Level Of Electrification Research Articles

An analytical solution to optimal heat pump integration

Heat pump integration has a large potential for reducing carbon emissions and operating costs of industrial processes. The Break-even COP method determines the maximum economically- or environmentally feasible heat pump temperature and the level of process heat electrification under specified economic conditions. However, this method fails to capture the optimal heat pump temperature and the possible emissions- and costs reduction in sensible heat processes. The present work introduces an analytical equation based on the Lorenz efficiency approach to determine the optimal heat pump sink temperature, maximizing the operating costs savings or the emission savings. Furthermore, it advances the break-even method to account for heat pumps with a temperature glide by applying a Lorenz efficiency approach. The method is applied to a spray-drier case study, showing a reduction on operation costs of 7.8 % and emissions by 11.9 % by a partial process electrification of 32 %. A parameter study is conducted, underscoring the importance of accurate predictions of the Lorenz efficiency factor and the electricity-to-fuel price and emissions ratios in heat pump integration studies.

Making of an Indigenous and Efficient Powertrains for EV, HEV & FCEV’s

Rise in greenhouse gas emissions which is resulting into ozone layer depletion and global warming effect is alarming to control CO2 emissions by drastically reducing fossil fuel consumption from the vehicles. This need has already started trend towards extreme downsizing and down speeding of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) for making them highly efficient. In addition to this use of after treatment devices viz. Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF), Lean NOx Catalyst (LNT), Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) are helping to a great extent for meeting emission norms till Euro - VI for automotive sector, Tier–IV F and Stage V for Off Highway Power sector. However, to address present greenhouse effect along with exponential decay of fossil fuels, there is need to achieve CO2 emissions less than 100 g/km or to achieve practically zero carbon footprint using an alternate powertrain. Electrification is one of the promising solutions and which is three-fold in present situation. The first level of electrification comes in the form of Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) technology followed by Battery Electric Vehicles and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles as second and third level of electrification respectively. In all these technologies a common thread is running in the form of an efficient electric drive train. Several efforts have been taken to improve torque per unit ampere by use of efficient motor and motor control algorithms viz PMSM powered with FOC, by developing controls which take care of parametric variations and external force disturbances by use of back stepping techniques which are based on rotor resistance estimation by fuzzy logic, FOC techniques based on adaptive input-output feedback linearization, by shifting towards high voltage systems, by going for higher switching frequencies for inverters which uses silicon carbide based MOSFET switches, by exploring use of multilevel inverters for Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) control etc. Use of E Axle based powertrains in EV, HEV and FCEV offers additional complimentary benefits apart from technology options described above. E Axle based powertrains offers flexibility in generating three variants of vehicle using one electric drive train architecture viz. making EV, HEV & FCEV. Compactness, modularity, scalability, flexibility along with efficient cooling system management and control over active current losses due to use of bus bars are the implicit advantages of E Axle based powertrains. These advantages further get multiplies if we go for 3 in 1 (gearbox + Stator housing + Inverter) architectures which are predominantly used in independent suspension-based vehicles. Lot of efforts are going on to inherit this technology for rigid axle suspension based commercial vehicles. Research in this area is getting further extended to make 5 in 1 E Axles where there will addition of DC - DC converter and On-Board Charger (OBC) apart from components present in 3 in 1 configuration. Two major challenges need to be addressed and to be resolved while designing E Axle based powertrains by doing concurrent vehicle engineering. This is mainly due to increased unsprang weight that need to be handled by suspension system and exposed electric drive components to excitation loads coming from roads. Fig: Indigenously Developed E Axle Based Powertrain for Small Commercial VehiclesBy proper lay outing for effective vehicle mass distribution and required CG location which is essential from overall vehicle dynamics, more space can be offered by E Axle based powertrains for increasing battery energy density for getting more electric range in case of BEV’s. This add on space benefit extend help in packaging of hydrogen fuel cell integrated with power cells in case of FCEV’s. Thus, E Axle based powertrains proves to be modern and most efficient way of making EV, HEV & FCEV’s.

Climate neutrality in European heavy-duty road transport: How to decarbonise trucks and buses in less than 30 years?

