SGPT Levels Research Articles

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of N-Trisaccharide in different experimental rats

ObjectivesTo investigate the hepatoprotective, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effect of N-Trisaccharide isolated from Cucumis prophetarum (L.) on different experimental rats. MethodsN-Trisaccharide (25 and 50mg/kg.b.w), silymarin (25mg/kg) and glibenclamide (25mg/kg) was orally administered once daily for 28 days and toxicity evaluation studies were carried out. Liver damage was assessed by determining DNA damage, serum enzyme activities and hepatic histopathology of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic injury in rats. Enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidant levels in liver and kidney were determined and biochemical parameters such as, serum lipid profile, renal function markers were estimated in type 2 diabetic rats. ResultsDNA fragmentation analysis revealed the protective effect of N-Trisaccharide on liver DNA damage. Histopathological studies indicated that CCl4-induced liver injury was less severe in N-Trisaccharide (25 and 50mg/kg) treated group. Given at the above doses conferred significant protection against the hepatotoxic actions of CCl4 in rats, reducing serum markers like SGOT, SGPT, ALP, creatinine and urea levels back to near normal (p<0.05) compared to untreated rats. In diabetic rats, N-Trisaccharide treatment significantly reversed abnormal status of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants levels to near normal. Also, serum lipids such as TG, TC, LDL-C and VLDL-C levels were significantly (p<0.05) reduced compared to diabetic untreated rats. ConclusionPresent study results confirm that N-Trisaccharide possesses significant antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties.

Role of Boswellia Ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry extract on high fat diet induced hypercholesterolemia

Objective: To evaluate the Antihypercholesterolemic effect of Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry extract by performing invivo studies and to checkout its effects by evaluating parameters like food consumption, weight gain, fecal fat excretion, serum and liver lipid &biochemical profiles. Even the study includes confirmation of activity by the histopathological studies. Methods: Animals were fed with cholesterol rich high fat diet. Food intake, Bodyweight and fecal fat excretion were measured. Serum and liver samples were analyzed for the estimation of lipid profiles and other biochemical parameters by using different kits. Histopathological study on liver, aorta, heart and adipose tissue was done to ensure the activity. Results: The animal group administered with methanolic extract of the plant has shown decreased levels of TC, LDL, VLDL, TG, HDL+VLDL, VLDL+LDL, LDL/TC, AI, SGOT, SGPT and elevated levels of HDL, HDL/TC in a dose dependent manner significantly (p<0.01 & p<0.05). The evaluation of liver tissue of animal groups treated with herbal extract and standard had shown increased levels of SOD, GSH and Catalase, whereas levels of SGOT, SGPT, Total glucose, HMG-CoA, lipase, amylase and percentage of monaldehyde were decreased when compared with high fat diet fed rats. Body weight and Food intake in treated groups were significantly lower than that in model control. Conclusion: It can be confered from the present studies that the Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry extract have strong activity against hypercholesterolemia and obesity suggesting a potential benefit as antihypercholesterolemic agent.

The Study of Levofloxacin Effects on Liver Tissue in Wistar Rat

Introduction In this study, we examined the effects of the antibiotics levofloxacin on the liver as well as its devastating effects which are ensued from its over-prescription. Levofloxacin serves as one of the antibiotics of genitourinary system and inferior respiratory system. Since liver is the foremost organ that receives all the materials absorbed by intestine through the portal vein, and it is the organ that must neutralize venoms, the toxic effect of most medications on liver manifest itself quicker than other organs. Materials and Methods: for this study, 50 series of male rats from the strains of Wistar were used; the rats were eight weeks old and had a weight of about 250 g. During the study which lasted 60 days, the rats were exposed to lightness and then darkness for 12 hours respectively. The room temperature stood at 24.7-26.4 ° C as its moisture was counted as %55-60.30 series of rats were divided into three groups, receiving the antibiotics with different dilutions; 250,500 and 750 ml; the drug is taken orally. 20 series of rats were put in to the two groups—control and sham; the first group received treatment as the sham group received water through gavage. After the completion of this round, blood samples were taken from all groups, and dispatched to laboratory for medical diagnosis. The rats were then anesthetized with ether and slit open from the peritoneal area as transverse-abdominal cut, letting the liver out of the body; the samples of the liver tissue were stabilized in 10% formalin and sent to pathology laboratory for block making and preparing the slides. Result: Comparing the enzyme levels of SGOT and SGPT in the treatment, control and sham groups, it represented that there was a rise in the enzyme levels as a result of liver damage caused by taking antibiotics. Observing the microscopic slides of the liver tissue of the treatment group, it suggests sinusoid destruction, the loss of bile ducts, irregular placement of adjacent cells and the absence of Kupffer cells, which in turn confirms the negative effect of levofloxacin on liver tissue. Conclusion: Like other medications, levofloxacin can exert adversary effects as well as positive effects. Since one of the tissues which is susceptible to this effect is liver, we must bear in mind when it comes to prescribing this medication. Key words: Antibiotic, Levofloxacin, Liver .

