Loanwords Research Articles

INTERFERENCE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEXEMES IN THE UKRAINIAN HUMOROUS DISCOURSE DURING THE FULL-SCALE INVASION

The article highlights the cognitive and linguistic aspects of Ukrainian humorous discourse during the full-scale Russian invasion, focusing on the process of interference of words of foreign origin. Particular attention is paid to lexemes and their reinterpretation through cognitive patterns, such as availability heuristics, negative thinking, the accessibility cascade, the friend-foe pattern, the effect of contrast and stereotypical expectations. The study reveals a variety of stylistic means of comism that are caused by the interference of words of foreign origin in humorous Ukrainian discourse. The main techniques are irony, allusion, comic innuendo, parallelism, paradox, hyperbole, baphos, gradation, metaphor, and rhetorical figures. These stylistic elements of humor play an important role in creating a comic effect and shaping a humorous statement in wartime. The determined communicative functions of Ukrainian humor fragments relate to maintaining an optimistic moral state, promoting the unanimity of the Ukrainian people in the difficult circumstances of the war, creating a negative image of the enemy, and relieving psychological stress that occurs in people during hostilities, air raids, and shelling. The sample has three American tokens, three English tokens, two German tokens, and one Turkish token, which is duplicated in two jokes. All of them are reinterpreted and receive additional meanings and connotations. Ukrainian humorous discourse during the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine is based on topics relevant to the country: political, military, cultural-historical, and social. The systematized use of borrowed words in modern jokes can be seen, and it concerns the current realities of Ukrainians. Humor itself is built on situational circumstances, military aspects, and their consequences for society. The interference of foreign-language lexemes leads to the acquisition of specific words and phrases with new and ambiguous lexical and semantic meanings. Most of the sample, which refers to the military aid of Western countries, interprets the borrowed words in a positive sense; the other part, which concerns Russian realities, gives the constructions negative comic and ironic-humorous meanings.

Language Borrowing in Mqapheli Mngadi's Cartoons: A Socio-Stylistic Critique

The aim of this research article is to examine language borrowing in Mqapheli Mngadi’s cartoons, and this is done by considering loan-words as one of the language borrowing processes. While the study adopts ethnography of communication as the main theory, to guide the analysis of the qualitatively textually analysed data, the study is conceptually grounded on socio-stylistics. This is because one of its aims is to critically evaluate the socio-stylistic significance of language borrowing in Mngadi’s selected editorial cartoons. The findings of the study demonstrate that Mngadi employs loan-words to artistically depict context, culture and setting in his cartoons. It was also discovered that the cartoonist, in some instances, uses loan words because there are no isiZulu equivalents. On the same note, he uses them when a more suitable word is preferred, so that the cartoons are more relatable.

PROBLEMS OF ECOLOGIZATION OF THE MODERN UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

It is always important to talk about the purity of language, as language is one of the main means of communication and expression. Here are some reasons why it is important today: a). Ensuring clarity: The use of correct language facilitates understanding between language promotes understanding between interlocutors. Incorrect use of words, grammatical structures or pronunciation can lead to misunderstandings. b). Professional credibility: In many areas of life, correct speech can affect the first impression and the level of professional credibility. Competent language shows the culture of the interlocutor and their level of education. c). Preservation of cultural heritage: Language is not only a means of communication, but also a part of cultural heritage. Compliance with the rules of the language contributes to preservation and development of language culture. d). Effective communication: Correct speech helps you to express your thoughts, ideas and feelings effectively. People with right speech can express yourself more accurately and clearly. These topics can occur in a variety of contexts, from academic discussions to practical measures to improve speech culture. The authors of this article consider several factors that may affect the ability of Ukrainians to speak the correct literary language: 1). The influence of dialects and language variants: Ukraine has many regional dialects and language variants that can affect the way words are pronounced, word usage and grammar. 2). Language contact: The richness of language contact in Ukraine can lead to the borrowing of words, phrases and grammatical constructions that do not always meet the standards of the literary Ukrainian language. 3). Lack of language education: Lack of opportunities to receive quality language education or insufficient attention to language literacy in the programs can affect the level of language skills. 4). Socio-cultural context: Socio-cultural factors such as social status, education, media, and the influence of the Internet can influence the language behavior and word use of Ukrainians. 5). Lack of motivation: Lack of motivation to learn and use the correct language can be an obstacle for Ukrainians. 6). Political and historical context: Historical events and political processes also influence Ukrainians' language choices and speech practices. As a result of these factors, Ukrainians may have different levels of language literacy and use of the literary language. However, the interest in improving language skills and proper language education can help to improve this situation. Thus, it is important to talk about language purity today in order to maintain quality communication, preserve cultural heritage and increase the level of professional trust.

