Level Of Milk Production Research Articles

Effect of season, stage of lactation, parity and level of milk production on incidence of clinical mastitis in Karan Fries and Sahiwal cows

ABSTRACT Mastitis is a multi-etiological complex disease which adversely affects animal health, and economics of milk production of dairy herds in developing and developed countries. A variety of non-genetic factors affect the incidence of clinical mastitis. In this study, we tried to investigate the effect of four non-genetic factors viz., stage of lactation, level of milk production, parity and season on incidence of clinical mastitis in Karan Fries and Sahiwal cows maintained under similar management conditions. In Karan Fries cattle, the percentage of incidence of mastitis was maximum in fourth parity (41.1%). Similarly, rainy season and high level of milk production showed maximum percentage of incidence of clinical mastitis viz., 30.5% and 31.0%, respectively. In Sahiwal cows, the percentage of incidence of mastitis was maximum in fourth parity (52.8%), rainy season (30.4%) and high level of milk production (31.3%). Stage of lactation had no significant effect (P< 0.05) on incidence of clinical mastitis in both breeds. Therefore, it can be inferred that high-producing animals are more prone to mastitis during rainy season due to droplet infection, damp and muddy floors. Secondly, animals in advance parity were also more affected indicating that widened teat canal and elongated teat shape predisposes animal to mastitis.

Evaluation of activity meters for estrus detection: A stochastic bioeconomic modeling approach

Although estrus detection makes a relevant contribution to the reproductive performance of dairy cattle, studies on the economic evaluation of automatic estrus detection systems are rare. The objective of the present study is to provide an economic evaluation of activity meters used for estrus detection. The effect of different estrus detection rates on gross margins was modeled with SimHerd (SimHerd A/S, Viborg, Denmark). The analysis considers all costs associated with the investment in activity meters. The economic evaluation was carried out through simulation of Simmental herds with yearly milk yields of 7,000 or 9,000 kg and Holstein Friesian herds with yearly milk yields of 9,000 or 11,000 kg, each with herd sizes of 70 or 210 cows. Furthermore, we distinguished between 2 investment scenarios. In scenario 1, only cows are equipped with activity meters for estrus detection, whereas scenario 2 assumes that cows and heifers are equipped with activity meters. Because existing empirical information for some variables shows significant variability (estrus detection rates, time for estrus detection), they were modeled with distributions using the Monte Carlo method in @RISK (Palisade Corporation, Ithaca, NY), allowing us to model a probability distribution of net returns (NR) of investment in activity meters for estrus detection. The simulation results show that the average NR of investment in activity meters for estrus detection over all scenarios ranges from +€7 to +€40 per cow per year for the Simmental breed, and from +€19 to +€46 per cow per year for the Holstein Friesian breed. Generally, the NR depends on the milk production level assumed. For the Simmental breed, depending on the scenario, the simulation results show a 54 to 200% larger average NR of investment in activity meters for estrus detection with a milk yield of 9,000 kg/yr compared with 7,000 kg/yr. For the Holstein Friesian breed, the effect of the modeled milk yield on the NR is much less pronounced. Average NR of investment in activity meters are greater for larger herd sizes because of cost degression effects. An additional equipping of heifers has, on average, a positive effect on the economics of activity meters for estrus detection because of the resulting reduction in the age at first calving. Considering all scenarios, the probability of a positive NR of investment in activity meters ranges between 74 and 98% for the Simmental breed and between 85 and 99% for the Holstein Friesian breed.

Effect of production level and source of fat supplement on performance, nutrient digestibility and blood parameters of heat-stressed Holstein cows.