Assessment of serum bilirubin and hepatic enzymes in malaria patients

Objectives:-The present study was conducted on malaria patients to observe the correlation between liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT & ALP) and bilirubin. Material & Methods:-The study population contained 100 subjects divided into two groups, 60 malaria patients and 40 healthy control subjects of varying age groups and both sex. All biochemical parameters Total bilirubin, Direct bilirubin, Indirect bilirubin, SGOT (aspartate transaminase), SGPT (alanine transaminase) & ALP (alkaline phosphatise) were analyzed by semiautoanalyser. Statistical analysis was done by, science (SPSS 16) Software Results: - In our study we have found that (Mean ± SD) of Total serum bilirubin in malaria patients were 1.63±2.27 & controls were 0.67±0.08, Direct bilirubin in malarial patients were 0.92±1,3 & control were 0.37±0.07, Indirect bilirubin in malarial patients was 0.68±0.95. We observed that (Mean ±SD) of SGOT in malaria patients was 48.29±28.89 & in control were 29.28±7.44, the level of SGPT in malarial subjects were 44.9±27.15 & control subjects were 29.98±7.77 & the level of ALP in malarial patients were 98.47±60.67 & in control 71.4±25.12. We also found that both aminotransferases (SGOT & SGPT) showed significance positive correlation with serum total bilirubin levels whereas in case of ALP, significance correlation could not be obtained. Conclusion: Our study indicates that liver enzymes SGOP, SGPT and ALP significantly increases in malaria patients as compared to control subjects Therefore these enzymes may be useful in diagnosis of malaria subjects.

Ameliorative effect of epigallocatechin gallate on sodium fluoride induced oxidative stress mediated metabolism in rat

Background: The present study was designed to examine the ant hyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on fluoride induced oxidative changes in the metabolisms of rats. Methods: The control group received the vehicles only. EGCG alone treated group received the EGCG orally at a dose of 40mg/kg in 10% tween 80 for 4 weeks. The Fl treated group received NaF (25 mg/kg) orally in saline for 4weeks. EGCG + Fl treated group received the EGCG at a dose of 40mg/kg/bw along with NaF. Results: The levels of serum SGOT, SGPT, ALP, ACP and plasma glucose, G6PD, cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein were significantly increased in fluoride intoxicated rats. Furthermore, a significant increase HMG CoA with decreased glycogen, hexokinase, total protein, albumins, high density lipoprotein, lipoprotein lipase, and lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase was observed in fluoride treated rats with altered histological changes. Pre-oral administration of EGCG at a dose of 40 mg/kg bw to fluoride intoxicated rats for a period of 28 days resulted in a significant reduction in the cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, and elevation of high density lipoprotein with hexokinase. Moreover, lipoprotein lipase, lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase, total protein, and albumins were also increased with decreased serum markers and HMG CoA after EGCG treatment. The histological findings of liver also significantly improved with EGCG pretreatment. Conclusions: These results indicate that the natural dietary antioxidant EGCG showed significant protective effect against Fl- induced oxidative stress mediated metabolic alternations in rats. This may be due to its antihyperlipidemic and ant hyperglycemic property; it will provide an accessible and cheap traditional medicine source for treatment of Fl mediated environmental and occupational ailments. Keywords : EGCG, Fluoride, Metabolisms, Lipids, Anti-Hyperlipidemia ROS, Rat.