Features of adaptation of English lexical borrowings in the process of Japanese lexicon formation

Features of adaptation of English lexical borrowings in the process of Japanese lexicon formation

A Study of the Assistive Nature of Artificial Intelligence Technology for Japanese Translation and Interpretation

Abstract Traditional Japanese translation methods have certain disadvantages, and the introduction of artificial intelligence technology into them can enhance the effect of Japanese interpretation and translation. In this paper, the Japanese language data of Twitter and Facebook are used as the basis to construct a Japanese language interpretation and translation corpus, and the GPT-2 model is constructed on the basis of Transformer for Japanese text translation. To optimize the Seq2Seq model for Japanese speech interpretation, the Attention mechanism is introduced to establish a Japanese speech translation model. A Japanese oral and written corpus was used to analyze the validity of the methods mentioned above. The results show that the class/form ratio in the Japanese oral/translated corpus fluctuates between [0.1231, 0.1448], but the survival rate of borrowed words under the scientific category reaches the highest of 54.14%, and the average number of occurrences of each word is between [4.35, 4.95]. Japanese verbal and translated texts had an average sentence length of 40 hours, and their translation accuracy was approximately 74.16%. The quality of translation can be effectively improved, and cultural exchange between China and Japan can be enhanced by integrating AI technology with Japanese interpretation and translation.

Lexical Nativization: Filipinized Hispanic Words in Select Hiligaynon Visayan Written Discourse

This linguistic research, Lexical Nativization: Filipinized Hispanic Words in Select Hiligaynon Visayan Written Discourse investigates and determines the phenomenon of lexical nativization in terms of morphology and phonology, in the Philippine languages, specifically Hiligaynon Visayan, from Hispanic words. To further find out the linguistic borrowing phenomenon in Philippine languages which nativized the borrowed Hispanic words, two magazine articles are focused as model textuality for lexical analysis: “Sa Aton Puluy-an: Magsupot sang Kinitaan”, and “Mga Sugilanon ni Mal-am Huana: Si Propesor Bukol,” which are extracted from Hiligaynon Magazine of Western Visayas, and uses Hiligaynon Visayan as their linguistic medium. Fifty-eight (58) Hiligaynon Visayan words are analyzed following Pesirla’s (2019) classification of words: nouns, verbs, and modifiers, utilizing separate descriptive matrices for each. The result of the study reveals that majority of the Hispanic borrowed words in Hiligaynon Visayan are nouns, followed by verbs, and modifiers. It is found out that these words are acculturated through nativization of their orthography that corresponds to nativized phonology. Lexical nativization is further displayed through the adding of native affixes which are dominant in Hiligaynon Visayan verbs. The result of the study may serve as a springboard for further researches involving bigger corpora in both spoken and written discourses in the Hiligaynon Visayan and other Philippine languages, as a resource material to language teachers and language students, and as a reference by the native speakers.

The history of borrowed words in English and their equivalent in Azerbaijan

The history of borrowed words in English and their equivalent in Azerbaijan

The The Semitic Origins of the Term "Sūqa".

