Loanwords Research Articles

Seventy-Year History of Sino-Russian Relations through the Prism of Borrowed Vocabulary

The purpose and objectives of this study relate to the field of interlanguage contacts and, in particular, to the observation of the process of lexical borrowing as a result of the interaction of non-closely related Russian and Chinese languages. This article discusses the question of the correlation between the nature of Sino-Russian relations and some processes in the vocabulary of the languages of these states. The objective of the study is to identify patterns in the change in the volume and features of borrowed vocabulary, depending on the specifics of the development of interstate relations between China and the USSR, and later the Russian Federation in the period from 1949 to 2022. Within 70 years since the establishment of diplomatic contacts between China and the Soviet Union in 1949, relations between the two countries have gone through three different stages - from warm to cool, and then a period of strategic cooperation - in all areas of public life: humanitarian, scientific, educational, political, military and economic. During these three different periods, the number and nature of Chinese borrowings in Russian and Russian borrowings in Chinese also underwent significant changes. They are reflected in the features of the process of adaptation of borrowed words at the phonetic, grammatical and semantic levels. The frequency of borrowed words use in the period under review in the media texts of both countries is of particular interest. Statistical data on the use of lexemes of Russian origin in Chinese and lexemes of Chinese origin in Russian, obtained from the data of national corpora of the two languages, allow to draw some conclusions about the popularity of certain foreign words at each of the three identified historical stages.

Phonological Change in Hebrew Words Borrowed into Palestinian Arabic in the Hebron City

Introduction: Phonology is one of the core subfields of linguistics that involves the organization and use of human speech sounds, or phonemes, in a language. Over time, the pronunciation principles of a language may change, resulting in a phenomenon called phonological change. Phonological change occurs when language users modify the distribution of phonemes in a language. The current study aimed to explain the phonological changes that occur in Hebrew words borrowed into Palestinian Arabic in Hebron city, using a borrowing scale and to explain the differences in phonological forms between Hebrew and Palestinian Arabic by comparing the original Hebrew words with the borrowed Hebrew words in terms of the phonetic modifications made in Palestinian Arabic.
 Methodology: The study involved 100 Arabic-speaking Palestinians of both genders residing in Hebron city, most of whom spoke Hebrew and worked with Jews regularly. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with each participant to achieve the objectives of the study. The interviews were recorded, and the questions focused on their profession, favorite meals, daily routines, frequently visited places, education, and technology. A total of 32 hours of conversations were recorded and analyzed.
 Results: The results indicated that the most common types of phonological changes in Palestinian Arabic were the substitution phenomenon (consonant substitution and vowel substitution), epenthesis, and deletion.
 Conclusion: It can be concluded that the lexical borrowing of Hebrew words by Palestinian Arabic has led to various phonological changes to the Palestinian Arabic lexicon in Hebron.

A Corpus Analysis on Food-related Borrowing Words Between English and Chinese and its Influences on Cultural Implication and Language Development

Language borrowing, also known as lexical borrowing, occurs when words are assimilated from one language into another. The integration of loan words from foreign languages is a common occurrence in different tongues, contributing to linguistic diversity and reflecting cultural exchange and influence. This research aimed to investigate and analyze the borrowing of food-related words in English and Chinese languages through a comprehensive review of written texts, such as recipes, restaurant menus, articles, and blogs to compile a list of loan words in both languages. Additionally, the paper analyzed the factors contributing to the culinary vocabulary between English and Chinese and the methods of accessing loan words between the two languages, as well as the role of food-related loan vocabulary in reflecting and influencing cultural assimilation and language development. The objectives of this study included identifying and analyzing food-related borrowing words in English and Chinese, comparing and contrasting patterns and frequency of borrowing in food-related vocabulary between the two languages, and exploring the cultural implications and language development arising from the usage of borrowing words in food-related contexts. Through this analysis, this paper gained insights into the linguistic and cultural exchanges between English and Chinese, shedding light on the dynamic nature of language and its impact on food-related terminology.

Models of Phonological Loanword Adaptation

Borrowing in linguistics refers to the process whereby a group of speakers incorporates certain foreign linguistic components into their home language via a process known as linguistic borrowing. The process by which these foreign linguistic elements, known as loanwords, go through phonological, morphological, or semantic changes in order for them to fit the grammar of the recipient language is referred to as loanword adaptation. Loanwords go through these changes in order for them to become compatible with the grammar of the recipient language. One of the most divisive topics in loanword phonology is whether adaptations occur at the phonemic or phonetic levels, and current literature distinguishes three primary viewpoints: nativization-through-perception, nativization-through-production, and the Optimality Model. This article provides an overview of lexical borrowing and then presents a detailed account of the three models of phonological loanword adaptation.