The interactive effect of dietary fat supplementation and milk yield level on dairy cows performance under heat stress has not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of production level, the source of fat supplements and their interaction on dairy cows performance under heat stress. In this study, 64 Holstein multiparous cows were divided into 2 groups and received one of two rations having either calcium salts of fatty acids (Ca-FA) or high-palmitic acid (PA) supplements (2.8% of DM; dry matter). After completing the experiment and based on maturity-equivalent milk, cows were divided into two groups of high-yielding (14,633 kg) and medium-yielding (11,616 kg). Average temperature humidity index (THI) was 71 during the trial period. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.04), organic matter (p = 0.05), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; p = 0.04) for cows fed Ca-FA were greater than cows fed PA. The milk fat content in high-producing cows was 0.3% greater than medium-producing cows (p = 0.03). The milk protein content in cows fed Ca-FA was greater than cows fed PA (p < 0.01). High-producing cows had greater serum cholesterol (p = 0.02) than medium-producing cows. The cows fed PA tended to have a greater BUN than cows fed Ca-FA (p = 0.06). Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase tended to be increased by PA, which indicates that cows in PA treatment may have experienced more adverse effect on the liver function than cows on Ca-FA. Therefore, under heat stress and in 90 d trial, milk production level does not affect the cows' response to PA or Ca-FA. Although cows fed Ca-FA received lower energy than those fed PA, they compensated for this shortage likely with increasing the digestibility and produced a similar amount of milk.

Effects of undegradable dietary protein on milk production and composition of lactating dairy cows

This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of undegradable dietary protein (UDP) level on milk production and composition of 24 lactating dairy cows. Treatments consisted of T0: ) control diet without UDP (forage and concentrate were offered in total mixed ration); T1: control diet without UDP (forage and concentrate were offered separately); T2: control diet + UDP 40 gr/L milk + mineral mix; and T3: control diet + UDP 60 gr/L milk + mineral mix. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the differences between treatment means were examined by duncan multiple range test (DMRT). The results showed that UDP supplementation significantly (p<0.05) affected nutrient consumption (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrient). In addtion, UDP supplementation significantly increased milk production and 4% FCM production (p<0.05). A higher level of milk production and 4% FCM yielad in animals fed with T2 and T3. Thus, UDP supplementation may be an alternative supplement for the lactating dairy cows.

Increasing Economic Efficiency of Cow Milk Production in the First Phase of Lactation

The article considers the economic efficiency of the use of the PassPro Balance feed product for lactating cows based on the increase of their productivity and reproductive qualities. The study has found that the use of the PassPro Balance feed supplement in the ration of Simmental cows during milking period increases the consumption of feed mixture by 0.9% and dry matter – by 5.4%, average daily milk yield – by 29.2% (P&lt;0.01) and profitability level of milk production – by 7.8%, as well as reduces the service period by 5.0% and the consumption of concentrates for the production of 1 kg of basic fat milk by 22.8%.

Body Condition Score and Milk Production on Conception Rate of Cows under a Small-Scale Dairy System

Simple SummarySmall-scale dairy farms are important because they generate jobs in rural areas and improve food security, income, and livelihood worldwide. On the other hand, high fertility is strongly associated with the profitability of dairy farms. Therefore, improving reproductive performance would increase milk production and farmers’ incomes. In the present study, we focus on the effect of body condition score (BCS) of Holstein cows at calving and when they are bred for the first time (after calving) on a key reproductive performance indicator: conception rate to first service. Additionally, we studied the association between BCS at calving and milk production, assuming that cows had a moderate genetic potential for milk production. Our results highlight the importance of BCS on the future reproductive performance and productivity of cows in a small-scale dairy system. These results are useful to implement management strategies in order to increase conception rate to first service and milk production in this type of dairy farm.Management and production characteristics impact conception rate to first service (CR1S) in small-scale dairy farms, but the impact of body condition score (BCS) and milk production levels on cows’ fertility is unknown. Our objective is to determine the effect of BCS and milk production on CR1S in small-scale dairy farms of western Mexico. Logistic regression models are used to determine the effect of BCS (at calving and first service), 60-d and 305-d milk production, protein and fat production, lactation number, and days at first service on CR1S. BCS at calving does not affect CR1S in cows with three or more lactations (39.5%; p > 0.1). However, first-lactation cows with BCS < 3.0 at calving and second lactation cows with BCS ≤ 2.5 at calving have higher CR1S (63.2 and 67.9%, respectively; p < 0.1). This result is perhaps due to reduced milk production, which leads to lower metabolic stress. BCS ≤ 2.5 at calving is associated (p < 0.05) with a reduced milk yield, explaining partially the observed higher CR1S in these groups. Cows with BCS ≤ 2.5 at first service in the higher quartile of 60-d milk production (≥ 28kg/day) show lower CR1S (23.9 and 51.1%, respectively; p < 0.01). In conclusion, BCS at calving and at first service, 60-d milk production, and lactation number are factors associated with CR1S.