The term “sūqa”, which appeared continuously in ancient Egyptian texts from the Late Egyptian to demotic and continued to be used in Coptic, is similar to the Arabic word "souqa" meaning the lower class of society. A comparable word has attested in the Akkadian texts from the Old Babylonian and Assyrian periods. Thus, the aim of the study is to find an etymological link between the Akkadian word and its Egyptian and Arabic counterpart. The problem of the research and its hypothesis lie in linking the Akkadian origins of this term to the Egyptian ones and then the Arabic ones. The most important problem facing this study is that the word does not appear in the currently published studies of borrowed words or expressions borrowed from the Semitic languages to the Ancient Egyptian language, and therefore the bridge language that transports the word needs research and study. The aim of the study is to form a general perception about the development of the word and its transfer from one language to another. The hypothesis of the study is based on the fact that the Arabic word “sūqa” cannot be of Arabic origins; rather, it is a semitic word that has been transferred to the Arabic language through the Egyptian language. To prove this hypothesis, the methodology of the study will rely on analyzing texts of the three languages and the examination and analysis of this word “sūqa” and its synonyms in each language, according to their context to deduce their significance and to verfy the scientific hypothesis of the study. In conclusion, one main finding of the study is that it has demonstrated that the word “sūqa” appeared in Akkadian texts to mean "street", and then it was transferred to the Late Egyptian with a change of meaning to be associated with “foolishness” and “inferiority”, which is the same change of meaning with which it was transferred to Arabic. It also shows the congruence between the word in Arabic poetry and that in ancient Egyptian texts, but with a clear meaning associated with low social class and another associated with arrogance and class superiority.

Nominations of the Speaking Process of Finniс Origin in Russian Colloquialisms of Karelia and Neighbouring Regions (Semantic Aspect)

This article examines the level of content of dialect nominations of the process of speaking with a Finnic basis. The Russian dialects of Karelia and neighbouring regions testify to the long process of mutual relations between Russians and Vepsians and Karelians, first in centres with a mixed ethnic structure of society, and then in regions considered as Russian, where the processes of language interference were quite active both at the structural and semantic levels. The peculiarity of the studied nominations is their integration along with the native Russian lexemes in the semantic field of “Speaking Person”. It is relevant to consider the specifics of semantic and motivational transformation of borrowed words in the lexical and semantic system of Russian dialects, which serves as the purpose of this study. The article focuses on verb nominations found in Russian lexicographic sources. They are compared with the data revealed in the Vepsian, Karelian, and Finnish languages. In the first stage, based on L. G. Babenko's ideographic description of Russian verbs, the author identifies groups and subgroups of verbs representing different acts of speech activity. Then the author determines methods of semantic transfer of words with Finnic base into the lexical system of Russian dialects. The analysis of the semantics of verbs from the point of view of anthropocentrism show that onomatopoetic lexemes motivated by zoological and natural codes, key in understanding the sounding picture of the human world, were of particular importance.

Ancient cognate language relations and lexical-semantic features of borrowed words of western origin used in its vocabulary

Ancient cognate language relations and lexical-semantic features of borrowed words of western origin used in its vocabulary

Phonological, lexical and grammatical borrowings and replications in Hyow, a language of the Bangladesh-Burma border area

Abstract This paper presents a discussion of contact-induced borrowings and replications in Hyow, a Southeastern South Central (SC) Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. Hyow shows two layers of contact-induced changes: an earlier layer under the influence of Burmese, and a more recent layer under the influence of Bangla. The Hyow desiderative -sháng closely resembles the suffix shɔn ‘want to’ in the Burmese variety of Rakhine State, suggesting that Hyow speakers previously lived in Rakhine State. In its current location, Hyow speakers are in contact with Bangla, and the presence of Indo-Aryan type relative-correlative clauses in Hyow – not found in any of the SC languages in Burma – reveals the effect of this recent contact with Bangla. Apart from demonstrating the respective antiquity of Hyow contact with Burmese and Bangla, the two examples of the borrowing of the desiderative suffix -sháng and relative-correlative clauses also show borrowing and replication as two distinct types of contact-induced change (Heine and Kuteva, 2005, 2006). This paper gives the first account of phonological, lexical and grammatical borrowings and replications to understand how language contact has shaped Hyow.