Translation Strategies of the Terminologies in the Thesis Abstracts of the Faculty of Industrial Technology

This study examines the translation strategies of the terminologies in the eighty thesis abstracts of the Faculty of Industrial Technology. There are twenty abstracts from the Industrial Engineering Department, twenty-one abstracts from the Mechanical Engineering and Design, twenty abstracts from the Business Information System, and nineteen abstracts from the Electrical Engineering Department. The writer uses Baker’s (2018) eight translation strategies as theory. This study applies a descriptive qualitative methodology for the research. The result shows that five of eight translation strategies were used in translating terminologies in the thesis abstracts. The strategies are general word, cultural substitution, loan word/ loan word with explanation, paraphrase using related word, paraphrase using unrelated word. This study shows that loan word is the strategy that is used the most in translating terminologies. This strategy is used because a lot of terminologies from the abstracts of the faculty of Industrial Technology comes from English words.

Students’ Strategies in Translating Humorous Text

This study aims to find out the problems that students experienced and strategies that students used in translating humorous text. The writer conducted this study using the theory of translation problems and strategies by Baker (2018). This writer conducted this study using a qualitative approach in which she collected and analyzed the data herself. The findings of this study support Baker’s (2018) statement that some of the problems that may appear during translation process are culture-specific concept, the source language concept is not lexicalized in the target language, the source and target language make different distinction in meaning, the target language lacks a specific term (hyponym), differences in expressive meaning, and differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms. In addition, Text in the source language is translated in several different strategies namely translation by more general word, translation by more neutral or less expressive word, translation by paraphrase using related words, translation by paraphrase using unrelated words, translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation, and translation by omission. More studies involving other types of humor and other translation theories are recommended to create variations in this field.

ENTITLING TELEVISION PROGRAMS USING ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN SOME INDONESIAN TV STATIONS

Loan words or borrowing words have already dominated in almost all of our everyday lives. All aspects of lives have already been inserted by foreign languages due to increasing the frequency of our contact with other nations through language. One of the examples is English loanwords in entitling the TV program in some Indonesian TV stations. This paper investigates the English words, phrases, expressions borrowed by Indonesian to entitle TV programs in 5 TV stations. Besides investigating the borrowing words, the writer also investigates the word class and borrowing process classification . The result of the research ranges 40% – 94.12 % of those 5 TV stations used English loanwords or phrases in entitling the program. The dominant process of loanwords still adoption, it ranges 33,310% - 100%, the second rank is adaptation , it ranges 9.5% -27.8 %, and the last one is one the three process of loanword, adoption, adaptation, and translation mixed with Indonesian. It ranges from 9.5 % to 38.9 %. Translation and creation are not clearly detected. In conclusion, almost all National TV stations are unavoidable using English loanwords in entitling the programs even TVRI as official TV station of this country. significantly influenced by them

USE OF PIDGIN LANGUAGE IN COMMUNITY CONVERSATIONS SOUTH KOREA

The purpose of this study is to describe the pidgin language of the people of South Korea by looking at the pidgin in Korean which was formed through the background of Japanese colonial history and Korean colonial history. Similar to Indonesia and Malaysia, South Korea was also under Japanese colonial rule from 1910 to 1945. Against this historical background, Japanese expressions or Japanese writing methods in Korean society are very commonly used today. The use of Japanese expressions and methods can easily be found in legal sentences and official documents used by the government. The data in this study are the formation of a new language from several languages or pidginization. this type of research is qualitative research. Data collection techniques in this study used observation, interview and documentation techniques, in this study the method used was content analysis method. From the research results, it was found that the Pidginization Process in general is a simplification of language form. for example morphologically (word structure) and syntactically (grammatical structure), tolerance for phonological variations (pronunciation), reduction of a number of functions, and extensive borrowing of words from several languages.

Pragmalinguistic features of periphrasis of modern media text

The article considers the pragmalinguistic features of the periphrases used in the modern media space. Despite the richness and fertility of the Kazakh language, members of society, in order to convey their thought as briefly as possible, tend to use borrowed words in their speech. This process has a negative impact on both the thinking system and the general culture of a person. Therefore, in everyday life, it is necessary to widely promote the use of figurative expressions that reflect the artistic competence of our native language, in particular, the use of paraphrases that have a special place. The implementation of the above task can be rationally and easily carried out through the mass media, which occupy a reliable place in all spheres of public life. In this regard, the topic of the author of the article, who has set the goal of giving a semantic pragma linguistic analysis of the periphrasis of the modern media text, is relevant, and the given facts are valid and realistic. The main objects of research in the field of linguo-pragmatics are media texts of various subjects published in modern Kazakh-language media. The author classifies fragments of media texts used in peripheral units, collected from publications and websites familiar to the modern readers of Kazakhstan, in relation to a number of areas of public life. The ability to use appropriately and effectively the rich vocabulary of the native language to convey the final pragmatic position of the author of the media text is an interesting and complex task that requires a great responsibility from the researcher. The applicant aims to meet such a high standard and to use the latest research in the field of linguistics. Keywords: periphrasis; media text; social status; linguopragmatics.