Productivity of fi rst-calf cows of different sire lines

The results of the study of milk productivity and lactation rates of fi rst-calf cows are presented. The research into fi rst-calf cows of black-andwhite Holstein breed, belonging to sire lines of Wis Ideal 1013415 and Refl ection Sovereign 198998 was conducted in 2018 in Novosibirsk region. The number of cows under study was 64, the period of the study covered 305 days of lactation. Monitoring of milk production, milk fl ow intensity, fat and protein content was carried out monthly. The research materials were analyzed for groups of cows depending on their sire line and productivity for single and daily milk yield, fat and protein content, and dynamics of milk ejection for the fi rst 3 minutes of milking. The highest daily milk yield in both lines was observed in the second month of lactation. In the fourth and fi fth months of lactation, the average daily milk yield of Refl ection Sovereign cows was signifi cantly higher (р &lt; 0.001) than that of their peers of the Vis Ideal line, by 1.3 kg. During the lactation period, the productivity of the Vis Ideal and Refl ection Sovereign cows was almost the same: milk yield – 8296 and 8220 kg, fat content – 4.02 and 4.06%, protein – 3.36 and 3.35% and milk fl ow intensity – 2.70 and 2.78 kg/min, respectively. In the second and third months of lactation, cows of both lines had a decrease in the content of fat, protein and intensity of milk fl ow with a gradual increase in these indices in the fourth and fi fth months of lactation. First-calf cows of the black-and-white breed of Canadian selection of different sire lines showed a high level of milk productivity and proved to be suitable for further breeding work.

Metabolomics reveals potential biomarkers in the rumen fluid of dairy cows with different levels of milk production.

ObjectiveIn the present study, an liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) metabolomics approach was performed to investigate potential biomarkers of milk production in high- and low-milk-yield dairy cows and to establish correlations among rumen fluid metabolites.MethodsSixteen lactating dairy cows with similar parity and days in milk were divided into high-yield (HY) and low-yield (LY) groups based on milk yield. On day 21, rumen fluid metabolites were quantified applying LC/MS.ResultsThe principal component analysis and orthogonal correction partial least squares discriminant analysis showed significantly separated clusters of the ruminal metabolite profiles of HY and LY groups. Compared with HY group, a total of 24 ruminal metabolites were significantly greater in LY group, such as 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid derivatives (L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-tyrosine, etc.), diazines (uracil, thymine, cytosine), and palmitic acid, while the concentrations of 30 metabolites were dramatically decreased in LY group compared to HY group, included gentisic acid, caprylic acid, and myristic acid. The metabolite enrichment analysis indicated that protein digestion and absorption, ABC transporters and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis were significantly different between the two groups. Correlation analysis between the ruminal microbiome and metabolites revealed that certain typical metabolites were exceedingly associated with definite ruminal bacteria; Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Synergistetes phyla were highly correlated with most metabolites.ConclusionThese findings revealed that the ruminal metabolite profiles were significantly different between HY and LY groups, and these results may provide novel insights to evaluate biomarkers for a better feed digestion and may reveal the potential mechanism underlying the difference in milk yield in dairy cows.

The effect of age on milk productivity and reproductive qualities of dairy cows

The article presents data on the age dynamics of changes in the level of dairy productivity of cows. As a result of the research, the increase in milk yield and the increase amount of milk fat and protein with age of animals was established. The age dependence of qualitative indicators of milk production wasn’t revealed. It was noted that the level of milk productivity of cows in all age periods was higher than the requirements of the first class standard of black-motley breed. An average positive correlation was found between age and milk yield. It was revealed that the productivity of cows is largely determined by their linear affiliation. When analyzing the age-related changes in the reproductive capacity of cows was revealed that the duration of the service period decreases with the age of the animals. When analyzing the age-related changes in the reproductive capacity of cows was revealed that the duration of the service-period decreases with the age of the animals. The duration period between the calves of the average for the cows was optimal, while its reduction with age was observed. It’s noted that as the age of cows increases, the number of inseminations for fertilization increases.