Effect of Boswellia serrata supplementation on blood lipid, hepatic enzymes and fructosamine levels in type2 diabetic patients

BackgroundType 2 diabetes is an endocrine disorder that affects a large percentage of patients. High blood glucose causes fatty deposits in the liver which is likely to increase in SGOT and SGPT activities. Significant increase in SGOT/SGPT and low HDL levels is observed in patients with diabetes. Serum fructosamine concentration reflects the degree of blood glucose control in diabetic patients. This study was aimed to investigate the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of supplementation of Boswellia serrata in type2 diabetic patients.Methods60 type 2 diabetic patients from both sexes (30 males and 30 females) were dedicated to the control and intervention groups (30 subjects per group). Boswellia serrata gum resin in amount of 900 mg daily for 6 weeks were orally administered (as three 300 mg doses) in intervention group and the control group did not receive anything. Blood samples were taken at the beginning of the study and after 6 weeks. Blood levels of fructosamine, lipid profiles as well as hepatic enzyme in type 2 diabetic patients were measured.ResultsTreatment of diabetic patient with Boswellia serrata was caused to significant increase in blood HDL levels as well as a remarkable decrease in cholesterol, LDL, fructosamine (p < 0.05) SGPT and SGOT levels after 6 weeks (p < 0.01). In spite of reduction of serum triglyceride, VLDL levels in intervention group, we did not detect a significant difference after 6 weeks.ConclusionThis study showed that Boswellia serrata supplementation can be beneficial in controlling blood parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, its use can be useful in patients with medicines.

The hypoglycemic effect of Juglans regia leaves aqueous extract in diabetic patients: A first human trial.

BackgroundJuglans regia L. (J. regia ) is one of the medicinal plants traditionally used for treatment of diabetes in Iranian medicine. The effect of this plant has already been investigated on animal models; however, this is the first study conducted on human subjects. The aim of this study is to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of J. regia leaves aqueous extract in type 2 diabetes patients. Fifty eight Iranian male and female patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups. One group (n = 30) received J. regia leaves extract while the other group (n = 28) received placebo. Fasting blood samples were collected at the beginning of the study and after two months for determination of HbA1c and blood glucose level as a main outcome and insulin, SGOT, SGPT, and ALP level as secondary outcome.ResultsOur analysis showed that serum fasting HbA1C and blood glucose levels were significantly decreased and the insulin level was increased in patients in the J. regia arm.ConclusionsThe results indicate that J. regia aqueous extract favorably affects blood levels of glucose, insulin and HbA1C in type 2 diabetic patients.

HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF WHOLE PLANT EXTRACT OF LEPTADENIA PYROTECHNICA AGAINST PARACETAMOL INDUCED DAMAGE IN RATS

The liver serves as a processing laboratory, redistribution centre and a receiving depot of the body. In the light of these roles, the effect of methanolic extract of whole plant of Leptadenia pyrotechnica on paracetamol induced liver damage in wistar rats was assessed. paracetamol (500mg/kg,p.i) was used to induce hepatotoxicity. Eighteen (18) albino rats of wistar strain (150-200gm) were used for the studies and were divided into 3 groups of six (6) rats per each. Group A served as control and received vehicle, group B (paracetamol treated), and group C (extract and paracetamol treated groups). The administered was done via oral gavages with methanolic extract of whole plant of Leptadenia pyrotechnica at 150ml/kg/day body weight daily, the administration of the extract lasted for saventh (7) days period after which the animals sacrificed, blood and tissue were obtained for biochemical and histological analysis. Serum enzyme assay results reveals methanolic extract of whole plant of Leptadenia pyrotechnica recorded a marked reduction in the elevated activities of the hepatic enzymes viz; SGOT, SGPT, ALP and Total bilirubin levels of rats. More so, the micrograph of paracetamol group compared with control group showed evidence of liver necrosis as indicated by distended hepatocytes, compression of sinusoids, fatty change and vacuolation of cytoplasm. The treated groups of the extract generally showed mild defects when compared with the control group. It is however interesting to know that the 100% Leptadenia pyrotechnica treated group showed a healthy liver cells as in the case with the control groups. Hence, from the above findings, it is obvious that methanolic extract of whole plant of Leptadenia pyrotechnica has hepatoprotective and hepatocurative potentials in hepatocellular disorders. Keyword: Leptadenia pyrotechnica, hepatoprotective activity and paracetamol.