The decarbonisation of heavy-duty road transport is subject to many uncertainties regarding fuel choices and the role of efficiency and demand-side measures. Moreover, the various segments of heavy-duty road transport exhibit distinctive characteristics, posing challenges in identifying a one-size-fits-all solution. In a scenario-based analysis with coupled modelling of the European energy system and its endogenous transport demand (driver training, improved logistics and collective mobility) we study the decarbonisation of European heavy-duty road transport through 2050, with a granular representation of its segments in the modelling exercise. Our modelling results show that battery electric vehicles are the key enablers of climate neutrality, representing 60 %–89 % of trucks and 79 %–96 % of buses by 2050. Yet, this important level of electrification, in a climate-neutral Europe, represent at most 4 % (320 TWh) of final electricity consumption. While shifting to electric and hydrogen vehicles brings significant fuel savings (41 %–66 %) and emission reductions (33 %–60 % cumulatively), demand-side operational measures can quickly and cost-effectively complement fuel switching, bringing up to 50 % of cumulative emission savings. The modelling results are highly sensitive to policy assumptions, especially regarding those related to the role of clean hydrogen. This calls for long-term planning with stable and clear signalling of technology choices.

Fuzzy Neural Network PID-Based Constant Deceleration Control for Automated Mine Electric Vehicles Using EMB System.

It is urgent for automated electric transportation vehicles in coal mines to have the ability of self-adaptive tracking target constant deceleration to ensure stable and safe braking effects in long underground roadways. However, the current braking control system of underground electric trackless rubber-tired vehicles (UETRVs) still adopts multi-level constant braking torque control, which cannot achieve target deceleration closed-loop control. To overcome the disadvantages of lower safety and comfort, and the non-precise stopping distance, this article describes the architecture and working principle of constant deceleration braking systems with an electro-mechanical braking actuator. Then, a deceleration closed-loop control algorithm based on fuzzy neural network PID is proposed and simulated in Matlab/Simulink. Finally, an actual brake control unit (BCU) is built and tested in a real industrial field setting. The test illustrates the feasibility of this constant deceleration control algorithm, which can achieve constant decelerations within a very short time and maintain a constant value of -2.5 m/s2 within a deviation of ±0.1 m/s2, compared with the deviation of 0.11 m/s2 of fuzzy PID and the deviation of 0.13 m/s2 of classic PID. This BCU can provide electric and automated mine vehicles with active and smooth deceleration performance, which improves the level of electrification and automation for mine transport machinery.

СПОСОБ ПРИДАНИЯ АНТИСТАТИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ ИЗОЛИРУЮЩЕМУ МАТЕРИАЛУ УНКЛ-3

The subsystem for protection from static electricity of personnel wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) shall ensure safe operation of the technological line of disassembly and destruction (TL DD) in all its modes of operation, as well as to eliminate the possibility of an emergency situation due to the accumulation of static electricity charges on PPE during operation, to reduce the level of electrification on PPE, adversely affecting the technological process and product quality. The work on reduction of electrification of insulating material UNKL-3 of L-1 suit for special works was carried out. Literature review of existing technical solutions for protection against static electricity accumulation on the surface of polymers used in chemical industries was carried out. On the basis of literature data and conducted experiments an effective surface-active substance, antistatic agent Alkapav was chosen. It is well sorbed by polymeric materials on the basis of butyl rubber, so it is evenly distributed on the surface of the L-1 suit. Physical and mechanical parameters of UNKL-3 material after treatment with Alkapav antistatic agent remain unchanged. The results of the conducted research allow us to consider that the materials of L-1 suits after treatment with 10% aqueous solution of the selected antistatic agent Alkapav and subsequent operational tests do not exceed the value of specific surface electrical resistance (SSER) 1,0-109 Ohm, i.e. the indicators meet the requirements of GOST 12.4.124-83.