Influence of habitat factors on economic traits of cows of different lines

Influence of maintenance conditions of cows of different genealogical lines on milk productivity and physiological parameters of animals is studied. Different maintenance conditions of cows in the hulls affected the level of milk yield of animals of all lines: with yard housing there is a difference in the index of milk yield for 305 days of lactation from 59.4 to 252.3 kg compared to the indexes for tie-up housing. Minimum difference in the index was observed in first-calf cows of the Reflection Sovering line (59.4 kg), which indicates the better adaptability of animals of this line to less favorable housing conditions. The relationship between high-altitude measurements and measurements determining the milk type of animals (between the height at the withers and the chest width - a positive average interrelation (0.3), and between the height at the withers and the chest girth - a positive weak (0.11)) was revealed during the study. Also, a weak positive relationship between some measurements of cows and their milk productivity (between milk yield of cows and chest depth (0.11), chest width (0.13), chest girth (0.15) was found. Comparison of the physiological parameters of cows of different genealogical lines in different housing conditions showed that significant differences were found only in terms of “respiration rate” and “pulse frequency”: when the tie-up housing, the aforecited indicators for cows of the Reflection Sovering line are significantly higher than those for herdmates. This suggests more intensive physiological processes that ensure better development and a higher level of milk productivity. Tendency to increase the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin level in the blood of cows of the Reflection Sovering line, found during the study of influence of housing conditions of cows on the morphological and biochemical composition of blood, is preserved both in tie-up and yard housing.

Invited Review: Unique reproductive challenges for certified organic dairy herds

ABSTRACT Purpose Because dairy production under organic regulations is unique in multiple aspects, reproductive management in these systems is performed under specific conditions. The purpose of this review was to highlight some particular reproductive challenges associated with organic certified dairy production in the United States. Sources Refereed scientific journals and books available in online databases were consulted in this review. Only peer-reviewed articles published in English were selected. Synthesis Over the past decade, the demand for organically produced food has increased in the United States, with the emergence of organic milk production as one of the fastest growing segments of organic agriculture in the country. Among many specific requirements, regulations for organic dairies in the United States mandate minimum grazing times, together with sufficient levels of DMI coming from pasture. In addition, the use of antibiotics and hormones (excluding oxytocin for postpartum disorders) is prohibited. This scenario results in particular reproductive challenges with specific implications. Although this review centers on reproduction, it also attempts to discuss other areas that indirectly affect the approach to reproductive management and the subsequent fertility outcomes. Conclusions and Applications Multiple interrelated factors are unique to organic dairy production, and they influence fertility. Lower levels of milk production, use of heterosis, smaller herd sizes, unavailability of reproductive hormones to manage estrous and ovulation and antimicrobials to treat reproductive disease are elements that should be considered when analyzing fertility in organic certified dairies.

Mathematical model of milk secretion in a cow’s udder

The paper proposed a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of the physiological process of milk secretion in the cow’s udder, depending on the value of the time interval that has passed since the end of the last milking. The intensity of this process, and, consequently, the cow’s milk production level, depends, among other things, on the optimal choice of the multiplicity of milkings per day with certain time intervals between milkings. The proposed model will allow to take into account these factors in the analysis and optimization of conditions for the maintenance of dairy cattle herds. The results of the research are applicable in diagnosing the state of a cow, in a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of milking multiplicity, etc. The model’s determination coefficient is 0.82 for the aperiodic link used as a model. The advantage of the proposed approach to the identification of a biological object – a cow – is the use of a passive experiment technique based on statistical processing of experimental data on yields recorded by modern information systems for the management of cattle on existing dairy farms.