Tamil Speech Synthesizer App for Android: Text Processing Module Enhancement

Objectives: Designing dynamic computer systems that are effective, efficient, simple, and satisfying to use is becoming extremely important in this age of information and communication technology. Text to Speech or Speech Synthesis is one of the many methods being investigated by researchers to improve Human-Computer Interaction. The goal here is to improve the text processing component of the Tamil voice synthesizer by including a text normalizer and loan word identification that is efficient and reliable. Methods: Text normalization is conducted on unconstrained Tamil text to turn non-standard terms into common words to reduce confusing utterances during intermediate word processing. Loan/Native words in Tamil literature are detected to enhance the Tamil voice synthesizer system’s pronunciation model. Findings: During normalization, non-standard Tamil words are replaced with standard ones to reduce ambiguous utterances during interim processing. A pronunciation model is built to improve the Tamil speech synthesizer system by identifying loan words in Tamil text. A syllable classifier is presented in this study, based on a decision list approach, which can handle various types of non-stationary sounds. Novelty: We also disclose a ’loan/native word classifier’ based on multiple linear regressions that perform well even with small words of three syllables. Such sophisticated text processors are required in today’s dominating Digital, Information-Communication Technology, and Human-Computer Interaction age. Keywords: Mobile Communication Technology; HumanComputer Interaction; Speech Synthesis Affirms; Syllable Classifier; Prerecorded database

English Pronunciation by Korean EFL Learners on Hilokal Language Educational Application

English is being learned for several purposes by people globally embody some different accents; therefore, this study analyse the English pronunciation by Korean learners on English learning application classes since Korea is still having lack of perfect English standard pronunciation with its identity of developed industry country. Consequently, this study aims to investigates Korean-English phenomenon on Hilokal application as most English learners there by comparing the differences between original English sounds and Korean using descriptive qualitative from the audio recordings has been collected. The result shows that all 7 Korean learners (age range of 20-35) still produce some different sounds from the standard English ones noted as International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) because of the differences in the writing systems of the two languages and the alphabet of Korean itself. There are five places of articulations: labiodental, alveolar, post-alveolar, bilabial, and palatal seized from some processes such as replacement, addition, and omission in producing the word sounds. Furthermore, the dominant difference in sounds is in sound addition /ə/ or /ɪ/ with 27 items and 17 items from loan words. The implications of this study are fresh data focus on phonology analysis and can be useful in English teaching practice for foreign languages in order to have close resemblance English pronunciation to have more intelligibility with the standard patented.

NAMES OF FILM AND MUSIC FESTIVALS AND AWARDS

The present paper analyses the main patterns used in naming the best-known film and music festivals and awards, following a comparative approach which involves reference to languages such as Romanian, English, French, Italian, and Spanish. Two approaches are proposed throughout the study: a socio-onomastic approach, which draws attention to the problematic status of this category of names that combine characteristics of scientific terms, proper names and common nouns (appellatives), on the one hand, and a linguistic approach, which is further developed from etymological, formal, lexical and semantic perspectives, on the other hand. The analysis proves an obvious preference of those languages towards using highly motivated signs, some of which can be twofold motivated: extra-linguistically, by the denomination pointing to the space where the respective film or music festival/award is held, and linguistically, by the derivational process that underlies the relationship between the denomination and the toponymic base. A series of patterns of naming have been identified, some of which are quite homogeneous and cross-cultural, whereas others tend to be culture-specific. Numerically, the names of film and music festivals and awards seem to prefer loan words (and more precisely, English/American words), followed by free adaptations, and internal means (especially compounds with a toponymic or anthroponymic base).

