverbal, kinetic, symbolic components in a lullaby is revealed. It has been established that the verbal layer mainly performs an informative function, non-verbal means - expressive and pictorial functions.

El discurso medioambiental de la prensa española desde un enfoque sociopragmático

El artículo se propone realizar un análisis sociopragmático del discurso medioambiental de la prensa española tomando como base una serie de textos del año 2019 y comienzos del 2020, así como consultas lexicográficas en la Fundación del Español Urgente (Fundéu) y diferentes diccionarios. Asimismo, se analizan las peculiaridades discursivas dentro del análisis crítico del discurso que funcionan en el campo de la ecolingüística. En concreto, se hace un esbozo del nivel léxico-semántico y funciones pragmáticas con una atención especial a los deícticos personales. Por último, destacamos el vínculo entre el discurso medioambiental con otros discursos en el marco de la teoría de la interdiscursividad.