Анализ генетического потенциала молочной продуктивности симментальского скота Российской Федерации

Представлены результаты мониторинга за период 2015 – 2017 гг.: численности крупного рогатого скота симментальской породы в Российской Федерации, федеральных округах, распределение популяций по уровню удоя и жирности молока в связи с региональной принадлежностью, а также степень корреляции между удоем и жирностью молока в 4 округах, где максимально распространен симментальский скот. Разведением симментальского скота занимаются в 29 субъектах нашей страны. Уровень молочной продуктивности коров анализируемой породы по регионам РФ колеблется в широких пределах: от 3240 кг в Республике Саха до 7100 кг в Белгородской области. В России в 8 регионах достигнуты высокие надои молока от коров данной породы — более 5700 кг, что выше среднего более чем на 10 %: в Татарстане, Орловской, Липецкой, Тамбовской, Воронежской, Тульской, Курской и Белгородской областях. В 9 регионах надои составили 5200 – 5700 кг (выше среднего до 10 %). В то же время в 6 из 7 округов имеет место снижение численности поголовья. Максимально (на 66,1 %) оно понизилось в Дальневосточном округе, но при этом уровень молочной продуктивности там же вырос на 36,1 %. Незначительный рост численности поголовья отмечен только в Уральском регионе (на 3,1 %). Наряду с удоем жирномолочность симментальского скота также колеблется в широких пределах (3,8 – 3,9 %) в связи с региональной принадлежностью. Максимальная жирность молока отмечена в Калининградской области — 4,45 %.

Evaluation of Milk Production at Ţigaie Sheep Reared in Romania

Biological material subjected to research was represented by females belonging to Ţigaie breed which are in different lactations. Research has been expanded to six consecutive lactations, period in which the followed objectives were represented by: quantity of milk sucked by lambs during lactation, the quantity of milk produced in each lactation period when the flock is located in the milking situation exclusively and the total quantity of milk obtained in each controlled lactation. The work methods used are accepted by experimental practice. During the period of lactation was used the control coefficient method; exclusively for milking period was applied the AT4 method respecting the technical specifications specified by the International Committee for Animal Recording. Also, to eliminate the influence of environment, age, nourishment and maintenance conditions, in each season the period was the same (May-September) and had the same conditions of nourishment, maintenance, sheltering etc. Statistical processing of obtained data at the end of evaluation of milk quantity consumed by lambs show that in first 28 days of suckling, Ţigaie breed sheep furnish around 42% from the total milk quantity consumed by lambs during suckling period. Based on this observation we could say that application of selection at sheep on the basis of lambs’ corporal weight at age of 28 days is more indicated and efficient. In case of appreciation of milk quantity gathered by milking could be observed the fact that face to maximum level reached in first lactation the total estimated quantity was higher with 29.29% in second lactation and after that gradually decrease and record negative values in the last controlled lactation. Effectuation of a rate between milk quantity consumed by lambs and milk quantity obtained after their weaning show the existence of a close rate, with the exception of first lactation when sucked milk quantity was higher with 15.8% face to level of milk production gathered by milking. Statistical processing of information highlighting that between the amounts of milk consumed by lambs in the suckling period, there have been significant differences for P&lt;0.01 and for P&gt;0.05. During the six controlled lactations the maximum milk production was recorded in the second lactation and was of 139.67 kg of milk, superior with 29.29% than level obtained in the first lactation and with 5.29% lower to the total estimated production for the third lactation.

Analysis of the Reproduction Traits and Milk Yield in Cows from Apuseni Mountains Farms

Milk production in cows is influenced by a series of factors with direct or indirect action upon its body. Farms from three counties in Apuseni Mountains (Alba, Bihor and Hunedoara) were monitorized for milk production and other reproductive attributes. Age of first calving, service period, calving interval and natality were the parameters monitorized in the study to determine the reproduction trains in the area of Apuseni Mountains. Analyzing the obtained data regarding the average production of milk, lactation duration in the studied counties, it is found that: on total lactation, the largest production was obtained in Bihor county with 4815.26 kg (332.6 days), followed by Hunedoara county with 4796.40 kg (325.6 days) and Alba county with 4528.05 kg ( 321.4 days). The obtained results, which reflect the current level of milk production in Apuseni Mountain area, show that the studied cows have a real productive potential, the average of the lactation yields as well as its duration, being at the upper limit of the breed, according also to specialized literature data. Breeding activity was found to be good but can be improved. Due to the great importance of reproduction, the economic and productive performance of dairy farms requires careful attention to its planning and management.