Lexical borrowing: the influence of loanwords on the semantics of Kihehe

This paper investigates the influence of loanwords on the semantics of Kihehe as spoken in Iringa in the southern highlands of Tanzania. It provides evidence from 1,152 loanwords collected through spoken texts and focus group discussion in two villages of Nzihi and Ifunda wards, namely Mibikimitali and Kalenga in Iringa District where the central dialect of Kihehe is mainly spoken. The collection and analysis of the data were guided by the Cognitive Lexical Semantic Theory.The findings revealed that, in Kihehe, loanwords have origin in 11 languages which are Kibena, Kikinga, Kikimbu, Cigogo, Kiswahili, English; Arabic, Latin, French, Hindi, and Portuguese. These loanwords fall into five categories. The category which is borrowed most is nouns, while the category which is borrowed least is conjunctions. Nevertheless, the semantics of Kihehe is shown to have been affected whereby the influence is due to importation of loanwords.The influence of borrowing is manifested clearly on semantic broadening, narrowing, shifting, additive borrowing, and innovation. It is, therefore, clear that while the importation of loanwords enriches the language by filling the lexical gap caused by cultural and technological differences between Kihehe and the source languages, it also affects the semantics.

Manifestations of Jinghpaw influence among Rawang speakers

Abstract Rawang and Jinghpaw, while both considered part of the larger Kachin ethnic group, are not seen to be closely related, though both retain proto-Tibeto-Burman forms relatively well. But as essentially all Rawang speakers speak Jinghpaw, there are a lot of loan words from Jinghpaw in Rawang, and there is also some commonality in the structures. This paper looks at the domains in which we find many loanwords and their paths into Rawang, and certain grammatical structures that seem to be either direct loans from Jinghpaw into Rawang, or could be calques on Jinghpaw structures. One such pattern is an adverbial phrase with a reduplicated adverb plus a light verb. There are also two nominalisation constructions that are relatively transparent loans from Jinghpaw.

Features of application of single- and multi-component terms in the Kazakh official style

The article discusses the terms used at the present stage in the official sphere, among which are the terms and term combinations derived from the native Kazakh words. The authors of the article emphasize that today the process of transferring the names of new concepts and phenomena in the native language by reproducing the meaning of the word, using word-forming forms, as well as ways of combining, combining words in the native language, terminology in this area is not only one-two-component, but also three to four, five to six components. An analysis of the methods for the formation of legal terms showed that legal terms consist of own and borrowed words, in terms of grammatical structure they are often one-component, and multi-component terms are currently used more often than in previous periods in the development of this style.

On relevance of borrowing the term «resilience» into Russian: as exemplified in professional economic texts

At the present stage of development, various cultures, economies, language systems and societies in general are in close interaction with each other. The processes of borrowing and assimilation of loan words in the language are becoming the most significant ones in the linguistic development of modern society. They bring to the fore the problem of the justified borrowings, which seems to be one of the most relevant for linguists. This article attempts to answer the question if the borrowing of the term «resilience» by the economic terminological system of the Russian language is justified. The issue of possible unification of the «resilience» concept and development of its clear structure is debatable in the Russian-speaking academic community and is of interest to both linguists and economists. The identification of the content constituents of this economic concept and its description for further unification of the economic conceptual apparatus can contribute to reflecting the multidimensional nature of that linguistic fragment of the world in which this concept is presented. The research methodology is a set of methods used in linguistic research, namely content analysis, analysis of dictionary definitions and articles of etymological dictionaries, frame modeling of a scientific concept, comparative analysis, and analysis of the phenomenon under study in synchrony and in diachronic timelines. The empirical material of this study was a corpus of 32 texts in English and 35 texts by Russian-speaking authors. The corpus is concentrated on economic topics, and mainly consists of academic papers. The results of the complex analysis demonstrate minor differences in the composition of the slots in the frames under study in English and Russian economic term systems. Possible translations of the scientific concept are considered. The choice of sound and graphic representation of the term in the Russian language is justified. The conclusion is made about the relevant borrowing of the term «resilience».