Effect of Mexican Oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth) on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Mice and its Role in Regulating Carbohydrate Metabolic Enzymes and Their inhibitory Effect on the Formation of Advanced Glycation end Products

Aim of the Study: The aim was to evaluate the effect of extracts of the leaves of Lippia graveolens in streptozotocin-induced mildly diabetic (MD) and severely diabetic (SD) miceand on the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Study Design: Diabetes has emerged as a major global challenge in healthcare delivery, particularly in recent times, with the global incidence reaching epidemic proportions. Because of this there is an increasing demand to research for natural products with antidiabetic activity Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Natural Products Research. School of chemical engineering, National Polytechnic Institute between August 2013 and April 2014. Methodology: Extracts were orally administered to MD and SD rats for 30 days, and a set of biochemical parameters were studied: glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid peroxidation, glycogen, SOD, CAT, GSH, GPX, glucose-6-phosphatase, glucokinase, hexokinase activities, SGOT, SGPT, ALP and insulin level. In this study, we investigate the Original Research Article Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(23): 3470-3491, 2014 3471 inhibitory effects In vitro on the formation of specific AGE representatives including AGEsBSA formation, Amadorin activity, methylglyoxal (MGO). In vivo was to investigate the effect of extracts on oxidative stress, glycation of hemoglobin and MGO, glycolaldehyde (GA) levels, TBA-reactive substance level in kidney mitochondrial instreptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Results: Methanol extract (LG-M) reduced the intake of food, water and body weight loss as well as levels of blood glucose, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, lipoprotein and increase HDL-cholesterol, antioxidant enzymes, improves TBARS–reactive substance, marker enzymes of hepatic function. These results, support that improves glucose metabolism by reducing insulin resistance. LG-M is an inhibitor of fluorescent AGE, methylglyoxal and the glycation of haemoglobin. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that Lippia graveolens possesses considerable anti-AGE and hepatoprotective role, inhibits hyperglycemic, hyperlipidemic and oxidative stress indicating that these effects may be mediated by interacting with multiple target operating in diabetes mellitus.

Antidiabetic activity of Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne ssp. raddiana polysaccharide on streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats.

The present study was designed to investigate the antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of Acacia tortilis polysaccharide (AEATP) from gum exudates and its role in comorbidities associated with diabetes in STZ-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. Male albino Wistar rats were divided into control, diabetic control, glimepiride treated (10 mg/kg), and diabetic rats treated with 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg dose of AEATP groups and fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, HDL, SGOT, and SGPT levels were measured. STZ significantly increased fasting blood glucose level, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, SGOT, and SGPT levels, whereas HDL level was reduced as compared to control group. After 7 days of administration, 500 and 1000 mg/kg dose of AEATP showed significant reduction (P < 0.05) in fasting blood glucose level compared to diabetic control. AEATP has also reduced total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, SGOT, and SGPT levels and improved HDL level as compared to diabetic control group. Our study is the first to report the normalization of fasting blood glucose level, lipid profile, and liver enzyme in AEATP treated diabetic rats. Thus, it can be concluded that AEATP may have potentials for the treatment of T2DM and its comorbidities.

Role of an Ethanolic Extract of Crotalaria juncea L. on High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the antihypercholesterolemic effects of 50 mg/kg BW and 100 mg/kg BW per day of an ethanolic extract of Crotalaria juncea Linn (whole plant) by performing in vivo studies.MethodsThe effects of oral administration of 50 mg/kg BW and 100 mg/kg BW per day of an ethanolic extract of Crotalaria juncea Linn (whole plant) in rats fed with a high-fat diet were investigated by evaluating parameters like food consumption, weight gain, fecal fat excretion, serum and liver lipids, and biochemical profiles as well as by histopathological studies. The results were compared to animals fed with the standard diet and animals fed with a high-fat diet and atorvastatin (10 mg/kg BW).ResultsThe animal group administered with the ethanolic extract for 35 days showed decreased levels of TC, LDL, VLDL, TG, HDL+VLDL, VLDL+LDL, LDL/TC, AI, SGOT, SGPT, and elevated levels of HDL, HDL/TC, significantly (p<0.01 & p<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. The evaluation of liver tissues of the animal groups treated with the herbal extract and standard had shown increased levels of SOD, GSH, and catalase, whereas levels of SGOT, SGPT, total glucose, HMG-CoA, lipase, amylase, and the percentage of malon-dialdehyde were decreased when compared with the high-fat diet-fed rats. Body weight and food intake in the treated groups were significantly lower than that in the model control.ConclusionThe present study showed that an ethanolic extract of Crotalaria juncea L. influences several blood lipid and metabolic parameters in rats, suggesting a potential benefit as an antihypercholesterolemic agent.