Incidence of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk, white cheese, kashar and butter from Sakarya, Turkey

Abstract The purpose of this research is to determine the incidence and occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in 104 samples of milk, white cheese, kashar and butter in Sakarya, Turkey. Followed by immunoaffinity column (IAC) purification, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fluorescence detection method was implemented to analyze the samples. Results show that 61.5% of milk, 40% of white cheese, 65.4% of kashar and 29.6% of butter contains AFM1. In 53 of samples (50.96%) are not determined AFM1. The amount of AFM1 in 51 samples (49.04%) ranges from 2.4 to 47.8 ng/L/kg. AFM1 levels do not exceed the limit set by Turkish regulations (50 ng/L/kg). However, the incidence of AFM1 contamination is a potential health risk for customers, particularly for children and infants. These results emphasize the significance of constant monitoring of AFM1 levels in milk and dairy products (MDPs) in Sakarya, Turkey.

Long period of lactation and level of milk production of cows on industrial complex

Long period of lactation and level of milk production of cows on industrial complex

Association of milk production level and milk urea content with date and efficiency of the first insemination service in cows

Association of milk production level and milk urea content with date and efficiency of the first insemination service in cows

Features of selection methods in the period of creation of Ukrainian red dairy breed

Investigation of the selection methods, used during various stages of the creating the Ukrainian red dairy breed, has an actual significance in the evaluation of the methodology of the breed formation process. A comparative analysis found that the female ancestors of the studied cows according to milk yield significantly differed. With each subsequent stage, bulls-breeders, which were used in the breeding process, prevailed over female ancestors of the previous stage according to the milk productivity. The level of maternity benefit of the parents of the second and third stages was higher than that of the parents of the first stage mothers. However, for fatty milk, the parents of stage I parents had a superiority, compared with the second and third stages. While analyzing the milk yield of mothers of cows, it was found a certain pattern. In particular, the increase in milk in the next stages of the breeding of Ukrainian red dairy breed. According to the productivity of cows-primates, derived from different selection methods, determined by the level of support of female ancestors, the effectiveness of the use of highly heterogeneous selection is established. The difference in comparison with the homogeneous selection for the second and third stages was 462 kg (P &gt; 0.999) and 235 kg of milk, respectively. As for the first stage of breeding of Ukrainian red dairy breed, the best results were obtained from the use of moderately heterogeneous selection. Its efficiency is confirmed by the highest milk yield of 359 kg (P &gt; 0.95) of milk compared with homogeneous selection. There was a tendency to increase the fat content in milk of animals in the I, II and III stages of the breeding process in a highly heterogeneous selection in comparison with homogeneous selection, the difference was accordingly 0.04%, 0.05% and 0.03%. It should be noted that in the second stage, heterogeneous selection was effective. Along with the abovementioned, there is a general tendency of reduction of fatty milk production in ІІІ stage compared to І and ІІ stages. This is explained by the inclusion in the program of the breeding process of the Ukrainian red dairy breed using the Holstein breeder bulls. Based on the analysis of the data obtained, we have a convincing confirmation of the effectiveness of a highly heterogeneous selection. In the first and second stages of breeding, the prevail of milk fat was 15.4 kg (P &gt; 0.99) and 12.9 kg (P &gt; 0.95) compared to homogeneous selection. Thus, it is logical to increase the level of milk productivity in the studied cows from the first to the third stage of the withdrawal of Ukrainian red dairy breeds with the advantage of using highly heterogeneous selection.

Effect of Cold Stress on Milk Yield, Physiological and Hemato-biochemical Profile of Cross Bred Dairy Cattle

The present study was performed to evaluate haematological and biochemical parameters with response to milk production of dairy cattle at low temperature. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were recorded and the temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated as indicator of thermal comfort zone for cattle. Lactating crossbred dairy cattle were selected for this study. A significant increase in RBC, Hb, and PCVWBC was recorded in winter. Glucose and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin level showed a significant increase in winter. Milk production level was decrease due to cold stress. These results provided an insight into the haematological and biochemical responses of Jersey crossbred cows to different environmental conditions. Hence, this study will be helpful for the better dairy cattle management in winter seasons for higher production at the cold arid high altitude region