Deviation as Defamiliarization Technique in Written Igbo Poetry

Deviation in the literary parlance occurs when a speaker or writer deviates from the normal rules and standards of a language. By breaking the rule of language, poets create art from the language that a language group is familiar with. Previous studies on written Igbo poetry (WIP) focused mainly on the content of WIP, with little attention paid to the language of the modern Igbo poets (MIP). Consequently, there is a dearth of research on how deviation occurs in African literatures. Therefore, through the lenses of Shklovsky’s defamiliarisation theory, this study examines WIP, with a view to describing the techniques used by MIP in achieving deviation, for the purpose of defamiliarising language in their works. Data consists of twenty poems randomly selected from eleven Igbo poetic texts, written between 1975, when WIP debuted to 2015, a period that marks the fourth decade of its existence. The poems studied were subjected to a qualitative analysis that focuses on the use of language to achieve deviation. Findings show that four types of deviation feature in WIP scene: syntactic, lexical, phonological and graphological. Syntactic deviation is achieved through the use of end-weight, focusing and topicalisation. Lexical deviation is the achieved through the use of coinages, lexical borrowing and dialectal deviation. Only apocope phonological deviation feature in WIP, while graphological deviation is done to ease pronunciation with a view to achieving rhythmic effect.

FEATURES OF THE BORROWING PHENOMENA IN MALAY LANGUAGE

The study of the phenomenon of word borrowing is one of the essential sources in the study of the vocabulary of a language. Learning to acquire words depends on language conflict and language contact in linguistics. Communication between speakers of different languages is one of the factors that influence of languages each other. This language conflict is characterized by bilingualism, acquisition, and language shift. Several factors influence the acquisition of words, the degree of connection of their linguistic meanings, homonyms, the obsolescence of words, and the absence of semantic differences. This article discusses the research carried out by linguists and researchers on loanwords in Malaysia and beyond.

Integration of loan nouns from the Anonymous Catechism (1605) and Daukša’s Catechism (1595) into the morphological system of the Lithuanian language

The Catechism of Daukša (1595) is the first source in the Lithuanian language in GDL and, therefore, it has been already investigated: its phonetics, vocabulary, sources and syntax have been exhaustively analysed. Slightly less attention of the researchers has been allocated to the Anonymous Catechism (1605), which is closely linked to the Catechism written by Daukša. Moreover, morphological integration of Slavic loanwords in the aforesaid catechisms has not been analysed so far. This article aims to identify how Slavic loan nouns distribute within the stems of the Lithuanian language and if these sources witness any differences of integrating Slavic loanwords into Lithuanian. Pursuing the set goal, all Slavic loan words were selected from both catechisms: out of 93 nouns found, 35 are witnessed in the Daukša’s Catechism and Anonymous Catechism and their stems and meanings are identified. The nouns are found in almost all the Lithuanian stems: ŏ, i̯ŏ, ā, i̯ā, u, i̯u, i, ē, the ŏ and ā stems being most numerous. Very few Slavic loanwords are assigned to the stems i, u, ē and i̯ŏ. In the dictionaries of the Slavic languages of the relevant period (Old Russian, Ruthenian, Old and Middle Polish), the equivalents of Slavicisms were searched, after comparing them with Lithuanian words, the regularities of the integration of Slavic loanwords into the morphological system of the Lithuanian language were determined in the Anonymous Catechism and the Catechism of Daukša. It was noticed that there is a direct relation between the endings and the gender of the Slavic words and Lithuanian stems that the Slavic loanwords were integrated into.

The obstacles to word formation processes in Kurdish Language

Word Formation is a wide and important process in Languages. Words can be coined in various ways and forms such as coining, inventing words, blending, etc. . These processes sometimes occur according to rules, but at other times they occur while violating the existing rules. In certain cases, some phonological, semantic, and usage factors hinder the process of word formation. Besides the introduction, conclusions, and the references list, this research consists of two major parts. In the first part, morphological structures in Kurdish language are explained; syntactic and lexicographical morphemes are introduced, roots and affixes are presented. In the second section, the morphology of word formation is generally discussed, then compounding, affixation, blending, and word borrowing processes are explained. In the second part, the classification of semantic features and in the second section, the word formation processes and rules are stated. In the third section the obstacles to word formation processes are analyzed. A summary about word formation based on rules and while violating rules is presented and finally, the concluding points and the references list are provided.

Orthographic Nativization of Hispanic Content Words in Waray Visayan

This linguistic study investigates the orthographic nativization of Hispanic borrowed words in Waray Visayan written discourse. The textual source is a news article from Isumat News Portal written in Waray Visayan titled COVID Laboratory ha EVRMC magtitikang na an operasyon. Through a descriptive research method, the words are lexically analyzed as to content words, English equivalents, root words, Spanish equivalents, native affixes, and nativization processes. The analysis reveals that the Hispanic nouns, verbs, and adjectives borrowed by the Waray Visayan article are nativized through full lexical adoption, changing or replacement of letters, orthographic mutation, and adding of native prefixes and suffixes. Thus, the Spanish loanwords have been Filipinized in the Waray linguistic community where sociocultural, economic, and religious activities exist. This further shows that the Spanish words have found unique structure and expression in the Waray Visayan written discourse, not only in literary narratives like the study of Quebec (2021), but also in non-fiction, news article in particular. In effect, it is recommended to conduct the same study with a bigger number of corpora in both written and spoken discourses in Waray Visayan and across the Philippine languages to explore the reach of Hispanic word borrowing and nativization and to investigate other linguistic changes as they undergo nativization. 
 