RECEPTIVE ASSIMILATION OF FRENCH BORROWINGS INTO THE BASIC ENGLISH VOCABULARY

Objective. The objective of the article is to analyze the French borrowings come into the English language in the context of the receptive assimilation process; identify the stages of receptive assimilation; analyze the French loan-words during the process of borrowing, appropriate to each stage in order to enable effective intercultural research process connected with historical aspect of philological and linguistic studies. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained using two groups of methods: theoretical and statistical ones. The theoretical methods include: the method of theoretical generalization, which makes it possible to determine and nature of French borrowings’ receptive assimilation; problem- chronological ̶ for considering French borrowings of different periods in dynamics and distinguishing periods; methods of extrapolation ̶ to justify provisions regarding the understanding of the influence of historical experience on the vocabulary of the English language; the problem- genetic method ̶ to justify the provisions regarding the analysis of problems that may hinder effective intercultural research process connected with historical aspect of philological and linguistic studies. The statistical group includes verification of received information by processing and comparing data published in various scientific sources. Results. The theoretical analysis of the nature of the French borrowings makes it possible to identify the stages of receptive assimilation that enable effective intercultural studies in the fields of linguistics, philology, and terminology. The conceptual and categorical apparatus of the study containing the following terms as: “French borrowings” and “receptive assimilation” is formed. The stages of receptive assimilation of French borrowings into the English language are defined. Interpretation and analysis of the genesis of possible stages of lexical borrowings will lead to successful management of the educational process for philology, lexicology and language history students. The generalized seven typical stages of receptive assimilation are distinguished as follows: borrowing; integration; phonological adaptation; morphological adaptation; semantic shift; naturalization; and complete assimilation.

Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of pitch-accent systems based on accentual class merger: a new method applied to Japanese dialects

Abstract Unlike studies of the evolutionary relationship between languages, the dialect-level variation within a language has seldom been studied within the framework of a phylogenetic tree, because frequent lexical borrowing muddles the evidence of shared ancestry. The phonological history of Japanese is an exceptional case study where the phenomenon called accentual class merger enables the phylogenetic analysis of dialectal pitch-accent systems in a way that is not subject to borrowing. However, previous studies have lacked statistical analysis and failed to evaluate the relative credence of alternative hypotheses. Here we developed a novel substitution model that describes the mutation of pitch-accent systems driven by accentual class merger and integrated the model into the framework of Bayesian phylogenetic inference with geographical diffusion. Applying the method to data on the pitch-accent variation in modern Japanese dialects and historical documents collected from literature, we reconstructed the evolutionary history and spatial diffusion of pitch-accent systems. Our result supports the monophyly of each of three groups of pitch-accent systems in conventional categorization, namely Tokyo type, Keihan type, and N-kei (N-pattern) type of Kyushu, whereas the monophyly of the Tokyo type has been highly controversial in previous studies. The divergence time of the mainland pitch-accent systems was estimated to be from mid-Kofun to early Heian period. Also, it is suggested that the modern Kyoto dialect did not inherit its accent patterns from Bumoki but from an unrecorded lineage which survived from the Muromachi period. Analyses on geographical diffusion suggest that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all the taxa and that of Keihan type were located in or around the Kinki region, whereas the MRCA of N-kei type was located in northern to central Kyushu. The geographical location of the MRCA of Tokyo type remains unclear, but the Kinki and Kanto regions are the most plausible candidates.

Allomorphic and isomorphic features of lexical borrowings in the economic sphere in Russian, Arabic and English

The scientific linguistic understanding of adequate communication is important for implementing business projects on different aspects of economic partnership and collaboration. The article studies comparative lexical borrowings in differently structured languages: Russian, Arabic and English. Using economic vocabulary, we examine allomorphic and isomorphic features in unrelated languages based on the comparative method. The purpose of this research is to identify similar and different features in the process of lexical borrowing in the data systems of three languages. Among the main isomorphic features, the article presents the following ones: a large number of early borrowings in the economic sphere in the form of the product naming, a significant number of early borrowings in the economic sphere from Greek, Latin, French and Italian, the presence of mutual borrowings related to the group of product categories, trade relations, the presence of the international vocabulary, etc. Allomorphic features are identified in the peculiarities of assimilation of a foreign word in receptor languages, in the presence or absence of intra-linguistic borrowings, in the various adaptation differences of borrowings at phonetic, semantic, morphological levels, etc. The article focuses on the understanding of adequate ways of communication in the implementation of business economic projects, which take into account both the regulations of business companies in European countries and the requirements of partners in the eastern regions, representatives of Arab countries. Our practically oriented results can be implemented in the educational methodological literature for the professionals in economics, philologists, Russianists, Arabists, Anglicists, translators, etc.