Health-conscious deep reinforcement learning energy management for fuel cell buses integrating environmental and look-ahead road information

The escalating level of vehicle electrification and intelligence makes higher requirements for the energy management strategy (EMS) of fuel cell vehicles. Environmental and road conditions can significantly influence the power demand of the load, thereby affecting the lifespan and efficiency of vehicular energy systems. To ensure that the vehicle is always in optimal working condition, this study innovatively proposes a health-conscious EMS framework based on twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3) algorithm for fuel cell hybrid electric bus (FCHEB). First, the environment and look-ahead road information obtained through vehicle sensors, GPS and Geographic Information System is used to establish the energy management problem formulation. Secondly, a TD3-based data-driven EMS is developed with the objective of optimizing hydrogen fuel economy, fuel cell durability and battery thermal health status. Finally, the strategy validation is performed in a developed validation environment that contains terrain information, ambient temperature, and real-world collected driving conditions. The validation results indicate that compared to the state-of-the-art TD3-based EMS, the proposed EMS can improve battery life by 28.02 % and overall vehicle economy by 8.92 %.

Determinants of Literacy Levels in Indonesia

The Indonesian government has made efforts to increase literacy rates in Indonesia by providing literacy education program services and developing the community's reading culture. This research aims to find out the influence of the number of schools, electrification level, GRDP and education on literacy in each province in Indonesia. The data in this research comes from the Central Statistics Agency for the period 2020-2022. This research uses panel data from 34 provinces in Indonesia. This research uses panel data combined with time series data from 2020-2022 and cross section data in 36 provinces in Indonesia. The dependent variable in this study is literacy, while the main independent variable here is the level of electrification. The results of this research show that the level of electrification and education has a positive and significant effect on literacy, while GRDP has a negative and significant effect on literacy.

Анализ выбросов парниковых газов стран BRICS и пути сокращения выбросов на железнодорожном транспорте

Purpose: To analyze greenhouse gas emissions from the BRICS countries, as well as ways to reduce emissions from rail transport. Methods: The contribution of the BRICS countries to global greenhouse gas emissions based on an array of statistical data for the period from 1990 to 2019 has been estimated. The value of CO2 emissions per unit of energy produced in the BRICS countries from 1965 to 2021, as well as the sources of CO2 emissions, have been determined. Results: It is shown that the most effective way to combat climate change is to directly reduce emissions. In general, the emissions of the railway industry depend on the level of electrification. However, when assessing not only direct but also indirect emissions, the energy source and its carbon footprint become of primary importance. The development of intermodal transportation in BRICS countries is significant because these routes have the potential to reduce emissions. Carbon regulation leads to a redistribution in the sphere of international freight transportation among BRICS countries. Competitive advantages are increasingly evident in the railway transportation sector. However, this effect depends on the measures taken to adapt to changes in the transportation market by other modes of transportation. Practical significance: Ways to improve the sustainability of transport infrastructure have been formulated. The lowcarbon transport industry in the BRICS countries can be seen as an important component in reducing gross greenhouse gas emissions given the current high level of reliance on fossil carbon fuels and the inertia driven by the long life of fossil fuel infrastructure. Without the use of negative emission technologies, the required costs for reducing greenhouse gas emissions can be 40 % higher than with the use of negative emission technologies. As part of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by railway transport facilities in the BRICS countries, the following measures can be implemented: direct reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; introduction and implementation of technologies for negative emissions at railway transport facilities, taking into account their geospatial distribution and their specific characteristics; attracting investments and ensuring access to more affordable financing for these projects; integration of climate change mitigation issues into the strategies of transportation companies; further electrification in transportation and transitioning to alternative fuel sources; utilization of digital technologies to optimize transportation systems and reduce the environmental impact of the railway industry.

Representing decentralized generation and local energy use flexibility in an energy system optimization model

Local energy generation and energy use flexibility is becoming increasingly relevant for planning energy systems with a high level of renewables, electrification, and decentralization. Although current energy system models represent various flexibility options, capturing demand-side flexibility and prosumption remains challenging. In light of these challenges, this study presents a national-scale energy system optimization model covering the residential and commercial sectors of Belgium and considering the interplay between local energy use flexibility from electric vehicle (EV) charging, battery storage, rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems and distribution grids. To adequately represent energy use flexibility, the model adopts a high temporal resolution, consisting of three representative weeks at an hourly time scale. The role of prosumption is analysed by introducing a prosumer potential reflecting the extent to which local energy production can be used to meet local demand ‘behind the meter’. The results show that flexibility significantly reduces total system costs with reduced distribution grid capacity investment by 48% by 2050. Furthermore, local energy use flexibility enables a significant uptake of rooftop PV (+6.7 GW), but only under a high prosumer potential condition. Finally, a curtailment of around 5–7% of PV production is cost-effective to sustain a more continuous use of the distribution grid at low peak capacity. To increase the robustness of the results, future research should consider expanding the model's sector coverage, adding additional flexibility sources, improving the representation of prosumption, soft-linking with distribution grid models and a better representation of mobility patterns.