Comparative Study of Hepatic and Renal Markers in Treatment of Kala-Azar With I.V. Amphotericin B and Oral Miltefosine

This study was designed to compare the hepatic and renal markers in treatment with two most commonly used drugs I.V. Amphotericin B and oral Miltefosine in diagnosed cases of KALA-AZAR. This was an ‘OBSERVATIONAL’ and ‘CROSS-SECTIONAL’ study. This study was conducted on two groups each had fifty patients. I.V. Amphotericin B and oral Miltefosine were given to group A and B respectively. Rise of serum bilirubin was not significant (p>0.05) in either group. Mean SGPT and SGOT level were more in group B than that of group A. But the rise in mean SGPT and SGOT level was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Rise in BUN was significant (p<0.01) by the 15th day in Group A patients but it did not cross the normal limit. There was not significant (p 0.05) rise in the mean serum creatinine level during treatment in patients of both groups.

Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obesity

Limited studies have been undertaken to characterize Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in the Indian population. The main objective of our study was to document the prevalence of NAFLD amongst a cohort of obese Indian patients and demonstrate its relationship with other components of the metabolic syndrome. A total of 60 adult obese patients were subjected to a detailed history, clinical exam, anthropometric study and laboratory workup. Focus was on liver function and components of the metabolic syndrome like blood pressure, glycemic status and lipid profile. Subjects enrolled were divided into two groups Group A (n=48), with NAFLD and Group B (n=12) without NAFLD. The two groups were then compared amongst themselves as well as with data from previous similar studies. A comparison of the anthropometric measurements revealed a statistically significant difference between the Body mass index (BMI) and Waist Hip Ratio of the two groups and in the mean triglyceride values between the two groups. Although the mean bilirubin levels measured in the serum were not statistically different the mean levels of SGOT and SGPT in the two groups was found to be statistically significant. On the contrary no significant difference in the values of alkaline phosphatase and synthetic liver functions could be discerned. A statistically highly significant difference in the mean liver span is seen. NAFLD is common in Indian obese populations and is associated with significant differences in anthropometric, clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic aspects as compared with obese individuals not affected with liver disease.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Crataegus songarica methanol extract.

The protective activity of the methanolic extract of the Crataegus songarica leaves was investigated against CCl4- and paracetamol-induced liver damage. On folklore levels, this plant is popularly used to treat various toxicological diseases. We evaluated both in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant activity of C. songarica. At higher concentration of plant extract (700 µg/ml), 88.106% inhibition on DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed and reducing power of extract was increased in a concentration-dependent manner. We also observed its inhibition on Fe2+/ascorbic acid-induced lipid peroxidation on rat liver microsomes in vitro. In addition, C. songarica extract exhibited antioxidant effects on calf thymus DNA damage induced by Fenton reaction. Hepatotoxicity was induced by challenging the animals with CCl4 (1 ml/kg body weight, i.p.) and paracetamol (500 mg/kg body weight) and the extract was administered at three concentrations (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight). Hepatoprotection was evaluated by determining the activities of liver function marker enzymes and antioxidant status of liver. Administration of CCl4 elevated the levels of liver function enzymes, SGOT, SGPT, and LDH. We also observed a dramatic increase in ALT, AST, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase levels in rats administered 500 mg/kg body weight of paracetamol. Decreased antioxidant defense system as glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were observed in rats treated with CCl4 and paracetamol. Pretreatment with the extract decreased the elevated serum GOT, GPT, LDH, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase activities and increased the antioxidant enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, C. songarica methanol extract may be an effective hepatic protective agent and viable candidate for treating hepatic disorders and other oxidative stress-related diseases.