 Keywords: Lexical analysis; word borrowing; nativization; Hispanic words; Waray Visayan language.

WHEN WALLS BECOME SILENT BATTLEGROUNDS: DECIPHERING COLLEGE STUDENTS’ GRAFFITI WRITINGS ON SCHOOL CAMPUS WALLS

Although graffiti has become a significant cultural and linguistic phenomenon and has been studied throughout history, there is still room for the exploration of how graffiti in different contexts, particularly in a higher education institution, serves to voice the anonymous student writers’ thoughts and feelings. Thus, this study examines the common themes and the lexical and syntactic features of college students’ graffiti writings on the walls of a state college in Zamboanga del Sur, Mindanao, Philippines. Employing thematic analysis, this study reveals that students’ graffiti writings contain a variety of themes such as love, discrimination, self and group identities, hatred, sex, faith and religion, management, education, and fanaticism, with love and discrimination as the most prevailing social themes. Students’ graffiti writings also exemplify distinct lexical features such as loan and swear words, taboo words/expressions, abbreviations, ironies, acronyms, repetitions, and compound words. Borrowings and using offensive or swear words are the most common lexical features found among these graffiti writings. In addition, students often use brief or terse statements to clearly express their thoughts and feelings to the public. Indeed, graffiti writings are a distinctive and silent way of communication, particularly for students who are in the marginalised section of any society.

ICT Professional Job Titles in Croatian Language and Society

ICT (IT) technologies are globally the most wanted job vacancies nowadays, and ICT job descriptions are the same across the world, at least in the World Wide Web. To some extent, they can be adjusted to a particular market. The market of our interest is Croatia with the characteristics of its own, providing ICT specialists not only for its own market, but also for a more developed, mostly European market. As a result, there is a lack of ICT specialists for Croatian market and not enough time for fully qualified workers. A common characteristic of global ICT market is the use of the English language as a lingua franca. The official language in Croatia is Standard Croatian. The law allows company names to be in Croatian and any other official EU languages. English as a first foreign language in Croatian schools has subsequently become a means of business dealing. The lack of IT specialists accompanied by a lack of time for the Croatian language to adapt to new circumstances as well as English being widespread in the real and digital world has resulted in a different use not only of English, but Croatian, too. English is used in its US form properly, and it is also used in its Croatian version (as borrowed words and phrases adapted more or less on phonological, morphological and orthographic level), or – according to the principles of Standard Croatian (regarding mostly purism, principle of analogy), in Croatian translation. Discrepancy between market demands and time necessary for the Croatian language to adapt leads to jargon phrases, which are becoming new technical terms. The question is whether Standard Croatian, Croatian society (law) and its market include these terms as necessary borrowed words that are adapted on phonological and morphological levels, or whether there are still tendencies of purism in Croatia and the Croatian language to calque these English words and phrases in the ICT context in order to preserve the individuality and distinctiveness of Croatian from an encompassing influence of English?

Beyond Translation: Students’ Problems and Some Solutions

Translation is transmit a text from one language to another language without lose the meaning of the original. During translation process, there are many problem that could happen; especially if the person who dii translation is not professional. The problems that could happen are: problems regard to culture, as translator when has no idea about the culture of the original text, he would commit mistakes while translating. Another problem is idiomatic expression; some expressions are found in one language but there are no relevant expressions in the language that are translated to. As result, a translator may choose to illustrate that expression in some other ways. Moreover, verbs with two words could cause many problems. English is full of verbs that are followed with prepositions and which give different meanings from the same verb used separately. Thus the translator with no background knowledge about this, could do horrible mistakes in translating. Furthermore, translating texts literally affect the quality of the translation, as not all the words have to be translated. These problems could be solved when followed the following instructions. Specialize in one field and get technical knowledge in it, as it is hard to be professional in all the fields. Try to paraphrase using related and unrelated words. When it comes to words that have no correspondent in the target language, you can illustrate it by using loan words or loan words plus explanation. Try to be bilingual and use monolingual dictionary. Also, using grammar checker could be useful in translation process. During translation process, problems always occur but solutions are always there.