Половозрастные названия лошади в монгольских языках (с привлечением тюркского материала

Goals. The study seeks to introduce into scientific circulation and analyze in comparative and comparative historical perspectives — horse age-sex terms in modern Khalkha Mongolian, Buryat, and Kalmyk. By way of comparison, the work employs some material from Classical Mongolian to identify common terms and establish their general Mongolian character; it also attempts to reveal and describe some Turkic lexical borrowings associated with horse breeding, since Mongolic and Turkic languages had long contacted and interacted all across Central Asia. Materials and methods. The paper examines dictionaries of the languages involved, as well as field notes recorded from informants during the summer 2022 expedition to the Oka Buryats (Republic of Buryatia, Russia). The key research methods are the descriptive, comparative, and comparative historical ones; that of lexical/semantic analysis proves most instrumental in describing horse age-sex terms proper. Results. The analysis identifies some breed names of horses and related age-sex designations in Khalkha Mongolian, Buryat, and Kalmyk. The insight into collected materials concludes the horse breed and age-sex terms in modern Khalkha Mongolian, Buryat and Kalmyk are of generally Mongolic origin, and thus attest to common roots and great antiquity of the economic culture of Mongol ethnic groups. However, despite the horse breed and age-sex terms are specifically Mongolic, a number of lexemes of Turkic origin in different phonetic variants have still been traced, namely: x-Mong. Kh. Mong. азарга(н), Bur. азарга, Kalm. аҗрh ‘stallion’; Kh. Mong. жороо, Bur. жороошо, Kalm. җора ‘pacer’; Kh. Mong. агт(ан), Bur. агта, Kalm. агт ‘courser’; Kh. Mong. хүлэг, Bur. хүлэг, Kalm. күлг ‘courser, war horse’; Kh. Mong. аргамаг, Bur. аргамаг, Kalm. аргамак ‘argamak’.

ASSIMILATION OF COMMERCIAL AND ECONOMIC BORROWINGS OF TURKIC ORIGIN IN ENGLISH: ETYMOLOGY AND SEMANTIC EVOLUTION

Linguistic interactions arise from the intricate interplay of linguistic, cultural, and historical factors, constituting a pivotal facet of intercultural communication. Of particular intrigue are the Turkic lexical components, actively woven into the linguistic fabric of diverse languages. This research article undertakes the comprehensive examination of trade and economic vocabulary within the English language, encompassing elements either stemming from Turkic origins or acquired via the conduit of Turkic languages. The article delves into the nuanced exploration of the catalysts, pathways, and timelines governing the infiltration of Turkicisms into the domain of trade and economic terminology. It intricately dissects the trajectories of morphological and word-formation assimilation, elucidating their pivotal role in lexicon augmentation and the evolution of language.
 A paramount emphasis is accorded to etymological inquiries and the meticulous tracing of lexical lineages. An integral facet of this scholarly investigation revolves around the discernment of the influence exerted by Turkic-origin trade and economic lexicon on the molding of English language vocabulary. The article conducts a rigorous examination of the etymological underpinnings and semantic metamorphosis inherent to words such as ‘kiosk’, ‘magazine’, and ‘bazaar’ within the purview of the English language, alongside an exploration of their counterparts’ functionality within the Turkish language.
 Through a comparative analysis of diverse languages, it becomes evident that the phenomenon of lexical borrowing is a universal linguistic phenomenon. It stands as a defining element imbued with linguistic significance, determining the absolute or relative chronology of their integration into various linguistic systems. Turkicisms, assimilated into the lexical-semantic framework of the recipient language, augment the corpus of lexical units within the English language and other linguistic contexts. They illuminate the mechanisms governing their assimilation and the degree of adaptation, all while considering the unique lexical and phonetic potential inherent to each language.
 It is noteworthy that Turkic borrowings encompass not only words of direct Turkic origin but also lexical elements introduced into English via other intermediary languages, including Arabic and Persian. These have left their imprint on English lexicographic sources. Hence, the term ‘Turkism’ encompasses words integrated into the English language, whether through direct Turkic influences or indirect channels via Turkic languages, with all sharing a common Turkic phase within their historical trajectory.