A study correlating the quantity and duration of alcohol consumption with liver function tests

Objectives:Alcoholism is an important health problem all over the world. Biochemical tests are important tools in diagnosing alcohol abuse and identifying the stages of alcoholic liver disease. This study is an attempt to describe the biochemical changes that can be observed in individuals with history of significant alcohol intake as well as to correlate the quantity and duration of alcohol consumption with derangements in the liver function tests. Methods:Fifty males with history of alcohol consumption in significant quantity were included in the study and were interviewed for the quantity and duration of alcohol consumption. Liver function tests which included estimation of serum albumin, globulin, AST, ALT, prothrombin time and bilirubin were done. Derangements in liver function tests were observed and correlated with the quantity and duration of alcohol consumption. Results:Of the 50 individuals, 40% had hypoalbuminemia, 28% had hyperglobulinemia; the percentage of patients with elevated AST,ALT, ALP, bilirubin and prolonged prothrombin time were 42%, 8%, 12%,40% and 28% respectively. 76% had ratio of AST to ALT more than 1 with 40% having more than 2. Karl- Pearson correlation correlation for quantity of alcohol consumption with albumin, blumin, SGPT, bilirubin and prothrombin time was -0.497, 0.519, 0.440, 0.354 and 0.380 with p value 0.00, 0.00, 0.001, 0.012 and 0.007 respectively. The ‘r’ value for duration of alcohol with albumin and bilirubin was - 0.485 and 0.486 with a p value of 0.00 and 0.00 respectively. Conclusion: There was a statistically significant positive correlation between quantity of alcohol consumption and serum levels of globulin, SGPT, bilirubin and prothrombin time. Where as for serum albumin levels there was a negative correlation. There was a statistically significant correlation between duration of alcohol consumption with albumin, which is negative and bilirubin, positively.

Effect of Microbially Synthesized Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity

Objective: Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) from fish oil is known to have numerous health benefits including antiinflammatory and antioxidant actions. With the intention of producing an alternative source to fish EPA, we have microbially synthesized EPA (mEPA) from rice bran oil, spectroscopically analysed and was pharmacologically evaluated. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of mEPA on various hepatic enzyme biomarkers in experimentally induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: Animals were divided into 7 groups of six animals each; control being treated with vehicle, another group with standard (Silymarin; 25 mg/kg per day, p.o.); 3 groups with mEPA (5, 10 and 50 mg/kg p. o.) and one with fish oil (1 g/ kg p. o.) for 15 days. The hepatotoxicity was induced in all groups except control by single dose of CCl4 mixed with olive oil as vehicle in 1:1 ratio (3 ml/kg of rat body weight) on 5th day. Biochemical assays for SGOT, SGPT, ALP and total bilirubin were performed using serum samples. The histopathology of liver of all groups was carried out to compare the pathological changes. Results: The serum levels of SGPT, SGPT, ALP and total bilirubin were found to be increased in the CCl4 induced hepatotoxic sham control group which were significantly lowered down in the treated groups. The treatment with 50 mg/ kg dose has shown maximum inhibition in enzyme levels and regenerative changes with maintained hepatic architecture compared with standard and fish oil. Conclusion: Thus, microbially synthesized EPA from rice bran oil has shown promising hepato-protective effect and can fulfil the need of alternative source of EPA to fish oil.

HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF AERIAL PARTS OF NELUMBO NUCIFERA GAERTN. IN PARACETAMOL AND ISONIAZID-RIFAMPICINE INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS

Hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg b.w.) of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (NNE and NNA respectively) was evaluated by paracetamol and Isoniazid-rifampicine (INH-RMP) induced hepatotoxicity models. In paracetamol induced hepatoxicity model, NNA 400 and NNE 400 produced significant (p&lt;0.005) reduction in SGOT level when compared to that of control group. Treatment with NNE 200, NNE 400 and NNA 400 produced significant reduction (p&lt;0.01) in SGPT levels when compared to that of control group. SALP levels were significantly (p&lt;0.001) reduced in animals treated with Silymarin (standard), ethanolic and aqueous extracts at both doses when compared to that of control. In INH-RMP induced hepatotoxicity model, significant (p&lt;0.001) reduction in SGOT levels was produced in animals treated with NNA 200 and 400, NNE 200 and 400, when compared to control group animals. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Nelumbo nucifera at both doses produced significant (p&lt;0.05 and 0.001 respectively) decrease in the SGPT and SALP levels when compared with control group. Hepatoprotective activity was found to be dose dependent. Significant hepatoprotective activity produced by ethanolic &amp; aqueous extracts of Nelumbo nucifera may be a consequence of synergistic effect of the constituents present in the extracts namely, β-sitosterol and flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin etc.) The results suggest that the ethanolic and aqueous extracts (NNE and NNA) of Nelumbo nucifera aerial parts possess significant hepatoprotective activity.