Planning and Operation Objectives of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructures: A Review

Planning public electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure has gradually become a key factor in the electrification of mobility and decarbonization of the transport sector. In order to achieve a high level of electrification in mobility, in recent years, different studies have been presented, proposing novel practices and methodologies for the planning and operation of electric vehicles charging infrastructure. In this paper, the authors present an up-to-date analysis of the existing literature in this research field, organized by considering the perspectives and objectives of the principal actors/operators of the EV public charging infrastructure value chain. Among these actors, the electric vehicle, the charging operators and service providers, and the power system infrastructure (transmission and distribution system) are analyzed in depth. By classifying the reviewed literature based on this manifold viewpoints approach, this paper aims to facilitate researchers and technology developers in exploring the state-of-the-art methodologies for each actor’s perspective, and identify conflicting interests and synergies in charging infrastructure operation and planning.

Systems Integration Framework for Hybrid-Electric Commuter and Regional Aircraft

System integration is one of the key challenges to bringing future hybrid-electric and all-electric aircraft into the market. In addition, retrofitting and redesigning existing aircraft are potential paths toward achieving hybrid and all-electric flight, which are even more challenging goals from a system integration perspective. Therefore, integration tools that bridge the gap between the aircraft and the subsystem level need to be developed for use in the conceptual design stage to address current system integration challenges, such as the use of space, the share between propulsive and secondary power, required level of electrification, safety, and thermal management. This paper presents a multidisciplinary design analysis (MDA) framework that integrates aircraft and subsystem sizing tools. In addition, this paper includes improved physics-based subsystem sizing methods that are also applicable to smaller, commuter, or regional aircraft. The capabilities of the developed framework and tools are presented for a case study covering the redesign of the DO-228 with a hybrid-electric propulsion system in combination with the electrification of its systems architecture and different subsystem technologies.

Modernization of the Coal Industry of the Far East during the First Five-Year Plan (1928–1932)

Introduction. The coal industry of the Far East, which was the main fuel base of the region, was in a state of severe crisis by 1928. The enterprises of the industry did not have the necessary working capital, were equipped with obsolete equipment, experienced an acute shortage of qualified personnel. The solution of these problems became possible with the beginning of industrialization in the USSR and the provision of assistance to the region by the center. Materials and Methods. The source basis of the research is unpublished documents identified in the funds of federal and regional archives. In the course of the work, the author used a set of general scientific and special historical methods. Results and Discussion. During the implementation of the first five-year plan, the financing of coal mining in the Far East has sharply increased. At the mines of the region, the active introduction of the latest technology began, which made it possible to begin mechanization of production processes, increase the level of electrification and mechanization. The foundations of the personnel training system were also laid, significant labor resources from the central regions were attracted. However, despite the successes achieved: an increase in labor productivity, an increase in total production, the final results turned out to be more modest than expected. Basically, the changes covered the enterprises of Primorye, on Sakhalin and in the Amur region, reconstruction was carried out much slower. Conclusion. The reasons that caused the divergence of plans and the results obtained in practice were the periphery of the region, which led to its supply on a residual basis and ignoring its interests in favor of more industrialized areas. As well as underestimating the production capabilities of the enterprises themselves, the geological conditions of their operation. In 1928–1932, it was not possible to create a stable supply system for equipment and machinery, low qualifications and high turnover of labor remained.

Modeling and Analysis of Utilizing Cryptocurrency Mining for Demand Flexibility in Electric Energy Systems: A Synthetic Texas Grid Case Study

The electricity sector is facing the dual challenge of supporting increasing level of demand electrification while substantially reducing its carbon footprint. Among electricity demands, the energy consumption of cryptocurrency mining data centers has witnessed significant growth worldwide. If well-coordinated, these data centers could be tailor-designed to aggressively absorb the increasing uncertainties of energy supply and, in turn, provide valuable grid-level services in the electricity market. In this paper, we study the impact of integrating new cryptocurrency mining loads into Texas power grid and the potential profit of utilizing demand flexibility from cryptocurrency mining facilities in the electricity market. We investigate different demand response programs available for data centers and quantify the annual profit of cryptocurrency mining units participating in these programs. We perform our simulations using a synthetic 2000 bus ERCOT grid model, along with added cryptocurrency mining loads on top of the real-world demand profiles in Texas. Our preliminary results show that depending on the size and location of these new loads, we observe different impacts on the ERCOT electricity market, where they could increase the electricity prices and incur more fluctuations in a highly non-uniform manner.