Effect of supplementation of organic minerals on the performance of broilers

Effect of supplementation of organic minerals on the performance of broilers was studied on 225 coloured synthetic broiler chicks randomly divided into 5 groups. The inorganic minerals viz. Zn, Cu and Mn were added @ 40, 8 and 60 ppm, respectively in control group (T1). The inorganic minerals of treatment group were replaced with organic minerals in T2 (8 ppm organic Cu), T3 (40 ppm organic Zn) and T4 (60 ppm organic Mn) and T5/SUB&gt; (8, 40, and 60 ppm Cu, Zn and Mn, respectively). Weekly body weight and feed consumption were recorded. At 42 day, serum biochemical indices, total ash and mineral content of tibia and carcass parameter were determined. The body weights of broiler till&lt; third weeks of age of all the treated groups did not differ significantly. The sixth week body weight of T3 was significantly higher than that of T1. The FCR of all the treated groups did not differ significantly. The studied biochemical parameters viz. serum glucose, albumin, globulin, albumin and globulin ratio, protein, urea, calcium, phosphorus, and SGOT levels of all the treatments of the experimental broilers did not differ significantly. Significantly lower serum cholesterol and higher SGPT and ALP levels were observed in organic Zn fed groups. Carcass characteristics and tibia bone parameters of the broilers of different dietary treatments at sixth week of age did not differ significantly. From this experiment, it may be concluded that replacement of inorganic zinc with Zn-methionine resulted in better body weight of broilers.

Microparticles of rifampicin: comparison of pulmonary route with oral route for drug uptake by alveolar macrophages, phagocytosis activity and toxicity study in albino rats

Context: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease with increasing incidence of drug resistance. Oral treatment for TB and multidrug resistance (MDR)-TB can have serious side effects. The causative agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resides in alveolar macrophages (AM). Pulmonary administration of anti-TB drugs can help in delivery of high concentration to AM. The ability of AM to phagocytose can also be utilized to generate mycobactericidal nitric oxide (NO) to improve efficacy of anti-TB drugs.Objective: To compare the uptake of rifampicin (RIF) by AM post oral and pulmonary administration of RIF microparticles (RM) and to compare hepatotoxicity and phagocytosis activity.Materials and Methods: RM were produced by spray drying process. RM were administered to rats through oral as well as intratracheal route. The uptake of RIF by AM and liver was measured. NO was measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. SGOT and SGPT levels were measured in serum.Results: Significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentration of RIF was found in AM post intratracheal administration. NO production was also significantly higher but less than toxic level. SGOT and SGPT levels as well as uptake of RIF by liver were indicative of no hepatotoxicity post intratracheal administration.Discussion: Phagocytosis of RM post intratracheal administration leads to significantly higher drug level in AM as well as production of significantly higher levels of NO.Conclusion: The administration of RM as dry powder inhalation (DPI) formulation may reduce treatment time of TB and chances of drug resistance TB.

Hepatoprotective activity of Cichorium intybus (Linn.) root extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino Wistar rats

Hepatotoxicity in one of the major parameters need to be consider in drug therapy, because most of the drugs in single at low/high doses for a prolonged period or multiple drug therapy causes liver damage. Chicory is a Mediterranean herb that has been used as a coffee filler or substitute. It contains no caffeine and has a chocolate-like flavor AimThe present study aimed to investigates the possible hepatoprotective activity of Cichorium intybus (Linn.) against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino Wistar rats. MethodsAlcoholic and aqueous extracts of the C. intybus (Linn.) roots were used in the study for determination of hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino Wistar rats. A comparison was also made between the actions of C. intybus (Linn.) root extracts and a known hepatoprotective drug silymarin. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried. Biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGPT, SALP and total bilirubin and histopathological studies were used to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity. Acute toxicity studies were carried out according to OECD (420) guidelines and 400 mg/kg BW for both extracts was selected for the present study. ResultsShowed that both extracts found to have significant hepatoprotective activity, reduces the elevated levels of SGOT, SGPT, SALP and Total bilirubin. But aqueous extract found to have hepatoprotective activity almost compared to silymarin. Histopathology showed regeneration of hepatocytes to normal, with the root extracts further confirmed the hepatoprotective activity of extracts of C. intybus (Linn.). ConclusionResults indicate that it is worth undertaking further studies on possible usefulness of the extracts of the roots of C. intybus (Linn.) in hepatotoxicity.