Features of designing scenarios for the development of hybrid technologies in the Russian and foreign automotive industry

The relevance of the development of hybrid electric vehicle technology in the automotive industry lies in its diversity. Various degrees of hybridization allow you to get bonuses for both conventional cars with an internal combustion engine and pure electric vehicles, while controlling the level of electrification of your cars, from soft hybrids close to cars with only an internal combustion engine to plug-in hybrids more similar to pure electric vehicles. Depending on the policy of the automaker and the requirements of the market, it is possible to use various designs, including those based on existing developments. The article analyzes the modern automotive market in Russia and the share of cars with hybrid technology in it. A comparison of the development of hybrid technology in modern automotive construction of Russian and foreign automakers is made. The specificity of designing scenarios for the development of hybrid technologies in the Russian and foreign automotive industries is reflected in the very process of using hybrid technology in the models of foreign automakers. Thus, the use of mild hybrid technology is mainly used by automakers with the aim of a smooth transition to more electrified versions, the design and implementation of mild hybrid technology is used by automakers to improve the environmental parameters of their cars while maintaining dynamic performance or to increase the latter. Full hybridization technology can also be used as a transitional for full electrification of models, however, it is mainly used in electric vehicles aimed at a hybrid device. Sequential hybridization technology has not been widely used in passenger cars.

Does economic growth promote electric power consumption? Implications for electricity conservation, expansive, and security policies

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between electric power consumption per capita (kWh) and real GDP per capita (PEN, constant 2007 prices), in Peru, during the period 1971–2014. The four theoretical hypotheses behind this relationship are the growth hypothesis –electricity consumption explains economic growth–, the conservation hypothesis –economic growth explains electricity consumption–, the feedback hypothesis –mutually affecting explanation between electricity consumption and economic growth–, and neutrality hypothesis –electricity consumption does not explain economic growth and vice versa–. Empirically, we initially conclude that the conservation hypothesis can be confirmed using the Granger Causality test, after estimating the dynamic impacts of the long-run equilibrium and short-run models. We highlight the inelastic behavior of electric power consumption per capita with regard to real GDP per capita. These results have implications for electricity conservation, expansive and security policies. We also discussed investments in electricity generation, transmission and distribution from renewable energy sources such as hydro, wind and solar. These eco-sustainable energies also called green and clean energies, are necessary for the sustainability of the electric power demand and the level of national electrification.

Resource modeling to provide the “flexibility” of the power system in its low-carbon redevelopment

Initiatives to combat climate change imply the decarbonization of the economy. Transport and energy are the most promising sectors in terms of decarbonization’s technological feasibility. However, the decarbonization of these sectors may cause several problems in terms of the sustainability of the energy system. This is because electric transport creates additional atypical demand in the energy system, while non-carbon energy sources such as nuclear power plants and renewable energy sources have generation limited by maneuverability characteristics or weather conditions. To avoid significant consequences from imbalances between demand and supply, before implementing decarbonization projects, it is necessary to conduct modeling of the energy system’s flexibility. Solving such a task requires specialized modeling tools - optimization models of intra-annual commercial dispatching of generating and storage capacities. This article addresses critical requirements for a modeling tool, various applicable modeling approaches, and software options. The article also presents the results of modeling the conditions for balancing supply and demand in the UES of Russia at the level of 2050, considering a high level of transportation electrification and covering additional demand through various generation technologies, including carbon-neutral ones.

MAIN DIRECTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHIP ELECTROTECHNICS AND AUTOMATION

In recent decades, the level of electrification and automation of ships has grown significantly. This is due to the increased requirements for technical, operational and technical and economic characteristics on the part of shipowners. The implementation of the requirements has become possible due to the development of related branches of science, engineering and technology: materials science, power converter technology, microprocessor electronics, and information technology. The main directions of development of ship electrical engineering and automation, namely, improvement of power generation and distribution systems, improvement of electric propulsion systems and propulsion systems, improvement of automation systems are considered in the paper. The expediency of using valve generator sets and the transition to electric power distribution on direct current is shown. Static power sources of new generation are actively developing and spreading both in industry and in maritime transport. Good control characteristics, no restrictions on the number of reverses and minimum speed, high efficiency when operating at fractional loads, high torque overload capacity on the propeller significantly expand the scope of modern AC electric propulsion systems. The desire to combine the advantages of different types of propulsion systems has stimulated the creation of combined (hybrid) propulsion systems. Combined installations incorporate a traditional thermal main engine and a propulsion electric motor. The activation of one or another engine is carried out depending on the mode of operation and the speed of the vessel. The introduction of information technologies makes it possible to automate the management and control of maintenance and repair of ship equipment. The modern development of software and hardware and algorithmic support makes it possible to create unmanned ships that can be controlled remotely and move independently (autonomously) according to predetermined algorithms, including algorithms for divergence from other ships at sea. It is concluded that the main tasks within the framework of the directions for development of ship electrical engineering and automation are increasing the energy efficiency of the process for generating electricity by introducing valve generator sets, introduction of innovative sources of electricity with high rates of efficiency and environmental friendliness, including static sources of electricity, the use of rowing electric motors with permanent magnets and inductor type, the use of combined propulsion systems with reversible electric propulsion systems, and increasing the level of automation through the introduction of information technology and artificial intelligence.

Application of additive technologies in mechanical engineering for production of form-forming riggings

The article discusses the process of using additive technologies in the manufacture of formbuilding equipment. It is supposed to reduce the manufacturing time and labor costs of workers by using non-traditional technological systems in the manufacture of the form-building equipment’s model, which has qualitatively new properties and capabilities and also significantly increases the level of automation and intensification of production processes. When designing a technological process high information and computerization, a certain level of electrification and energy supply are required, therefore, the design of new technologies is based on rational technological processes, using accumulated experience, and a new system approach developed on the basis of the unity of production design technology using CAD/CAE/CAM systems. The extrusion method of three-dimensional printing using the FDM technology with the use of a new modified material of the PA12CF brand was adopted as the basis for the production of form-building equipment. This material is a polyamide-12 composite plastic reinforced with carbon fibers. The use of additive technologies using modern computer modeling based on the unity of technological systems is an urgent task. These technological systems will significantly increase productivity, reduce the production area occupied by equipment, reduce the duration of the production cycle, reduce the number of workers employed in production, and make it possible to switch to technologies that do not require paper-based design documentation. At the same time, additive technologies are open to their further development and have great potential to evolve and be modified in accordance with the changing external conditions on the labor market.

Regional jet retrofitting through multidisciplinary aircraft design

Multidisciplinary collaborative aircraft design is applied to a 90 passengers regional jet aircraft retrofit, highlighting the impact on costs and performance. Two retrofitting packages have been considered: the re-engining of conventional power-plant platform with advanced geared turbofan and the on-board-system modernization, considering different level of electrification. Starting from a reference existing aircraft, the impact of retrofitting process has been carefully evaluated on capital costs and savings at industrial level through a developed methodology. At aircraft level, masses, performance, noise, and emissions have been computed with dedicated competences increasing the estimation reliability. Overall process is implemented in the framework of the AGILE 4.0 research project in a collaborative remote multidisciplinary approach. Results show that such retrofitting activities are expensive and must be evaluated since the design stage with a bottom-up approach requiring competences coming from designer experience to correctly define the process work-breakdown-structure and its implications.

Current situation and trend analysis of electrification level of terminal energy consumption

Under the background of carbon neutral, improving the level of terminal electrification can promote the use of clean energy and improve the efficiency of energy use, which is an important means to accelerate the low-carbon transformation of energy, promote the sustainable development of economy and society, and achieve the goal of “carbon peak, carbon neutral”. This paper analyzes the current situation of China’s terminal electrification level from different dimensions, analyzes the development trend of these factors, and forecasts the future terminal electrification level through qualitative analysis of influencing factors and data calculation.